Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Dams and Levees/Answer Key"

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< AY HonorsAY Honors/Dams and Levees/Answer Key
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<!-- 1. What is a dam? Briefly describe what it does and how it is different from a levee. -->
 
<!-- 1. What is a dam? Briefly describe what it does and how it is different from a levee. -->
 +
Both are barriers that hold back or control the movement of water from one side to the other. A dam is situated across the moving water and a levee is situated parallel to the moving water.
  
 
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<!-- 2. Explain how beavers build dams and why. How do beaver dams affect the environment? How else can dams be created in nature? -->
 
<!-- 2. Explain how beavers build dams and why. How do beaver dams affect the environment? How else can dams be created in nature? -->
 +
A beaver is an excellent dam builder. The reason a beaver builds a dam is so that their home, or lodge, is a safe place. They usually build a dam so that a pond is created. Then they build a lodge in the middle of the pond so that it is safe from predators.
 +
 +
The beaver builds their dam by weaving branches together and then putting mud to seal the dam further so water does not flow through the dam. The beaver gets these branches by cutting down trees with their large sharp teeth. Then they take the small and large branches to the place where they want to build the dam. Beavers are hardworking and won’t stop until they build a dam that will create a pond good enough for their lodge.
 +
 +
Natural dams can also be created by debris getting caught in an obstruction that goes across a river. These tend to be temporary dams, since they will easily fail once the debris is dislodged. Other methods of natural dam formation include glacial deposits from a retreating glacier.
  
 
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<!-- 3. What are the benefits of dams? What are some potentially negative aspects of dams? -->
 
<!-- 3. What are the benefits of dams? What are some potentially negative aspects of dams? -->
 +
Benefits:
 +
* Flood control
 +
* Electric Power production
 +
* Irrigation
 +
* Navigation of boats upriver through locks
 +
* Recreation
 +
 +
Potential Negatives:
 +
* Not allowing sediment to flow down the river.
 +
* Hinders or eliminates the passage of migrating fish.
 +
* Possible catastrophic flooding if a dam fails.
 +
* May affect cultural or historical aspects of the people where a dam is built.
  
 
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<!-- 4. List five materials historically used in constructing a dam embankment. -->
 
<!-- 4. List five materials historically used in constructing a dam embankment. -->
 +
Earth, concrete, stone, masonry and wood.
  
 
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<!-- a. Arch dam -->
 
<!-- a. Arch dam -->
 +
An [[w:Arch_dam|arch dam]] is a concrete that is curved upstream. The pressure of the water against these arch compresses and strengthens the structure.
 +
 +
[[File:Katse Dam.jpg|400px|Katse Dam]]
  
 
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<!-- b. Buttress dam -->
 
<!-- b. Buttress dam -->
 +
A [[w:Buttress_dam|buttress dam]] is a dam with a water tight upstream face that is supported by a series of supports at intervals on the downstream side.
 +
 +
[[File:Barrage de Roselend 2.jpg|400px|Roselend Dam]]
  
 
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<!-- c. Gravity dam -->
 
<!-- c. Gravity dam -->
 +
A [[w:Gravity_dam|gravity dam]] is a dam that is constructed to hold back water by primarily the weight of the dam material alone.
 +
 +
[[File:Willowcr.jpg|400px|Willow creek Dam]]
  
 
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<!-- d. Diversion dam -->
 
<!-- d. Diversion dam -->
 +
A [[w:Diversion_dam|diversion dam]] is a dam that diverts all or a portion of the flow of a river from where it would normally flow.
 +
 +
[[File:Palo Verde Diversion Dam 3.jpg|400px|Palo Verde Diversion Dam]]
  
 
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<!-- e. Hydroelectric dam -->
 
<!-- e. Hydroelectric dam -->
 +
This is a dam that has a generator and turbine installed to produce electricity.
 +
 +
[[File:Peechi Dam 3.jpg|400px|Peechi Dam]]
  
 
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<!-- f. Levee or dike -->
 
<!-- f. Levee or dike -->
 +
A [[w:Levee|levee or dike]] is a structure situated parallel with the flow of water or in low lying coastlines.
 +
 +
[[File:GretnaLevee.jpg|400px|Gretna Levee]]
  
 
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</noinclude>
 
<!-- g. Locks -->
 
<!-- g. Locks -->
 +
A [[w:Lock_(water_navigation)|lock]] is a structure with two or more gates that allow boats to travel past a dam.
 +
 +
[[File:Keiteleen kanava.jpg|400px|A pound lock on the Keitele–Päijänne Canal at Äänekoski in Central Finland]]
  
 
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<!-- h. Low-head dam (weir) -->
 
<!-- h. Low-head dam (weir) -->
 +
A [[w:Weir|low-head dam]] is a relatively short dam (1-15 feet tall) typically concrete and built within a river or stream spanning from bank to bank for the purpose of raising the level of the upstream water, such as for a drinking water intake. The crest of the dam functions as a weir as the water is designed to flow over the dam.
 +
 +
[[File:Tikkurilankoski in April.jpg|400px|A weir on the Tikkurilankoski rapids in Vantaa, Finland]]
  
 
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<!-- 7. Explain why someone should consider a low-head dam dangerous and avoid it while canoeing, kayaking or swimming. -->
 
<!-- 7. Explain why someone should consider a low-head dam dangerous and avoid it while canoeing, kayaking or swimming. -->
 +
Low-head dams have the nickname “killing machines” because many drowning deaths have occurred just downstream of these dams. Under the right conditions, water flows over the dam and may appear tranquil on the surface, but beneath the surface strong water currents stay in a circular pattern making it hard to escape as the current can keep pulling a person under water. To make matters worse, the agitated water is often high in oxygen making the water a much lighter density that is very difficult or even impossible for a person to float or swim. A person should not play around a low head dam when water is flowing over the dam.
  
 
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<!-- 9. Research or interview an engineer or other expert on dam safety. Have the expert explain the inspection techniques that they use to identify a failing dam. -->
 
<!-- 9. Research or interview an engineer or other expert on dam safety. Have the expert explain the inspection techniques that they use to identify a failing dam. -->
 +
An interview with a Civil or Geotechnical engineer is preferable. If one is not available, the state department of natural resources (or equivalent agencies) have personnel dedicated to this issue. At a minimum, most such agencies have literature for owners of dams on responsibilities and inspection concerns.
 +
 +
Suggested agenda for interview: discuss and understand terms for high-hazard dam, low-hazard dam, design storm, flow net diagrams, emergency overflow, outlet structure, free-board and piping concerns. From this research or interview, understand inspection techniques and how to identify a failing dam.
  
 
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<!-- a. Research and/or visit a fish passage/ladder for a dam structure and design/sketch one for a dam near you. -->
 
<!-- a. Research and/or visit a fish passage/ladder for a dam structure and design/sketch one for a dam near you. -->
 +
* It is important to discuss and practice safety skills with the pathfinder while around the dam with slopes, wet surfaces, and water. Especially be careful of areas just downstream of the dam as these can be deadly.
 +
* Pathfinders will need to take measurements or best guess estimates in locations that they cannot safely measure. Use scaled aerials to assist in horizontal measurements and head-on photography is helpful to compare a known feature that is X-feet tall and other dimensions may be scaled accordingly.
 +
* Research types of fish that are available in local waters and their swimming patterns and capabilities.
 +
* Research types of fish passage and ladders on the internet. Note horizontal and vertical limitations and which features will fit on the subject dam.
 +
* Plan and profile views may be drawn to show location and how the passage may be constructed.
  
 
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<!-- b. Research and/or visit a locks system. Using materials of your choice, construct a model of a lock system with moving parts. -->
 
<!-- b. Research and/or visit a locks system. Using materials of your choice, construct a model of a lock system with moving parts. -->
 +
Note that it says “moving parts,” not “functional system.”
 +
 +
Pathfinders may use LEGO, cardboard/tape or glued plastic. Give them bonus points if they can do this in a wet environment that functions.
  
 
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<!-- 12. Share a devotional with your Pathfinder club on a spiritual lesson that you learned while studying this honor. -->
 
<!-- 12. Share a devotional with your Pathfinder club on a spiritual lesson that you learned while studying this honor. -->
 +
Perhaps a theme of how God acts as a dam and catches all that life throws at us and lets them pass slowly so that we can manage it.
 +
 +
{{Bible verse
 +
|book = 1 Corinthians
 +
|chapter=10
 +
|verse=13
 +
|version = NKJV
 +
|text = No temptation has overtaken you except such as is common to man; but God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation will also make the way of escape, that you may be able to bear it.}}
  
 
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Revision as of 17:49, 29 March 2024

Other languages:
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Dams and Levees

Skill Level

Year

Unknown

Version

30.04.2024

Approval authority

No Patch.png
Dams and Levees
[[AY Honors/|]]
Skill Level
???



1

What is a dam? Briefly describe what it does and how it is different from a levee.


Both are barriers that hold back or control the movement of water from one side to the other. A dam is situated across the moving water and a levee is situated parallel to the moving water.



2

Explain how beavers build dams and why. How do beaver dams affect the environment? How else can dams be created in nature?


A beaver is an excellent dam builder. The reason a beaver builds a dam is so that their home, or lodge, is a safe place. They usually build a dam so that a pond is created. Then they build a lodge in the middle of the pond so that it is safe from predators.

The beaver builds their dam by weaving branches together and then putting mud to seal the dam further so water does not flow through the dam. The beaver gets these branches by cutting down trees with their large sharp teeth. Then they take the small and large branches to the place where they want to build the dam. Beavers are hardworking and won’t stop until they build a dam that will create a pond good enough for their lodge.

Natural dams can also be created by debris getting caught in an obstruction that goes across a river. These tend to be temporary dams, since they will easily fail once the debris is dislodged. Other methods of natural dam formation include glacial deposits from a retreating glacier.



3

What are the benefits of dams? What are some potentially negative aspects of dams?


Benefits:

  • Flood control
  • Electric Power production
  • Irrigation
  • Navigation of boats upriver through locks
  • Recreation

Potential Negatives:

  • Not allowing sediment to flow down the river.
  • Hinders or eliminates the passage of migrating fish.
  • Possible catastrophic flooding if a dam fails.
  • May affect cultural or historical aspects of the people where a dam is built.



4

List five materials historically used in constructing a dam embankment.


Earth, concrete, stone, masonry and wood.



5

From pictures, identify the following structures and explain their features and application:



5a

Arch dam


An arch dam is a concrete that is curved upstream. The pressure of the water against these arch compresses and strengthens the structure.

Katse Dam



5b

Buttress dam


A buttress dam is a dam with a water tight upstream face that is supported by a series of supports at intervals on the downstream side.

Roselend Dam



5c

Gravity dam


A gravity dam is a dam that is constructed to hold back water by primarily the weight of the dam material alone.

Willow creek Dam



5d

Diversion dam


A diversion dam is a dam that diverts all or a portion of the flow of a river from where it would normally flow.

Palo Verde Diversion Dam



5e

Hydroelectric dam


This is a dam that has a generator and turbine installed to produce electricity.

Peechi Dam



5f

Levee or dike


A levee or dike is a structure situated parallel with the flow of water or in low lying coastlines.

Gretna Levee



5g

Locks


A lock is a structure with two or more gates that allow boats to travel past a dam.

A pound lock on the Keitele–Päijänne Canal at Äänekoski in Central Finland



5h

Low-head dam (weir)


A low-head dam is a relatively short dam (1-15 feet tall) typically concrete and built within a river or stream spanning from bank to bank for the purpose of raising the level of the upstream water, such as for a drinking water intake. The crest of the dam functions as a weir as the water is designed to flow over the dam.

A weir on the Tikkurilankoski rapids in Vantaa, Finland



5i

Run-of-the-river dam




5j

Saddle dam





6

Know the following terms to be able to explain it to someone unfamiliar with dams and levees:



6a

Cut-off trench




6b

Fish passage/ladder




6c

Rock toe




6d

Spillway




6e

Piping





7

Explain why someone should consider a low-head dam dangerous and avoid it while canoeing, kayaking or swimming.


Low-head dams have the nickname “killing machines” because many drowning deaths have occurred just downstream of these dams. Under the right conditions, water flows over the dam and may appear tranquil on the surface, but beneath the surface strong water currents stay in a circular pattern making it hard to escape as the current can keep pulling a person under water. To make matters worse, the agitated water is often high in oxygen making the water a much lighter density that is very difficult or even impossible for a person to float or swim. A person should not play around a low head dam when water is flowing over the dam.



8

Dams are complicated structures. How do the following issues affect the consideration, design or construction of a dam?



8a

Wildlife




8b

Water quality




8c

Emergency spillway




8d

Emergency action plan




8e

Safety




8f

Geotechnical investigations




8g

Discharge structure




8h

Slope stability




8i

Hydrology and hydrologic analysis




8j

Flow net analysis




8k

Permitting





9

Research or interview an engineer or other expert on dam safety. Have the expert explain the inspection techniques that they use to identify a failing dam.


An interview with a Civil or Geotechnical engineer is preferable. If one is not available, the state department of natural resources (or equivalent agencies) have personnel dedicated to this issue. At a minimum, most such agencies have literature for owners of dams on responsibilities and inspection concerns.

Suggested agenda for interview: discuss and understand terms for high-hazard dam, low-hazard dam, design storm, flow net diagrams, emergency overflow, outlet structure, free-board and piping concerns. From this research or interview, understand inspection techniques and how to identify a failing dam.



10

Do one of the following:



10a

Research and/or visit a fish passage/ladder for a dam structure and design/sketch one for a dam near you.


  • It is important to discuss and practice safety skills with the pathfinder while around the dam with slopes, wet surfaces, and water. Especially be careful of areas just downstream of the dam as these can be deadly.
  • Pathfinders will need to take measurements or best guess estimates in locations that they cannot safely measure. Use scaled aerials to assist in horizontal measurements and head-on photography is helpful to compare a known feature that is X-feet tall and other dimensions may be scaled accordingly.
  • Research types of fish that are available in local waters and their swimming patterns and capabilities.
  • Research types of fish passage and ladders on the internet. Note horizontal and vertical limitations and which features will fit on the subject dam.
  • Plan and profile views may be drawn to show location and how the passage may be constructed.



10b

Research and/or visit a locks system. Using materials of your choice, construct a model of a lock system with moving parts.


Note that it says “moving parts,” not “functional system.”

Pathfinders may use LEGO, cardboard/tape or glued plastic. Give them bonus points if they can do this in a wet environment that functions.



10c

Using contour maps, design a dam for a local stream and do/answer the following:



10ci

Draw a plan view and cross section(s) of your dam showing spillway, emergency spillway, crest, slope angles, toe of slopes, normal high-water elevation and other pertinent features.




10cii

What type of dam did you select and why?




10ciii

What is the Hydraulic Head of your dam?




10civ

Outline the limits of the watershed that is tributary to your dam.




10cv

How large (surface area and volume) of a reservoir will be impounded by your dam?






11

Read Daniel 5 and research how Darius the Mede captured Babylon. Find two other places in the Bible where dams or the control of water are mentioned.




12

Share a devotional with your Pathfinder club on a spiritual lesson that you learned while studying this honor.


Perhaps a theme of how God acts as a dam and catches all that life throws at us and lets them pass slowly so that we can manage it.



No temptation has overtaken you except such as is common to man; but God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation will also make the way of escape, that you may be able to bear it.
— 1 Corinthians 10:13 (NKJV)



References

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