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<hr />
<div>{{honor header|2|1938|Health and Science|General Conference}}<br />
<br />
==1. Have the First Aid Honor.==<br />
{{ay prerequisite|Health and Science|First Aid, Standard}}<br />
==2. What foods are included in the following diets:==<br />
===a. Liquid ===<br />
*Creamed or clear soup<br />
*Any drink following the criteria below.<br />
*Pudding<br />
*Jello<br />
<br />
For a food to be classified as liquid, it would have to be able to be strained when heated. For example, tapioca pudding would not qualify, but a milkshake without pieces of fruit or other foods would qualify.<br />
<br />
===b. Soft ===<br />
===c. Light===<br />
This diet is culturally diverse, and includes the following:<br />
*Food that is easy to digest.<br />
*Not spicy<br />
<br />
<br />
===d. Full===<br />
A ''full diet'' is also sometimes referred to as a ''general diet''. It includes all food items, including drinks.<br />
<br />
==3. Know the symptoms of a fever. Know how to take person's temperature. Know how to bring a high temperature DOWN.==<br />
===Definition and Symptoms===<br />
Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1–2 °C. Fever differs from hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production or insufficient thermoregulation, or both. The person who is developing the fever has a cold sensation, and an increase in heart rate, muscle tone and shivering attempt to counteract the perceived hypothermia, thereby reaching the new thermoregulatory set-point. A fever is one of the body's mechanisms to try to neutralize the perceived threat inside the body, be it bacteria or a virus.<br />
<br />
===Measurement and normal variation===<br />
When a patient has or is suspected of having a fever, that person's body temperature is measured using a thermometer. <br />
<br />
At a first glance, fever is present if: <br />
* Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 38.0°C (100.4°F)<br />
* Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)<br />
* Temperature under the arm (axillary) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)<br />
<br />
The common oral measurement of normal human body temperature is 36.8±0.7 °C (98.2±1.3 °F). This means that any oral temperature between 36.1 and 37.5 °C (96.9 and 99.5 °F) is likely to be normal.<br />
<br />
However, there are many variations in normal body temperature, and this needs to be considered when measuring for fever. The values given are for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature (22.7 to 24.4°C or 73 to 76 °F ) , during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything in at least the previous fifteen to twenty minutes.<br />
<br />
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest around 6 p.m. (assuming the subject follow the prevalent pattern, i.e, sleeping at nighttime and staying awake during daytime). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) would strictly be a fever in the morning, but not in the afternoon. An oral body temperature reading up to 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) in the early/late afternoon or early/late evening also wouldn't be a fever. Normal body temperature may differ as much as 1.0 °F between individuals or from day to day. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle. Temperature is increased after eating, and psychological factors also influence body temperature.<br />
<br />
There are different locations where temperature can be measured, and these differ in temperature variability. Tympanic membrane thermometers measure radiant heat energy from the tympanic membrane (infrared). These may be very convenient, but may also show more variability.<br />
<br />
Children develop higher temperatures with activities like playing, but this is not fever because their set-point is normal. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a low-grade fever can have serious underlying causes in geriatrics.<br />
<br />
===Treatment===<br />
Fever should not necessarily be treated. Fever is an important signal that there's something wrong in the body, and it can be used to govern medical treatment and gauge its effectiveness. Moreover, not all fevers are of infectious origin.<br />
<br />
Even when treatment is not indicated, however, febrile patients are generally advised to keep themselves adequately hydrated, as the dehydration produced by a mild fever can be more dangerous than the fever itself. Water is generally used for this purpose, but there is always a small risk of hyponatremia if the patient drinks too much water. For this reason, some patients drink sports drinks or electrolyte-replacing products designed specifically for this purpose.<br />
<br />
Most people take medication against fever because the symptoms cause discomfort. Fever increases heart rate and metabolism, thus potentially putting an additional strain on elderly patients, patients with heart disease, etc. This may even cause delirium. Therefore, potential benefits must be weighed against risks in these patients. In any case, fever must be brought under control in instances when fever escalates to hyperpyrexia (temperature about 42°C) and tissue damage is imminent.<br />
<br />
Treatment of fever is normally done by lowering the set-point, but facilitating heat loss may also be effective. The former is accomplished with antipyretics such as ibuprofen or acetominophen (aspirin can be given to adults, but can cause Reye's Syndrome in children). Heat removal is generally by wet cloth or pads, usually applied to the forehead, but also through bathing the body in tepid water. This is particularly important for babies, where drugs should be avoided. However, using water that is too cold can induce vasoconstriction, and reduce effective heat loss.<br />
<br />
Heat loss may also be accomplished by heat conduction, convection, radiation, or evaporation (sweating, perspiration), or a combination of these.<br />
<br />
==4. Know what is a normal pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature. Practice taking the pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature of a friend or classmate.==<br />
===Pulse===<br />
A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM), although well conditioned athletes may have a healthy pulse rate lower than 60 BPM. Bradycardia occurs when the pulse rate is below 60 per minute, whereas tachycardia occurs when the rate is above 100 BPM. During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 150–200 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in infants and young children. The resting heart rate for an infant is usually close to an adult's pulse rate during strenuous exercise (average 110 BPM for an infant).<br />
<br />
Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient's pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or the thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is calm and has been resting for 5 minutes before reading the pulse. Put the index and middle fingers over the pulse count, and count for 30 seconds, and afterwards multiply by 2, to get the pulse rate. If the person's pulse rate is irregular, count for a full minute, and do not multiply. Averaging multiple readings may give a more representative figure.<br />
<br />
Home blood pressure measurement devices also typically give a pulse reading.<br />
===Respiration Rate===<br />
The human respiration rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, and with other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.<br />
<br />
Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12 breaths per minute but estimates do vary between sources: e.g. 12–20 breaths per minute, 10–14, and between 16–18, etc. With such a slow rate, more accurate readings are obtained by counting the number of breaths over a full minute.<br />
===Temperature===<br />
See requirement 3 for this information.<br />
<br />
==5. What is a communicable disease? How is it transmitted? What precautions should be followed to guard against communicable diseases? List safety measures to be observed when caring for a person with a communicable disease in the home.==<br />
===Definition===<br />
An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause disease in animals and/or plants.<br />
===Transmission===<br />
Infectious pathologies are usually qualified as contagious diseases (also called communicable diseases) due to their potentiality of transmission from one person or species to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more of diverse pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. These infecting agents may also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector-borne spread.<br />
===Infection Control===<br />
'''Infection control and health care epidemiology'''<br />
is the discipline concerned with preventing the spread of infections within the health-care setting. <br />
As such, it is a practical (rather than an academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology.<br />
It is an essential (though often underrecognized and undersupported) part of the infrastructure of health care.<br />
Infection control and hospital epidemiology are akin to public health practice, practiced within the confines of a particular health-care delivery system rather than directed at society as a whole.<br />
<br />
Infection control concerns itself both with prevention (hand hygiene/hand washing, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization, vaccination, surveillance) and with investigation and management of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a particular health-care setting (e.g. outbreak investigation). It is on this basis that the common title being adopted within health care is '''"Infection Prevention & Control".<br />
<br />
===Infection control in healthcare facilities===<br />
====Hand hygiene====<br />
Independent studies by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 in Vienna and Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1843 in Boston established a link between the hands of health care workers and the spread of hospital-acquired disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that “It is well-documented that the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective handwashing.” In the United States, hand washing is mandatory in most health care settings and required by many different state and local regulations as well as good sense.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization====<br />
<br />
Sterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical. Effectivness of the sterilizer (often called an autoclave") is determined in three ways. First by the mechanical indicators and gauges on the machine itself, second the heat sensitive indicators or tape on the sterilizing bag turn color, and thirdly and most importantly is the biological test. With the biological test, a highly heat and chemical resistant microorganism (often the bacterial endospore) is selected as the standard challenge. If the process kills this microorganism, the sterilizer is considered to be effective. It should be noted that in order to be effective, instruments must be cleaned, otherwise the debris may form a protective barrier, shielding the microbes from the lethal process. Similarly care must be taken after sterilization to ensure sterile instruments do not become contaminated prior to use.<br />
<br />
Disinfection refers to the use of liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms. Disinfection is a less effective process than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores. <br />
<br />
====Personal protective equipment====<br />
[[Image:Disp-med-ppe.jpg|thumb|120px|Disposable PPE]]<br />
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. The hazard in a health care setting is exposure to blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids or aerosols that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C, HIV, or other blood borne or bodily fluid pathogen. PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and the healthcare worker. <br />
<br />
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires the use of PPE by workers to guard against blood borne pathogens if there is a reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.<br />
<br />
Components of PPE include medical gloves, hospital gowns, bonnets, shoe covers, face shields, CPR masks, goggles, surgical masks, and respirators. How many components are used and how the components are used is often determined by regulations or the infection control protocol of the facility in question. Many or most of these items are disposable to avoid carrying infectious materials from one patient to another patient and to avoid difficult or costly disinfection. In the United States, OSHA requires the immediate removal and disinfection or disposal of worker's PPE prior to leaving the work area where exposure to infectious material took place.<br />
<br />
====Vaccination of health care workers====<br />
Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting. Depending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella; Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella. In general, vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from disease, and there is potential for adverse effects from receiving the vaccine. <br />
<br />
====Post exposure prophylaxis====<br />
In some cases where vaccines do not exist Post Exposure prophylaxis is another method of protecting the health care worker exposed to a life threatening infectious disease. For example, the viral particles for HIV-AIDS can be precipitated out of the blood through the use of an antibody injection if given within 4 hours of a significant exposure.<br />
<br />
==6. What symptoms tell you that a person is physically ill?==<br />
Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
==7. Know how to help take care of a newborn and an aged person in your home.==<br />
Same here!<br />
<br />
==8. Know when and how to wash your hands when caring for a sick person.==<br />
Hands should be washed after contact with any patient, and especially before contact is made with another patient.<br />
<br />
The purpose of hand washing in the health care setting is to remove or destroy (disinfect) pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") to avoid transmitting them to a patient. The application of water alone is ineffective for cleaning skin because water is unable to remove fats, oils, and proteins, which are components of organic soil. Therefore, removal of microorganisms from skin requires the addition of soaps or detergents to water. Plain soap does not kill pathogens. However, the addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) does confer killing action to a hand washing agent. Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.<br />
<br />
The proper washing of hands in a medical setting generally consists of the use of generous amounts of soap and water to lather and rub each part of ones hands systematically for 15 to 20 seconds. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush is often used to remove it. Finally, it is necessary to rinse well and wipe dry with a paper towel. After drying, a dry paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).<br />
<br />
All jewelry should be removed. When rinsing, ensure at all times that you do not allow water to drip from an unwashed area back to the hands. This is why medical professionals hold their hands above their elbows between washing them and drying them. When done, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth.<br />
<br />
==9. Know how to make a bedridden patient comfortable in bed.==<br />
<br />
Use a draw sheet or a piece of cloth under the patient if available, so they can be turned and pulled up in bed with more ease, preventing friction on their skin.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is aligned properly, especially when on their back. <br />
<br />
Turn the patient every 2 hours during the day and at least 1 to 2 times during the night if possible. <br />
<br />
Prop the patient up prior to eating and a half hour afterwards if possible. Otherwise turn the patient on their left side to eat if able.<br />
<br />
Using a pillow between the knees while the patient is on his side can help prevent skin break down or creating a twist in the spine.<br />
<br />
Have the patient by a window if possible or not contraindicated. <br />
<br />
Have the things a patient can use within reach if applicable. <br />
<br />
Provide an atmosphere conducive to the patient's and families needs if possible. Example, some people do better being in the middle of the daily activities or they may need a quiet place.<br />
<br />
Provide adequate nutrition and fluids if applicable.<br />
<br />
Keep the patient clean.<br />
<br />
Be respective of the patient's dignity.<br />
<br />
==10. Show how to feed a helpless patient in bed.==<br />
And here.<br />
<br />
==11. Show how to give liquid medicine and tablets, pills, or capsules to children and adults. Know how to properly apply eye drops.==<br />
===Administering Medicines===<br />
<br />
===Applying Eye Drops===<br />
<br />
:Instruct your patient of the procedure as appropriate.<br />
:The head of your patient should be tipped back. Gently pull down on the skin below the eye and apply the drop in the pocket formed below the eyeball without touching the dropper on the patient. Then gently apply pressure at the tear duct area with your finger when the patient closes their eye. Instruct the patient not the squeeze their eye shut tight.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Eye_iris.jpg|240px]]<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
==12. Demonstrate the method of giving fomentations and foot baths. Explain the value of their use and tell the conditions under which such treatments should be given.==<br />
==13. Demonstrate the application of a heating compress and the use of heat and cold for the treatment of inflammation and bruises.==<br />
==14. Explain how the following natural remedies help in preventing disease: Note how the first letter of each item spells NEW START.==<br />
;a. Nutrition:<br />
;b. Exercise:<br />
;c. Water:<br />
;d. Sunshine:<br />
;e. Temperance:<br />
;f. Air:<br />
;g. Rest:<br />
;h. Trust in God:<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</div>69.182.93.137https://wiki.pathfindersonline.org/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Home_Nursing/Answer_Key&diff=30635AY Honors/Home Nursing/Answer Key2008-10-05T17:57:00Z<p>69.182.93.137: /* 7. Know how to help take care of a newborn and an aged person in your home. */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{honor header|2|1938|Health and Science|General Conference}}<br />
<br />
==1. Have the First Aid Honor.==<br />
{{ay prerequisite|Health and Science|First Aid, Standard}}<br />
==2. What foods are included in the following diets:==<br />
===a. Liquid ===<br />
*Creamed or clear soup<br />
*Any drink following the criteria below.<br />
*Pudding<br />
*Jello<br />
<br />
For a food to be classified as liquid, it would have to be able to be strained when heated. For example, tapioca pudding would not qualify, but a milkshake without pieces of fruit or other foods would qualify.<br />
<br />
===b. Soft ===<br />
===c. Light===<br />
This diet is culturally diverse, and includes the following:<br />
*Food that is easy to digest.<br />
*Not spicy<br />
<br />
<br />
===d. Full===<br />
A ''full diet'' is also sometimes referred to as a ''general diet''. It includes all food items, including drinks.<br />
<br />
==3. Know the symptoms of a fever. Know how to take person's temperature. Know how to bring a high temperature DOWN.==<br />
===Definition and Symptoms===<br />
Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1–2 °C. Fever differs from hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production or insufficient thermoregulation, or both. The person who is developing the fever has a cold sensation, and an increase in heart rate, muscle tone and shivering attempt to counteract the perceived hypothermia, thereby reaching the new thermoregulatory set-point. A fever is one of the body's mechanisms to try to neutralize the perceived threat inside the body, be it bacteria or a virus.<br />
<br />
===Measurement and normal variation===<br />
When a patient has or is suspected of having a fever, that person's body temperature is measured using a thermometer. <br />
<br />
At a first glance, fever is present if: <br />
* Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 38.0°C (100.4°F)<br />
* Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)<br />
* Temperature under the arm (axillary) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)<br />
<br />
The common oral measurement of normal human body temperature is 36.8±0.7 °C (98.2±1.3 °F). This means that any oral temperature between 36.1 and 37.5 °C (96.9 and 99.5 °F) is likely to be normal.<br />
<br />
However, there are many variations in normal body temperature, and this needs to be considered when measuring for fever. The values given are for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature (22.7 to 24.4°C or 73 to 76 °F ) , during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything in at least the previous fifteen to twenty minutes.<br />
<br />
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest around 6 p.m. (assuming the subject follow the prevalent pattern, i.e, sleeping at nighttime and staying awake during daytime). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) would strictly be a fever in the morning, but not in the afternoon. An oral body temperature reading up to 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) in the early/late afternoon or early/late evening also wouldn't be a fever. Normal body temperature may differ as much as 1.0 °F between individuals or from day to day. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle. Temperature is increased after eating, and psychological factors also influence body temperature.<br />
<br />
There are different locations where temperature can be measured, and these differ in temperature variability. Tympanic membrane thermometers measure radiant heat energy from the tympanic membrane (infrared). These may be very convenient, but may also show more variability.<br />
<br />
Children develop higher temperatures with activities like playing, but this is not fever because their set-point is normal. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a low-grade fever can have serious underlying causes in geriatrics.<br />
<br />
===Treatment===<br />
Fever should not necessarily be treated. Fever is an important signal that there's something wrong in the body, and it can be used to govern medical treatment and gauge its effectiveness. Moreover, not all fevers are of infectious origin.<br />
<br />
Even when treatment is not indicated, however, febrile patients are generally advised to keep themselves adequately hydrated, as the dehydration produced by a mild fever can be more dangerous than the fever itself. Water is generally used for this purpose, but there is always a small risk of hyponatremia if the patient drinks too much water. For this reason, some patients drink sports drinks or electrolyte-replacing products designed specifically for this purpose.<br />
<br />
Most people take medication against fever because the symptoms cause discomfort. Fever increases heart rate and metabolism, thus potentially putting an additional strain on elderly patients, patients with heart disease, etc. This may even cause delirium. Therefore, potential benefits must be weighed against risks in these patients. In any case, fever must be brought under control in instances when fever escalates to hyperpyrexia (temperature about 42°C) and tissue damage is imminent.<br />
<br />
Treatment of fever is normally done by lowering the set-point, but facilitating heat loss may also be effective. The former is accomplished with antipyretics such as ibuprofen or acetominophen (aspirin can be given to adults, but can cause Reye's Syndrome in children). Heat removal is generally by wet cloth or pads, usually applied to the forehead, but also through bathing the body in tepid water. This is particularly important for babies, where drugs should be avoided. However, using water that is too cold can induce vasoconstriction, and reduce effective heat loss.<br />
<br />
Heat loss may also be accomplished by heat conduction, convection, radiation, or evaporation (sweating, perspiration), or a combination of these.<br />
<br />
==4. Know what is a normal pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature. Practice taking the pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature of a friend or classmate.==<br />
===Pulse===<br />
A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM), although well conditioned athletes may have a healthy pulse rate lower than 60 BPM. Bradycardia occurs when the pulse rate is below 60 per minute, whereas tachycardia occurs when the rate is above 100 BPM. During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 150–200 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in infants and young children. The resting heart rate for an infant is usually close to an adult's pulse rate during strenuous exercise (average 110 BPM for an infant).<br />
<br />
Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient's pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or the thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is calm and has been resting for 5 minutes before reading the pulse. Put the index and middle fingers over the pulse count, and count for 30 seconds, and afterwards multiply by 2, to get the pulse rate. If the person's pulse rate is irregular, count for a full minute, and do not multiply. Averaging multiple readings may give a more representative figure.<br />
<br />
Home blood pressure measurement devices also typically give a pulse reading.<br />
===Respiration Rate===<br />
The human respiration rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, and with other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.<br />
<br />
Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12 breaths per minute but estimates do vary between sources: e.g. 12–20 breaths per minute, 10–14, and between 16–18, etc. With such a slow rate, more accurate readings are obtained by counting the number of breaths over a full minute.<br />
===Temperature===<br />
See requirement 3 for this information.<br />
<br />
==5. What is a communicable disease? How is it transmitted? What precautions should be followed to guard against communicable diseases? List safety measures to be observed when caring for a person with a communicable disease in the home.==<br />
===Definition===<br />
An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause disease in animals and/or plants.<br />
===Transmission===<br />
Infectious pathologies are usually qualified as contagious diseases (also called communicable diseases) due to their potentiality of transmission from one person or species to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more of diverse pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. These infecting agents may also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector-borne spread.<br />
===Infection Control===<br />
'''Infection control and health care epidemiology'''<br />
is the discipline concerned with preventing the spread of infections within the health-care setting. <br />
As such, it is a practical (rather than an academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology.<br />
It is an essential (though often underrecognized and undersupported) part of the infrastructure of health care.<br />
Infection control and hospital epidemiology are akin to public health practice, practiced within the confines of a particular health-care delivery system rather than directed at society as a whole.<br />
<br />
Infection control concerns itself both with prevention (hand hygiene/hand washing, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization, vaccination, surveillance) and with investigation and management of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a particular health-care setting (e.g. outbreak investigation). It is on this basis that the common title being adopted within health care is '''"Infection Prevention & Control".<br />
<br />
===Infection control in healthcare facilities===<br />
====Hand hygiene====<br />
Independent studies by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 in Vienna and Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1843 in Boston established a link between the hands of health care workers and the spread of hospital-acquired disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that “It is well-documented that the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective handwashing.” In the United States, hand washing is mandatory in most health care settings and required by many different state and local regulations as well as good sense.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization====<br />
<br />
Sterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical. Effectivness of the sterilizer (often called an autoclave") is determined in three ways. First by the mechanical indicators and gauges on the machine itself, second the heat sensitive indicators or tape on the sterilizing bag turn color, and thirdly and most importantly is the biological test. With the biological test, a highly heat and chemical resistant microorganism (often the bacterial endospore) is selected as the standard challenge. If the process kills this microorganism, the sterilizer is considered to be effective. It should be noted that in order to be effective, instruments must be cleaned, otherwise the debris may form a protective barrier, shielding the microbes from the lethal process. Similarly care must be taken after sterilization to ensure sterile instruments do not become contaminated prior to use.<br />
<br />
Disinfection refers to the use of liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms. Disinfection is a less effective process than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores. <br />
<br />
====Personal protective equipment====<br />
[[Image:Disp-med-ppe.jpg|thumb|120px|Disposable PPE]]<br />
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. The hazard in a health care setting is exposure to blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids or aerosols that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C, HIV, or other blood borne or bodily fluid pathogen. PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and the healthcare worker. <br />
<br />
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires the use of PPE by workers to guard against blood borne pathogens if there is a reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.<br />
<br />
Components of PPE include medical gloves, hospital gowns, bonnets, shoe covers, face shields, CPR masks, goggles, surgical masks, and respirators. How many components are used and how the components are used is often determined by regulations or the infection control protocol of the facility in question. Many or most of these items are disposable to avoid carrying infectious materials from one patient to another patient and to avoid difficult or costly disinfection. In the United States, OSHA requires the immediate removal and disinfection or disposal of worker's PPE prior to leaving the work area where exposure to infectious material took place.<br />
<br />
====Vaccination of health care workers====<br />
Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting. Depending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella; Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella. In general, vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from disease, and there is potential for adverse effects from receiving the vaccine. <br />
<br />
====Post exposure prophylaxis====<br />
In some cases where vaccines do not exist Post Exposure prophylaxis is another method of protecting the health care worker exposed to a life threatening infectious disease. For example, the viral particles for HIV-AIDS can be precipitated out of the blood through the use of an antibody injection if given within 4 hours of a significant exposure.<br />
<br />
==6. What symptoms tell you that a person is physically ill?==<br />
Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
==7. Know how to help take care of a newborn and an aged person in your home.==<br />
Same here!<br />
<br />
==8. Know when and how to wash your hands when caring for a sick person.==<br />
Hands should be washed after contact with any patient, and especially before contact is made with another patient.<br />
<br />
The purpose of hand washing in the health care setting is to remove or destroy (disinfect) pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") to avoid transmitting them to a patient. The application of water alone is ineffective for cleaning skin because water is unable to remove fats, oils, and proteins, which are components of organic soil. Therefore, removal of microorganisms from skin requires the addition of soaps or detergents to water. Plain soap does not kill pathogens. However, the addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) does confer killing action to a hand washing agent. Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.<br />
<br />
The proper washing of hands in a medical setting generally consists of the use of generous amounts of soap and water to lather and rub each part of ones hands systematically for 15 to 20 seconds. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush is often used to remove it. Finally, it is necessary to rinse well and wipe dry with a paper towel. After drying, a dry paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).<br />
<br />
All jewelry should be removed. When rinsing, ensure at all times that you do not allow water to drip from an unwashed area back to the hands. This is why medical professionals hold their hands above their elbows between washing them and drying them. When done, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth.<br />
<br />
==9. Know how to make a bedridden patient comfortable in bed.==<br />
<br />
Use a draw sheet or a piece of cloth under the patient if available, so they can be turned and pulled up in bed with more ease, preventing friction on their skin.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is aligned properly, especially when on their back. <br />
<br />
Turn the patient every 2 hours during the day and at least 1 to 2 times during the night if possible. <br />
<br />
Prop the patient up prior to eating and a half hour afterwards if possible. Otherwise turn the patient on their left side to eat if able.<br />
<br />
Using a pillow between the knees while the patient is on his side can help prevent skin break down or creating a twist in the spine.<br />
<br />
Have the patient by a window if possible or not contraindicated. <br />
<br />
Have the things a patient can use within reach if applicable. <br />
<br />
Provide an atmosphere conducive to the patient's and families needs if possible. Example, some people do better being in the middle of the daily activities or they may need a quiet place.<br />
<br />
Provide adequate nutrition and fluids if applicable.<br />
<br />
Keep the patient clean.<br />
<br />
Be respective of the patient's dignity.<br />
<br />
==10. Show how to feed a helpless patient in bed.==<br />
==11. Show how to give liquid medicine and tablets, pills, or capsules to children and adults. Know how to properly apply eye drops.==<br />
===Administering Medicines===<br />
<br />
===Applying Eye Drops===<br />
<br />
:Instruct your patient of the procedure as appropriate.<br />
:The head of your patient should be tipped back. Gently pull down on the skin below the eye and apply the drop in the pocket formed below the eyeball without touching the dropper on the patient. Then gently apply pressure at the tear duct area with your finger when the patient closes their eye. Instruct the patient not the squeeze their eye shut tight.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Eye_iris.jpg|240px]]<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
==12. Demonstrate the method of giving fomentations and foot baths. Explain the value of their use and tell the conditions under which such treatments should be given.==<br />
==13. Demonstrate the application of a heating compress and the use of heat and cold for the treatment of inflammation and bruises.==<br />
==14. Explain how the following natural remedies help in preventing disease: Note how the first letter of each item spells NEW START.==<br />
;a. Nutrition:<br />
;b. Exercise:<br />
;c. Water:<br />
;d. Sunshine:<br />
;e. Temperance:<br />
;f. Air:<br />
;g. Rest:<br />
;h. Trust in God:<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</div>69.182.93.137https://wiki.pathfindersonline.org/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Home_Nursing/Answer_Key&diff=30634AY Honors/Home Nursing/Answer Key2008-10-05T17:56:32Z<p>69.182.93.137: /* 6. What symptoms tell you that a person is physically ill? */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{honor header|2|1938|Health and Science|General Conference}}<br />
<br />
==1. Have the First Aid Honor.==<br />
{{ay prerequisite|Health and Science|First Aid, Standard}}<br />
==2. What foods are included in the following diets:==<br />
===a. Liquid ===<br />
*Creamed or clear soup<br />
*Any drink following the criteria below.<br />
*Pudding<br />
*Jello<br />
<br />
For a food to be classified as liquid, it would have to be able to be strained when heated. For example, tapioca pudding would not qualify, but a milkshake without pieces of fruit or other foods would qualify.<br />
<br />
===b. Soft ===<br />
===c. Light===<br />
This diet is culturally diverse, and includes the following:<br />
*Food that is easy to digest.<br />
*Not spicy<br />
<br />
<br />
===d. Full===<br />
A ''full diet'' is also sometimes referred to as a ''general diet''. It includes all food items, including drinks.<br />
<br />
==3. Know the symptoms of a fever. Know how to take person's temperature. Know how to bring a high temperature DOWN.==<br />
===Definition and Symptoms===<br />
Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1–2 °C. Fever differs from hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production or insufficient thermoregulation, or both. The person who is developing the fever has a cold sensation, and an increase in heart rate, muscle tone and shivering attempt to counteract the perceived hypothermia, thereby reaching the new thermoregulatory set-point. A fever is one of the body's mechanisms to try to neutralize the perceived threat inside the body, be it bacteria or a virus.<br />
<br />
===Measurement and normal variation===<br />
When a patient has or is suspected of having a fever, that person's body temperature is measured using a thermometer. <br />
<br />
At a first glance, fever is present if: <br />
* Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 38.0°C (100.4°F)<br />
* Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)<br />
* Temperature under the arm (axillary) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)<br />
<br />
The common oral measurement of normal human body temperature is 36.8±0.7 °C (98.2±1.3 °F). This means that any oral temperature between 36.1 and 37.5 °C (96.9 and 99.5 °F) is likely to be normal.<br />
<br />
However, there are many variations in normal body temperature, and this needs to be considered when measuring for fever. The values given are for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature (22.7 to 24.4°C or 73 to 76 °F ) , during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything in at least the previous fifteen to twenty minutes.<br />
<br />
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest around 6 p.m. (assuming the subject follow the prevalent pattern, i.e, sleeping at nighttime and staying awake during daytime). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) would strictly be a fever in the morning, but not in the afternoon. An oral body temperature reading up to 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) in the early/late afternoon or early/late evening also wouldn't be a fever. Normal body temperature may differ as much as 1.0 °F between individuals or from day to day. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle. Temperature is increased after eating, and psychological factors also influence body temperature.<br />
<br />
There are different locations where temperature can be measured, and these differ in temperature variability. Tympanic membrane thermometers measure radiant heat energy from the tympanic membrane (infrared). These may be very convenient, but may also show more variability.<br />
<br />
Children develop higher temperatures with activities like playing, but this is not fever because their set-point is normal. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a low-grade fever can have serious underlying causes in geriatrics.<br />
<br />
===Treatment===<br />
Fever should not necessarily be treated. Fever is an important signal that there's something wrong in the body, and it can be used to govern medical treatment and gauge its effectiveness. Moreover, not all fevers are of infectious origin.<br />
<br />
Even when treatment is not indicated, however, febrile patients are generally advised to keep themselves adequately hydrated, as the dehydration produced by a mild fever can be more dangerous than the fever itself. Water is generally used for this purpose, but there is always a small risk of hyponatremia if the patient drinks too much water. For this reason, some patients drink sports drinks or electrolyte-replacing products designed specifically for this purpose.<br />
<br />
Most people take medication against fever because the symptoms cause discomfort. Fever increases heart rate and metabolism, thus potentially putting an additional strain on elderly patients, patients with heart disease, etc. This may even cause delirium. Therefore, potential benefits must be weighed against risks in these patients. In any case, fever must be brought under control in instances when fever escalates to hyperpyrexia (temperature about 42°C) and tissue damage is imminent.<br />
<br />
Treatment of fever is normally done by lowering the set-point, but facilitating heat loss may also be effective. The former is accomplished with antipyretics such as ibuprofen or acetominophen (aspirin can be given to adults, but can cause Reye's Syndrome in children). Heat removal is generally by wet cloth or pads, usually applied to the forehead, but also through bathing the body in tepid water. This is particularly important for babies, where drugs should be avoided. However, using water that is too cold can induce vasoconstriction, and reduce effective heat loss.<br />
<br />
Heat loss may also be accomplished by heat conduction, convection, radiation, or evaporation (sweating, perspiration), or a combination of these.<br />
<br />
==4. Know what is a normal pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature. Practice taking the pulse rate, respiration rate, and temperature of a friend or classmate.==<br />
===Pulse===<br />
A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM), although well conditioned athletes may have a healthy pulse rate lower than 60 BPM. Bradycardia occurs when the pulse rate is below 60 per minute, whereas tachycardia occurs when the rate is above 100 BPM. During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 150–200 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in infants and young children. The resting heart rate for an infant is usually close to an adult's pulse rate during strenuous exercise (average 110 BPM for an infant).<br />
<br />
Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient's pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or the thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is calm and has been resting for 5 minutes before reading the pulse. Put the index and middle fingers over the pulse count, and count for 30 seconds, and afterwards multiply by 2, to get the pulse rate. If the person's pulse rate is irregular, count for a full minute, and do not multiply. Averaging multiple readings may give a more representative figure.<br />
<br />
Home blood pressure measurement devices also typically give a pulse reading.<br />
===Respiration Rate===<br />
The human respiration rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, and with other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.<br />
<br />
Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12 breaths per minute but estimates do vary between sources: e.g. 12–20 breaths per minute, 10–14, and between 16–18, etc. With such a slow rate, more accurate readings are obtained by counting the number of breaths over a full minute.<br />
===Temperature===<br />
See requirement 3 for this information.<br />
<br />
==5. What is a communicable disease? How is it transmitted? What precautions should be followed to guard against communicable diseases? List safety measures to be observed when caring for a person with a communicable disease in the home.==<br />
===Definition===<br />
An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause disease in animals and/or plants.<br />
===Transmission===<br />
Infectious pathologies are usually qualified as contagious diseases (also called communicable diseases) due to their potentiality of transmission from one person or species to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more of diverse pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. These infecting agents may also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector-borne spread.<br />
===Infection Control===<br />
'''Infection control and health care epidemiology'''<br />
is the discipline concerned with preventing the spread of infections within the health-care setting. <br />
As such, it is a practical (rather than an academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology.<br />
It is an essential (though often underrecognized and undersupported) part of the infrastructure of health care.<br />
Infection control and hospital epidemiology are akin to public health practice, practiced within the confines of a particular health-care delivery system rather than directed at society as a whole.<br />
<br />
Infection control concerns itself both with prevention (hand hygiene/hand washing, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization, vaccination, surveillance) and with investigation and management of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a particular health-care setting (e.g. outbreak investigation). It is on this basis that the common title being adopted within health care is '''"Infection Prevention & Control".<br />
<br />
===Infection control in healthcare facilities===<br />
====Hand hygiene====<br />
Independent studies by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 in Vienna and Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1843 in Boston established a link between the hands of health care workers and the spread of hospital-acquired disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that “It is well-documented that the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective handwashing.” In the United States, hand washing is mandatory in most health care settings and required by many different state and local regulations as well as good sense.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization====<br />
<br />
Sterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical. Effectivness of the sterilizer (often called an autoclave") is determined in three ways. First by the mechanical indicators and gauges on the machine itself, second the heat sensitive indicators or tape on the sterilizing bag turn color, and thirdly and most importantly is the biological test. With the biological test, a highly heat and chemical resistant microorganism (often the bacterial endospore) is selected as the standard challenge. If the process kills this microorganism, the sterilizer is considered to be effective. It should be noted that in order to be effective, instruments must be cleaned, otherwise the debris may form a protective barrier, shielding the microbes from the lethal process. Similarly care must be taken after sterilization to ensure sterile instruments do not become contaminated prior to use.<br />
<br />
Disinfection refers to the use of liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms. Disinfection is a less effective process than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores. <br />
<br />
====Personal protective equipment====<br />
[[Image:Disp-med-ppe.jpg|thumb|120px|Disposable PPE]]<br />
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. The hazard in a health care setting is exposure to blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids or aerosols that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C, HIV, or other blood borne or bodily fluid pathogen. PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and the healthcare worker. <br />
<br />
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires the use of PPE by workers to guard against blood borne pathogens if there is a reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.<br />
<br />
Components of PPE include medical gloves, hospital gowns, bonnets, shoe covers, face shields, CPR masks, goggles, surgical masks, and respirators. How many components are used and how the components are used is often determined by regulations or the infection control protocol of the facility in question. Many or most of these items are disposable to avoid carrying infectious materials from one patient to another patient and to avoid difficult or costly disinfection. In the United States, OSHA requires the immediate removal and disinfection or disposal of worker's PPE prior to leaving the work area where exposure to infectious material took place.<br />
<br />
====Vaccination of health care workers====<br />
Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting. Depending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella; Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella. In general, vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from disease, and there is potential for adverse effects from receiving the vaccine. <br />
<br />
====Post exposure prophylaxis====<br />
In some cases where vaccines do not exist Post Exposure prophylaxis is another method of protecting the health care worker exposed to a life threatening infectious disease. For example, the viral particles for HIV-AIDS can be precipitated out of the blood through the use of an antibody injection if given within 4 hours of a significant exposure.<br />
<br />
==6. What symptoms tell you that a person is physically ill?==<br />
Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
==7. Know how to help take care of a newborn and an aged person in your home.==<br />
==8. Know when and how to wash your hands when caring for a sick person.==<br />
Hands should be washed after contact with any patient, and especially before contact is made with another patient.<br />
<br />
The purpose of hand washing in the health care setting is to remove or destroy (disinfect) pathogenic microorganisms ("germs") to avoid transmitting them to a patient. The application of water alone is ineffective for cleaning skin because water is unable to remove fats, oils, and proteins, which are components of organic soil. Therefore, removal of microorganisms from skin requires the addition of soaps or detergents to water. Plain soap does not kill pathogens. However, the addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) does confer killing action to a hand washing agent. Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.<br />
<br />
The proper washing of hands in a medical setting generally consists of the use of generous amounts of soap and water to lather and rub each part of ones hands systematically for 15 to 20 seconds. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush is often used to remove it. Finally, it is necessary to rinse well and wipe dry with a paper towel. After drying, a dry paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).<br />
<br />
All jewelry should be removed. When rinsing, ensure at all times that you do not allow water to drip from an unwashed area back to the hands. This is why medical professionals hold their hands above their elbows between washing them and drying them. When done, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth.<br />
<br />
==9. Know how to make a bedridden patient comfortable in bed.==<br />
<br />
Use a draw sheet or a piece of cloth under the patient if available, so they can be turned and pulled up in bed with more ease, preventing friction on their skin.<br />
<br />
Make sure the person is aligned properly, especially when on their back. <br />
<br />
Turn the patient every 2 hours during the day and at least 1 to 2 times during the night if possible. <br />
<br />
Prop the patient up prior to eating and a half hour afterwards if possible. Otherwise turn the patient on their left side to eat if able.<br />
<br />
Using a pillow between the knees while the patient is on his side can help prevent skin break down or creating a twist in the spine.<br />
<br />
Have the patient by a window if possible or not contraindicated. <br />
<br />
Have the things a patient can use within reach if applicable. <br />
<br />
Provide an atmosphere conducive to the patient's and families needs if possible. Example, some people do better being in the middle of the daily activities or they may need a quiet place.<br />
<br />
Provide adequate nutrition and fluids if applicable.<br />
<br />
Keep the patient clean.<br />
<br />
Be respective of the patient's dignity.<br />
<br />
==10. Show how to feed a helpless patient in bed.==<br />
==11. Show how to give liquid medicine and tablets, pills, or capsules to children and adults. Know how to properly apply eye drops.==<br />
===Administering Medicines===<br />
<br />
===Applying Eye Drops===<br />
<br />
:Instruct your patient of the procedure as appropriate.<br />
:The head of your patient should be tipped back. Gently pull down on the skin below the eye and apply the drop in the pocket formed below the eyeball without touching the dropper on the patient. Then gently apply pressure at the tear duct area with your finger when the patient closes their eye. Instruct the patient not the squeeze their eye shut tight.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Eye_iris.jpg|240px]]<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
==12. Demonstrate the method of giving fomentations and foot baths. Explain the value of their use and tell the conditions under which such treatments should be given.==<br />
==13. Demonstrate the application of a heating compress and the use of heat and cold for the treatment of inflammation and bruises.==<br />
==14. Explain how the following natural remedies help in preventing disease: Note how the first letter of each item spells NEW START.==<br />
;a. Nutrition:<br />
;b. Exercise:<br />
;c. Water:<br />
;d. Sunshine:<br />
;e. Temperance:<br />
;f. Air:<br />
;g. Rest:<br />
;h. Trust in God:<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</div>69.182.93.137https://wiki.pathfindersonline.org/index.php?title=Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Health_and_Science&diff=2567Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science2008-10-05T17:55:29Z<p>69.182.93.137: /* Index of Health and Science Honors (18) */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
== Index of Health and Science Honors (18) ==<br />
{{AY_Stages}}<br />
{| align=center style="background-color: #F7F7FF; border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"<br />
|-<br />
|width="33%"|<br />
{{stage short|100%|17 Dec, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Basic Rescue|Basic Rescue]] {{ref|was_outreach}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|7 Jan, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Blood and the Body's Defenses|Blood and the Body's Defenses]] <br><br />
{{stage short|100%|17 Dec, 2005}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Bones, Muscles, and Movement|Bones, Muscles, and Movement]] <br><br />
{{stage short|100%|7 Apr, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Brain and Behavior|Brain and Behavior]] <br><br />
{{stage short|100%|31 Dec, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Chemistry|Chemistry]] {{ref|was_nature}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|9 Feb, 2007}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Division/Child Care (Babysitting)|Child Care (Babysitting)]] {{division_honor|EUD}}<br><br />
|width="33%"|<br />
{{stage short|100%|29 Nov, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/CPR|CPR]] {{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|27 Jun, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Digestion|Digestion]] <br><br />
{{stage short|100%|10 Nov, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Basic|First Aid Basic]] {{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|28 Nov, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid Standard]] {{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|6 Dec, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Advanced|First Aid Advanced]]{{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|15 Apr, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Health and Healing|Health and Healing]] <br><br />
|<br />
{{stage short|100%|25 Oct, 2007}}[[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Heart and Circulation|Heart and Circulation]]{{ref|heart}} {{division_honor|NAD}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|3 Oct, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Heredity|Heredity]] {{ref|heredity}} {{division_honor|NAD}}<br><br />
{{stage short|50%|30 Jul, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Home Nursing|Home Nursing]]{{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|2 Apr, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Optics|Optics]] {{fixed_ref|was_nature|2}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|30 Dec, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Physics|Physics]] {{fixed_ref|was_nature|2}}<br><br />
{{stage short|100%|20 Oct, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/Red Alert|Red Alert]] {{fixed_ref|was_outreach|1}}<br><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{ay_honor_divisions_legend}}<br />
{{Print version}}<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
==Index of {{SUBPAGENAME}} Honors by Skill Level==<br />
===Skill Level 1 {{SUBPAGENAME}} Honors===<br />
<DynamicPageList><br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/{{SUBPAGENAME}}<br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 1<br />
order=ascending<br />
namespace=0<br />
</DynamicPageList><br />
===Skill Level 2 {{SUBPAGENAME}} Honors===<br />
<DynamicPageList><br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/{{SUBPAGENAME}}<br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 2<br />
order=ascending<br />
namespace=0<br />
</DynamicPageList><br />
===Skill Level 3 {{SUBPAGENAME}} Honors===<br />
<DynamicPageList><br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/{{SUBPAGENAME}}<br />
category=Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 3<br />
order=ascending<br />
namespace=0<br />
</DynamicPageList><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
#{{note|was_outreach}} The Red Alert, the First Aid honors, Basic Rescue, CPR, and Home Nursing honors have answers in the official Outreach Ministries Answer Book available through [http://adventsource.org Advent''Source'']. The Health and Science category was created in 2000, and at that time these honors were moved into it from the Outreach Ministries category.<br />
#{{note|was_nature}} The Chemistry, Optics, and Physics honors have answers in the official Nature Answer Book available through [http://adventsource.org Advent''Source'']. The Health and Science category was created in 2000, and at that time these honors were moved into it from the Nature category.<br />
#{{note|heart}} The ''Heart and Circulation'' honor was introduced in 2006, so it does not appear in the official Answer Book.<br />
#{{note|heredity}} The ''Heredity'' honor was introduced in 2004, so it does not appear in the official Answer Book.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</div>69.182.93.137https://wiki.pathfindersonline.org/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Basic_Rescue/Answer_Key&diff=10877AY Honors/Basic Rescue/Answer Key2008-10-05T17:54:37Z<p>69.182.93.137: /* g. Six-man lift and carry */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{honor_header|1|1986|Health and Science|General Conference}}<br />
<br />
==1. What is the definition of an emergency rescue?==<br />
A rescue is the act of removing someone from danger. An Emergency Rescue is a technical term for a rescue taking place under hazardous circumstances and with high risk to the rescue personel, but must be done immediately to save a person's life. In this type of scenario to say a person is in immediate danger may be understated, normally if not removed from their circumstance as quickly as possible the victim will die quite soon. Technical rescues and rescue are descriptive of many types of circumstances, in all cases the victim is in danger. A cat up a tree or an otherwise uninjured person stuck in a crashed car are not likely to die in moments but will need to be rescued from their circumstance by someone with the means and skill to do so.<br />
<br />
==2. Show how to safely rescue a person from the following situations:==<br />
===a. Being in contact with a live electric wire===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Electric_wire_contact}}<br />
<br />
===b. A room filled with fumes or smoke===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Smoke fire}}<br />
<br />
===c. Clothes on fire===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Clothes_on_fire}}<br />
<br />
===d. Drowning using a non-swimming rescue===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Non-swimming rescue}}<br />
<br />
===e. An ice accident===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ice rescue}}<br />
<br />
==3. Show three ways of attracting and communicating with rescue aircraft.==<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}<br />
<br />
==4. Know six indications for the need of an immediate rescue.==<br />
#The victim has stopped breathing<br />
#The victim has severe bleeding<br />
#The victim is being electrically shocked<br />
#The victim has a heart attack<br />
#The victim is on fire<br />
#The victim is drowning<br />
#The victim has been poisoned<br />
<br />
==5. Know six procedures to follow before moving a victim from a life-threatening situation.==<br />
# The first task is to assess the whole situation and to plan the rescue. <br />
# Be sure you can perform the rescue without injuring yourself. <br />
# Make sure that moving the victim will not cause additional injury. <br />
# Know where you intend to move the victim before lifting him.<br />
# If bystanders must be used, it is essential that they be briefed in thorough detail on what you want them to do.<br />
# Unless the danger is immediate, any first aid should be given before moving the victim.<br />
# If you suspect a spinal injury, do not move the victim.<br />
<br />
==6. Know five principles involved in moving a victim from a life-threatening situation==<br />
#Be sure that it is necessary to move the victim. If it is not, '''do not move the victim.'''<br />
#Know how you will move the victim before trying to move him.<br />
#Know where you will move the victim before trying to move him.<br />
#Be sure that you are able to lift the victim before lifting him. If the victim is too heavy, drag him instead.<br />
#Maintain your balance. Do not start the move from an unbalanced position.<br />
#Keep your footing throughout the move.<br />
<br />
==7. Know the proper ways to help a victim, without assistance, in the following:==<br />
===a. Pulling the victim===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shoulder drag}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blanket drag}}<br />
<br />
===b. Lifting the victim===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Firemans carry}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pack strap carry}}<br />
<br />
===c. Assisting a victim in walking===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Support carry}}<br />
<br />
==8. Know the proper way to help a victim, with assistance, in the following:==<br />
===a. Chair carry===<br />
[[Image:ChairCarry.gif|thumb|600px|left|Chair Carry in which the victim is placed in a chair and tilted backward as rescuers lift the victim. This carry requires two rescuers.]]<br />
<br />
Two rescuers can also remove a victim by seating him or her on a chair:<br />
*Rescuer 1: Facing the back of the chair, grasp the back uprights.<br />
*Rescuer 2: Facing away from the victim, reach back and grasp the two front legs of the chair.<br />
*Both rescuers: Tilt the chair back, lift, and walk out.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===b. Fore-and-aft carry===<br />
[[Image:Fore-aft carry.png|thumb|600px|'''A''' The shorter bearer spreads the casualty's legs, kneels between the legs with his back to the casualty, and positions his hands behind the casualty's knees. The taller bearer kneels at the casualty's head, slides his hands under the arms and across the chest, and locks his hands. '''B''' The bearers rise together, lifting the casualty. '''C''' Alternate position, facing casualty.]]<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===c. Two-handed and four-handed seats===<br />
{| border="0"<br />
| [[Image:Two-hand seat carry.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Two-hand seat carry]]<br />
| [[Image:Four-hand carry.gif|thumb|300px|right|Four-hand seat carry]]<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
The '''two-hand seat carry''' is used in carrying a casualty for a short distance and in placing him on a litter.<br />
<br />
Only a conscious casualty can be transported with the '''four-hand seat carry''' because he must help support himself by placing his arms around the bearers' shoulders. This carry is especially useful in transporting the casualty with a head or foot injury and is used when the distance to be traveled is moderate. It is also useful for placing a casualty on a litter.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===d. Blanket carry===<br />
[[Image:Improvised_stretcher_blanket.jpg|thumb|250px|left|An improvised stretcher made from a blanket.]]<br />
<br />
The casualty is placed in the middle of the blanket lying on his back. Three or four people kneel on each side and roll the edges of the blanket toward the casualty, as shown in part A of the figure. When the rolled edges are tight and large enough to grasp securely, the casualty should be lifted and carried as shown in part B of the figure.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===e. Three-man hammock carry with victim in supine and prone position===<br />
The three-person hammock carry is very similar to the two-person carry, except that three people are involved: One positioned at the victim's calves, one at the hips, and the third person at the shoulders. The carriers kneel on their knee nearest the victim's feet. The person at the victim's head gives the command, and all three lift the victim to their knees simultaneously. The victim is then turned so that he faces the rescuers. The person at the head then gives the command and the three rescuers stand.<br />
<br />
===f. Three- or four-man lift===<br />
Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
===g. Six-man lift and carry===<br />
Same here!<br />
<br />
==9. Know how to properly use a stretcher and carry a victim on a stretcher. Know how to make an improvised litter.==<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Litter carry}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Improvised litter}}<br />
<br />
==10. Know how to properly use ropes and knots as follows:==<br />
===a. Tie knots for joining ropes together===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheetbend}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Square}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Surgeons}}<br />
<br />
===b. Tie knots for shortening a rope===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheepshank}}<br />
<br />
===c. Tie knots for use around a person for a rescue===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline}}<br />
<br />
===d. Coil and accurately throw a light and a heavy 50-foot (15.2 m) rope.===<br />
Seperate the rope into two equal sized coils, with a little less than half the rope in each coil. Choose one end that you will hang on to, and grasp it firmly in the palm of one hand, using the three smallest fingers to hold it securely. Hold the rest of that coil between the index finger and thumb, and hold the other coil in the other hand. Take aim, and throw both coils toward the victim '''at the same time''' while retaining your grip on the end. If you have difficulty with this, try standing on the end of the rope you wish to keep with you. Using this method, you can throw the rope quite a bit farther than if you had thrown a single coil. This is because the second coil will not begin to unravel until the first one uncoils. Practice until you can hit a target with the rope from the 50-foot (15 meter) mark.<br />
<br />
==11. What steps should be taken before reporting a lost person? What information will be needed when reporting a lost person? How is a search for a lost person conducted in a wilderness area?==<br />
<br />
Before reporting:<br />
<br />
;Children:<br />
If at home check your home carefully, contact your child's friends and your neighbors quickly to see if your child is with one of them.<br />
If at a store or mall contact management or security and have the child paged, if needed many stores today will "lock down" until all people and places are checked.<br />
If in a public place, do not panic. Try a high spot such as a chair or table to get a better vantage, and contact the facility management if there is one.<br />
<br />
Gather yourself and be prepared to provide information to the police that will be relevant to the search for your child.<br />
<br />
;Adult:<br />
Adults must be missing for 24 hours and in some places 48 hours before a report can be filed. Contact known friends, work, and hang outs before reporting an adult missing. <br />
Adults who are mentally unstable for any reason or in need of medication for survival can normally be reported immediately as missing.<br />
<br />
;Those on outings:<br />
If you are expecting loved ones to return from an outing and they are overdue be sure to contact their various phones and their home before calling authorities. If this is travel, some delays may be caused by weather and other circumstances that can be checked by calling the airport or travel authority for their means of travel. Road conditions can normally be checked through the state's department of transportation or the department of public safety (Highway Patrol). For those who were camping, hiking, or the like you will contact the forest/park authority for weather and road issues.<br />
<br />
Be sure to have information on planned hiking routes and camping locations left behind by your loved ones so they can be used in a search if needed.<br />
<br />
;What will be needed:<br />
<br />
The more detailed your physical description to police can be the better. The color of eyes, hair and skin are needed but are not truly distictive. Pictures are best and any identifying marks such as scars will help to identify a particular person quite well. The clothes the missing or lost person was wearing when last seen are very helpful too, as well as details on the vehicle(s) any adults may have been driving when last seen.<br />
<br />
Age, date of birth, and other personal details such as family nicknames and family known information are helpful in child abduction cases. This information can not only be used to identify a child but to retrieve the child and gain trust with police. The person's doctor and dentist will also be helpful so have those names ready if possible.<br />
<br />
;Searches:<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First Aid/Searches}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:First aid]]</div>69.182.93.137https://wiki.pathfindersonline.org/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Basic_Rescue/Answer_Key&diff=10876AY Honors/Basic Rescue/Answer Key2008-10-05T17:54:13Z<p>69.182.93.137: /* f. Three- or four-man lift */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{honor_header|1|1986|Health and Science|General Conference}}<br />
<br />
==1. What is the definition of an emergency rescue?==<br />
A rescue is the act of removing someone from danger. An Emergency Rescue is a technical term for a rescue taking place under hazardous circumstances and with high risk to the rescue personel, but must be done immediately to save a person's life. In this type of scenario to say a person is in immediate danger may be understated, normally if not removed from their circumstance as quickly as possible the victim will die quite soon. Technical rescues and rescue are descriptive of many types of circumstances, in all cases the victim is in danger. A cat up a tree or an otherwise uninjured person stuck in a crashed car are not likely to die in moments but will need to be rescued from their circumstance by someone with the means and skill to do so.<br />
<br />
==2. Show how to safely rescue a person from the following situations:==<br />
===a. Being in contact with a live electric wire===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Electric_wire_contact}}<br />
<br />
===b. A room filled with fumes or smoke===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Smoke fire}}<br />
<br />
===c. Clothes on fire===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Clothes_on_fire}}<br />
<br />
===d. Drowning using a non-swimming rescue===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Non-swimming rescue}}<br />
<br />
===e. An ice accident===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ice rescue}}<br />
<br />
==3. Show three ways of attracting and communicating with rescue aircraft.==<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}<br />
<br />
==4. Know six indications for the need of an immediate rescue.==<br />
#The victim has stopped breathing<br />
#The victim has severe bleeding<br />
#The victim is being electrically shocked<br />
#The victim has a heart attack<br />
#The victim is on fire<br />
#The victim is drowning<br />
#The victim has been poisoned<br />
<br />
==5. Know six procedures to follow before moving a victim from a life-threatening situation.==<br />
# The first task is to assess the whole situation and to plan the rescue. <br />
# Be sure you can perform the rescue without injuring yourself. <br />
# Make sure that moving the victim will not cause additional injury. <br />
# Know where you intend to move the victim before lifting him.<br />
# If bystanders must be used, it is essential that they be briefed in thorough detail on what you want them to do.<br />
# Unless the danger is immediate, any first aid should be given before moving the victim.<br />
# If you suspect a spinal injury, do not move the victim.<br />
<br />
==6. Know five principles involved in moving a victim from a life-threatening situation==<br />
#Be sure that it is necessary to move the victim. If it is not, '''do not move the victim.'''<br />
#Know how you will move the victim before trying to move him.<br />
#Know where you will move the victim before trying to move him.<br />
#Be sure that you are able to lift the victim before lifting him. If the victim is too heavy, drag him instead.<br />
#Maintain your balance. Do not start the move from an unbalanced position.<br />
#Keep your footing throughout the move.<br />
<br />
==7. Know the proper ways to help a victim, without assistance, in the following:==<br />
===a. Pulling the victim===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shoulder drag}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blanket drag}}<br />
<br />
===b. Lifting the victim===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Firemans carry}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pack strap carry}}<br />
<br />
===c. Assisting a victim in walking===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Support carry}}<br />
<br />
==8. Know the proper way to help a victim, with assistance, in the following:==<br />
===a. Chair carry===<br />
[[Image:ChairCarry.gif|thumb|600px|left|Chair Carry in which the victim is placed in a chair and tilted backward as rescuers lift the victim. This carry requires two rescuers.]]<br />
<br />
Two rescuers can also remove a victim by seating him or her on a chair:<br />
*Rescuer 1: Facing the back of the chair, grasp the back uprights.<br />
*Rescuer 2: Facing away from the victim, reach back and grasp the two front legs of the chair.<br />
*Both rescuers: Tilt the chair back, lift, and walk out.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===b. Fore-and-aft carry===<br />
[[Image:Fore-aft carry.png|thumb|600px|'''A''' The shorter bearer spreads the casualty's legs, kneels between the legs with his back to the casualty, and positions his hands behind the casualty's knees. The taller bearer kneels at the casualty's head, slides his hands under the arms and across the chest, and locks his hands. '''B''' The bearers rise together, lifting the casualty. '''C''' Alternate position, facing casualty.]]<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===c. Two-handed and four-handed seats===<br />
{| border="0"<br />
| [[Image:Two-hand seat carry.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Two-hand seat carry]]<br />
| [[Image:Four-hand carry.gif|thumb|300px|right|Four-hand seat carry]]<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
The '''two-hand seat carry''' is used in carrying a casualty for a short distance and in placing him on a litter.<br />
<br />
Only a conscious casualty can be transported with the '''four-hand seat carry''' because he must help support himself by placing his arms around the bearers' shoulders. This carry is especially useful in transporting the casualty with a head or foot injury and is used when the distance to be traveled is moderate. It is also useful for placing a casualty on a litter.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===d. Blanket carry===<br />
[[Image:Improvised_stretcher_blanket.jpg|thumb|250px|left|An improvised stretcher made from a blanket.]]<br />
<br />
The casualty is placed in the middle of the blanket lying on his back. Three or four people kneel on each side and roll the edges of the blanket toward the casualty, as shown in part A of the figure. When the rolled edges are tight and large enough to grasp securely, the casualty should be lifted and carried as shown in part B of the figure.<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
===e. Three-man hammock carry with victim in supine and prone position===<br />
The three-person hammock carry is very similar to the two-person carry, except that three people are involved: One positioned at the victim's calves, one at the hips, and the third person at the shoulders. The carriers kneel on their knee nearest the victim's feet. The person at the victim's head gives the command, and all three lift the victim to their knees simultaneously. The victim is then turned so that he faces the rescuers. The person at the head then gives the command and the three rescuers stand.<br />
<br />
===f. Three- or four-man lift===<br />
Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
===g. Six-man lift and carry===<br />
==9. Know how to properly use a stretcher and carry a victim on a stretcher. Know how to make an improvised litter.==<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Litter carry}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Improvised litter}}<br />
<br />
==10. Know how to properly use ropes and knots as follows:==<br />
===a. Tie knots for joining ropes together===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheetbend}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Square}}<br />
<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Surgeons}}<br />
<br />
===b. Tie knots for shortening a rope===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheepshank}}<br />
<br />
===c. Tie knots for use around a person for a rescue===<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline}}<br />
<br />
===d. Coil and accurately throw a light and a heavy 50-foot (15.2 m) rope.===<br />
Seperate the rope into two equal sized coils, with a little less than half the rope in each coil. Choose one end that you will hang on to, and grasp it firmly in the palm of one hand, using the three smallest fingers to hold it securely. Hold the rest of that coil between the index finger and thumb, and hold the other coil in the other hand. Take aim, and throw both coils toward the victim '''at the same time''' while retaining your grip on the end. If you have difficulty with this, try standing on the end of the rope you wish to keep with you. Using this method, you can throw the rope quite a bit farther than if you had thrown a single coil. This is because the second coil will not begin to unravel until the first one uncoils. Practice until you can hit a target with the rope from the 50-foot (15 meter) mark.<br />
<br />
==11. What steps should be taken before reporting a lost person? What information will be needed when reporting a lost person? How is a search for a lost person conducted in a wilderness area?==<br />
<br />
Before reporting:<br />
<br />
;Children:<br />
If at home check your home carefully, contact your child's friends and your neighbors quickly to see if your child is with one of them.<br />
If at a store or mall contact management or security and have the child paged, if needed many stores today will "lock down" until all people and places are checked.<br />
If in a public place, do not panic. Try a high spot such as a chair or table to get a better vantage, and contact the facility management if there is one.<br />
<br />
Gather yourself and be prepared to provide information to the police that will be relevant to the search for your child.<br />
<br />
;Adult:<br />
Adults must be missing for 24 hours and in some places 48 hours before a report can be filed. Contact known friends, work, and hang outs before reporting an adult missing. <br />
Adults who are mentally unstable for any reason or in need of medication for survival can normally be reported immediately as missing.<br />
<br />
;Those on outings:<br />
If you are expecting loved ones to return from an outing and they are overdue be sure to contact their various phones and their home before calling authorities. If this is travel, some delays may be caused by weather and other circumstances that can be checked by calling the airport or travel authority for their means of travel. Road conditions can normally be checked through the state's department of transportation or the department of public safety (Highway Patrol). For those who were camping, hiking, or the like you will contact the forest/park authority for weather and road issues.<br />
<br />
Be sure to have information on planned hiking routes and camping locations left behind by your loved ones so they can be used in a search if needed.<br />
<br />
;What will be needed:<br />
<br />
The more detailed your physical description to police can be the better. The color of eyes, hair and skin are needed but are not truly distictive. Pictures are best and any identifying marks such as scars will help to identify a particular person quite well. The clothes the missing or lost person was wearing when last seen are very helpful too, as well as details on the vehicle(s) any adults may have been driving when last seen.<br />
<br />
Age, date of birth, and other personal details such as family nicknames and family known information are helpful in child abduction cases. This information can not only be used to identify a child but to retrieve the child and gain trust with police. The person's doctor and dentist will also be helpful so have those names ready if possible.<br />
<br />
;Searches:<br />
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First Aid/Searches}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:First aid]]</div>69.182.93.137