Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Cultural Heritage/Answer Key"

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m (1 revision from w:Tribal chief)
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{{honor_header|Unknown|Unknown|Outreach|South Pacific Division/Island Ed.}}
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==1. Outline why it is important to know about our cultural heritage. ==
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{{otheruses4|the leader of a tribe|the British Army main battle tank (MBT)|Chieftain tank}}
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For one, knowing about your own culture is interesting. For another, it helps you understand the relationships that exist in your family, whether it be between you and a relative, or between one relative and another.
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[[Image:Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Badge of office of Chief Gambo, [[Rhodesia]] c. 1979.]]
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A traditional '''tribal chief''' is the [[leadership|leader]] of a [[tribe]], or the head of a tribal form of self-government.
  
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Learning about your culture is also a way of showing respect and honor to your parents (see Exodus 20:12). It will also give you knowledge that you can pass to your own children and grand children.
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The notion of a "tribal chief" is rather vague and arbitrary; neither ''chief'' nor ''tribe'' is clearly defined, so in many cases other designations are used for the same institution, such as petty ruler or even headman (in a very small but autonomous community, e.g. in the jungle). In some cases they merely lead a traditional consultative entity within a larger polity, in other cases tribal autonomy comes closer to statehood.
  
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==2. List the special ceremonies for ==
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There are many variations on it, but the most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of '[[Elder (administrative title)|elder]]s') and/or a (broader) [[popular assembly]] in 'parliamentary' cultures, the [[war chief]] (can be an alternative or additional post in war time), the hereditary chief, the politically dominant [[medicineman]] ('[[theocracy|theocratic]]' cultures).  
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===a. The birth of a child. ===
 
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Ceremonies for each of these will vary from one culture to another (which, among other things, what makes the various cultures distinct).  We list here several ceremonies for marking the events called for in this requirement, but your own culture may very well mark them in other ways.  Find out how by asking an older relative.
 
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;Child Dedication: In many cultures a child is dedicated to the Lord in a ceremony.  This shows that the parents are committing themselves to raising the child in accordance to their religious precepts.
 
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;Infant Baptism: In many cultures, an infant is baptized by having a member of the clergy sprinkle holy water (that is, water that has been blessed in a ceremony) on the baby's forehead.  Adventists do not believe this practice follows the Bible.
 
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;Circumcision: This ceremony, which has its beginnings in the Bible (see Genesis 17:10), is performed on male babies when they are very young (Biblically, when the child is eight days old).  It involves the removal of the foreskin from the penis.  Some cultures also practice female circumcision.
 
  
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===b. Becoming an adult. ===
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The term is usually distinct from chiefs at still lower levels, such as [[village headman]] (geographically defined) or [[clan chief]] (an essentially genealogical notion), as the notion 'tribal' rather requires an ethno-cultural identity (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial) expression.
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;Quinceañera: The Quinceañera or Quince Años (sometimes represented XV Años, meaning "fifteen years") is, in some Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas, a young woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday, which is commemorated in a unique and different way from her other birthdays. In some countries, such as Puerto Rico or Peru, the word Quinceañero is used instead of Quinceañera when referring to the celebration.
 
  
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;Bar and Bat Mitzvah: In Judaism, Bar Mitzvah (Hebrew: בר מצוה, "one (m.) to whom the commandments apply"), Bat Mitzvah (בת מצוה, "one (f.) to whom the commandments apply," or Bas Mitzvah in Ashkenazi pronunciation), and B'nai Mitzvah (pl.), are the terms to describe the coming of age of a Jewish boy or girl. According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach the age of majority (generally thirteen years for boys and twelve for girls) they become responsible for their actions, and "become a Bar or Bat Mitzvah." This also coincides with physical puberty.[1] Prior to this, the child's parents are responsible for the child's adherence to Jewish law and tradition, and after this age, children bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics and are privileged to participate in all areas of Jewish community life.
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==Modern states providing an organized form of tribal chiefships==
 +
native chiefs had sex with cows and chickens and men also totom poles
  
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;Prom: In the United States and Canada a prom, short for promenade, is used to describe a formal dance held at the end of an academic year. Boys usually dress in black tie (a dinner jacket and bow tie), sometimes with brightly colored cummerbunds or vests, though any sort of formal wear can be worn. Traditionally, girls gave boys matching boutonnieres to be worn on their tuxedos or waistcoats. Girls traditionally wear formal gowns or dresses adorned with a corsage given to them by their date.  
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===India===
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[[Scheduled tribes|Adivasi]] in Sanskrit refers to indigenous people who are living from ages. (Adi meaning first and vasi meaning habitant.) These tribes do have "Chiefs" and they are referred by various names. The north eastern states of India with a large tribal population is a valid case study, with tribal chiefs enjoying a lot of power and status in the region. See also [[Rigvedic tribes]].
  
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;Debutante: A debutante (or deb) (from the French débutante, "female beginner") is a young lady from an aristocratic or upper class family who has reached the age of maturity, and as a new adult, is introduced to society at a formal presentation known as her "debut" or "coming out". Originally, it meant the young woman was eligible for marriage, and part of the purpose was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families with a view to marriage within a select upper class circle. This traditional event varies by region, but is typically referred to as a debutante ball if it is for a group of debutantes. A lone debutante might have her own "coming-out party", or she might have a party with a sister or other close relative.
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===Oceania===
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The [[Solomon Islands]] have a Local Court Act which empowers chiefs to deal with crimes in their communities.
  
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;Genpuku: Genpuku, also called Kakan, was a historical Japanese coming-of-age ceremony.  To mark the entry to adult life of boys between the ages of 12 and 16, they were taken to the shrines of their patron kami. There they were presented with their first adult clothes, and their boys' hairstyles were changed to the adult style. They were also given new adult names.
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===Scotland===
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{{main|Scottish clan}}
  
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;Poy Sang Long: The Poy Sang Long (Shan: "Festival of the Crystal Sons") is a rite of passage ceremony among the Shan peoples, in Burma (Myanmar) and now in Northern Thailand, undergone by boys at some point between seven and fourteen years of age. It consists of taking novice monastic vows and participating in monastery life for a period of time that can vary from a week to many months or more. Usually, a large group of boys are ordained as novice monks at the same time.
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In [[Scotland]], the [[Lord Lyon]] decides who is the rightful chief of each clan. However, the role of clan chief is now largely ceremonial, and has little power.
  
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;Russ: Russ is a tradition and cultural phenomenon in Scandinavia. In Norway, students who graduate from upper secondary school are called russ and celebrate with the characteristic festivities (russefeiring) during the first few weeks of May. In Sweden, a similar celebration is called Studenten ("the student"). In Finland students celebrate the start of the final test in a similar tradition called penkkarit. Also in Denmark graduation from high school (studentereksamen) is celebrated in similar ways as in Norway, including the wearing of caps in different colours and riding in open trucks, while the Danish term rus refers to first-year college students.
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===United States===
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[[Image:Goyathlay.jpeg|thumb|200px|Goyathlay, or [[Geronimo]], [[Apache]] chieftain for the [[Chiricahua]] ]]
  
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;Scarification: Scarification has been used for many reasons in many different cultures:
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====Historical cultural differences between tribes====
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Generally, a tribe or nation are considered to be part of an [[ethnic group]], usually sharing cultural [[Value (personal and cultural)|value]]s.
 +
For example, the [[forest]]-dwelling [[Chippewa]] historically built dwellings from the bark of trees, as opposed to the [[Great Plains]]-dwelling tribes, who would not have access to trees, except by trade, for example for [[lodgepole pine|lodgepole]]s. Thus the tribes of the Great Plains might typically dwell in skin-covered [[tipi]]s rather than bark lodges. But some Plains tribes built their lodges of [[earth]], as for example the [[Pawnee]];{{ref|FieldMuseum}} the [[Pueblo people]] built their dwellings of stone and earth; some Puebloans were [[matrilineal]].
  
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* Scarification has been used as a rite of passage in adolescence, or to denote the emotional state of the wearer of the scars, such as times of sorrow or well-being. This is common among Australian Aboriginal and Sepik River tribes in New Guinea, amongst others.
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====Political power in a tribe====
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* The Māori of New Zealand used a form of ink rubbing scarification to produce facial tattoos known as "moko." Moko were considered to make the body complete as Māori bodies were considered to be naked without these marks. Moko were unique to each person and served as a sort of signature. Some Māori chiefs even used the pattern of their moko as their signatures on land treaties with Europeans.
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A chief might be considered to hold political power, say by oratory or by example. But on the North American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The [[Mingo]]s, for example, were [[Iroquois]] who migrated further west to the sparsely populated [[Ohio Country]] during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, [[Hiawatha]] and [[the Great Peacemaker]], formulated a constitution for the [[Iroquois Confederation]].
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* In some cultures, the willingness of a woman to receive scarification shows her maturity and willingness to bear children.
 
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* Scarification is fairly common in West Africa and New Guinea.
 
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* Facial scarring was a popular practice among the Huns.
 
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* Facial scarring resulting from academic fencing is regarded as a badge of honor among the European dueling fraternities, this tradition originating in the 19th century.
 
  
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===c. Death and burial. ===
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The tribes were pacified by units of the US Army in the nineteenth century, and were also subject to forced schooling in the decades afterward. Thus it is uncommon for today's tribes to have a purely Native American cultural background, and today Native Americans are simply another ethnicity of the secular American people. Since education is respected, some like [[Peter McDonald (tribal council chairman)|Peter McDonald]], a Navajo, left their jobs in the mainstream US economy to become chairman of the tribal council.  
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A funeral is a ceremony marking a person's death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from the funeral itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor. These customs vary widely between cultures, and between religious affiliations within cultures.  Because these practices are so vastly different from one culture to the next, and there are so many ways that death and burial are marked, we will not attempt to cover them here. Instead, you are referred to the [[w:Funeral|Wikipedia article on Funerals]].  If your own culture's funerary rites are not covered there, you may need to do a little research on your own.
 
  
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==3. a. List the customary ways of dressing for everyday life and two special occasions. <br>3. b. Draw, explain or present in pictures these customary dresses. ==
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Not all tribal leaders need be men; [[Wilma Mankiller]] (1945- ) was a well-known Chief of the [[Cherokee]] Nation. Also, though the seat of power might be the chief, they were not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders. For example: Cherokee men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of the council of women.
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==4. What is or was the customary pre-marriages for young people in your area? How is/was marriage arranged? ==
 
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==5. List the advantages of traditional marriages over western style marriages and courtship. ==
 
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==6. a. Explain briefly the meaning of the term “bride price.” ==
 
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Bride price, also known as ''bride wealth'', is an amount of money or property or wealth paid to the parents of a woman for the right to marry their daughter. (Compare dowry, which is paid to the groom, or used by the bride to help establish the new household, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage.) In the anthropological literature bride price has often been explained in market terms, as payment made in exchange for the bride's family's loss of her labor and fertility within her kin group.
 
  
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The practice of the bride price is found in the Bible, in the Old Testament. Exodus 22:15-16 says: ''"If a man seduces a virgin who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride-price, and she shall be his wife. If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he must still pay the bride-price for virgins." NIV''
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Tribal government is an official form of government in the [[United States]][http://firstgov.gov/Government/State_Local/Tribal_Sites.shtml] and in other countries around the world.
  
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Deuteronomy 22:28-29 states similarly: ''"If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found; then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days."'' KJV
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Historically the US government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. But frequently the territority of the tribes fell under the authority of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA) as [[reservation]]s held in trust for the tribes. Citizenship was formerly considered a tribal matter. For example, it was not until 1924 that the [[Pueblo people]] were granted US citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the Puebloans were granted the right to vote in state elections in [[New Mexico]]. In Wisconsin, the [[Menominee]] Nation has its own county [[Menominee County, Wisconsin]] with special car license plates; 87% of the county's population is Native American.
  
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===b. What are the advantages of bride price.===
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Secular (mainstream) Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection (as in the [[Black Seminole]]).
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An advantage of bride price is that it discourages the parents of a young lady from allowing their daughter to marry a man who cannot financially support her and their family. A young man must demonstrate the capacity to raise wealth before he is allowed to marry. This helps to ensure a certain level of maturity on the part of the groom.
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====Economic power in a tribe====
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===c. Explain the disadvantages of bride price. ===
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Since the Nations were sovereign, with Treaty rights with the Federal government, the [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:JeOBW-Mn63gJ:www.jsonline.com/news/state/dec05/381080.asp+Potawatomi+casino&hl=en&client=firefox-a Wisconsin tribes] innovated [[Indian gaming]] (1988), that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, a 14 billion dollar industry, nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states which still have Native American tribes. The money to be made has engendered some political scandal. For example, the [[Tigua]] tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in [[El Paso County, Texas]] has paid [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7575874/ 4.2 million dollars in political contributions in Texas] for a low probable return to the tribe because of the [[Jack Abramoff]] publicity.
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The obvious disadvantage of bride price is that is places a monetary value on a human being. It may also plant the idea in the groom's mind that since he "paid" for the bride, she is his "property".
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 +
Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus the [[Mescalero Apache]] have renovated their Inn of the Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as the previous tourism, lodging, and skiing in the older Inn, as of 2005.
 +
 
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The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004, the [[Shiprock]] casino was a ''[[Fait accompli#F|fait accompli]]''.
 +
 
 +
See also: [[Economy of the Iroquois]]
 +
 
 +
====Tribal government in the United States====
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There are distinct differences between the modern day "Chair" of a sovereign Indian Nation's governing body and the role of "Chief". Generally speaking, while each is organized in its own distinct way, there are loose similarities to the British system blending ceremony and government. The individual who "chairs" the governing body is akin to Prime Minister and the "Chief" is more akin to a monarch or spiritual leader.
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Many [[Native American tribe]]s in the United States have formed a leadership council, often called the "Tribal Council", and have a leader of the council who generally carries the title of "Chair" (Chairman, Chairperson, Chairwoman). Some simply appoint a "spokesperson" for the Tribal Council. Generally the leadership position is either elected by popular vote of the tribal membership or appointed/elected from among his/her elected tribal council peers in a more parliamentary type of approach. Many of today's tribal chairs are women.
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All too often non-Native Americans naively refer to the individual who chairs the governmental organization as "Chief", incorrectly. Presumably many are familiar with the mystic of a "Chief" as ''he'' is often portrayed on film or in literature. That individual is recognized because of birthright or perhaps some spiritual circumstance.
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Many Tribes do still recognize the rightful "Chief" as part of ceremonial and culture events in a way somewhat similar to the role of, or difference to, a modern-day British monarch.
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There are over 100 tribal governments in the United States.
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{{sectstub}}
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==Tribal government around the world==
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[[Image:Kaiapos.jpeg|thumb|Brazilian indian chiefs|333px]]
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Many minority ethnic groups in many countries have founded [[semi-autonomous region]]s in their part of the country such as the [[Kurd]]s in [[Iraq]]. Also, weak governments in [[Africa]] usually have no control over far-flung regions with [[ethnic minorities]].
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During the 600 BC to 200 BC Period, there were many tribes in [[India]]. The Tribal Chief, also known as Raja in those times, lead the tribe and was generally the oldest and wisest in the tribe.
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 +
In Gaelic [[Ireland]], up to its destruction in the [[16th Century]], hundreds of families such as the [[Cunningham]]s, [[O'Neill]]s, [[MacCarthy]]s and [[O'Flaherty]]s, organised as clans like tribes, were ruled by tribal [[Chiefs of the Name|chiefs of the name]] or ''taoisigh'' (a title later adopted for the [[Taoiseach|prime minister]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]]), titled according to their surname as ''The'' O'Neill, ''The'' O'Flaherty etc. This system came to an end at the end of the 16th century.
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==Specific tribal chief titles==
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The following lists are doubtlessly quite incomplete
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:There are titles for the most prestigious tribal leaderships, see rather under terms marking them out as such, e.g. [[High Chief]], or even as princely titles. This terminology, which ultimately is only a western rendering of widely varied cultural and historical traditions, is quite inconsistent; for instance Polynesian titles using [[Tu'i]] are sometimes rendered as [[Paramount Chief]], sometimes as King.
 +
 
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===In Asian tribes===
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*The [[Datu]]s were the [[Datu#Recorded List of Datus in the Philippines.|chieftain]]s who led the immigrations to the [[Philippines]]. When Magellan arrived in the Philippines, they found that some local (Hindu or Buddhist) kings were styled [[Raja]]hs, or in the Muslim islands, many kings were [[Sultan]]s
 +
*'''Gam''' is the style of the elected tribal village chiefs among the [[Adi people]]
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* (Lal)s were the Chieftains who had ruled various parts of the state of Mizoram (India)till 1953.
 +
 
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===In American tribes===
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* ''[[Tlacatecuhtli]]'' ("chief of men") among the [[Aztec]]s
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*[[Cacique|Morubixaba]] - tribal Cacique (chief) of the [[Tupi people]]
 +
* '''Tyee''' tribal chief of the [[Chinookan|Chinookan (Chinook)]]<ref Name="Appleton">{{cite book  | title = The Popular Science Monthly  | publisher = Published 1889 D. Appleton  | date=  1889  | location = Original from Harvard University  | pages = Page 260  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=G-kKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260&dq=tyee+Chinook&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1  | doi =  | id =  }}</ref><ref Name="Cramoisy">{{cite book  | last = Gibbs  | first = George  | title = A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, Or, Trade Language of Oregon  | publisher =  Cramoisy Press  | date = Published 1863  | location =  | pages = Page 28  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NRsOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28&dq=tyee+Chinook&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1  | doi =  | id =  }}</ref>
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===In African tribes===
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*[[Gbong Gwon]]
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*[[Gio]] (of Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire.)
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*[[Morêna]]
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*[[Orkoiyot]] (Nandi people, in Kenya)
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*[[Kgosi]] (Botswana)
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*[[Nkosi]] (Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa peoples, South Africa and Zimbabwe)
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*[[Akan]] (Asante or Ashanti, Akyem or Akim, Kwahu, Fante, Nzema, Akuapim, Brong, Ahafo, Wassa and Ahanta people of Ghana)
 +
 
 +
===In Oceania===
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*[[Ariki]], [['ariki henua]]
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*[[Ibedul]]
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*[[Iroijlaplap]]
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*
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*[[Nahnmwarki]], [[Lepen Palikir]]
 +
*[[Ratu]]
 +
 
 +
==Notes==
 +
{{note|FieldMuseum}} The [[Field Museum]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] has an exhibit on the [[Pawnee]] earth lodge.
 +
 
 +
{{note|FieldMuseum2}} The [[Field Museum]] has exhibits with artifacts, dress, tools and pottery of the [[Pueblo people]], the [[Pacific Northwest|Northwest]] tribes, the [[Plains tribes]] and the [[Woodland tribes]], especially those of the [[Midwest]].
 +
 
 +
==Sources and references==
 +
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen]
 +
*[http://firstgov.gov/Government/State_Local/Tribal_Sites.shtml List of Tribal Governments in the United States]
 +
*[http://www.corpun.com/sbj00603.htm CorPun- passim; here Solomon Islands]
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
*[[Chiefs of the Name]]
 +
*[[Chieftain (disambiguation)|Chieftain]]
 +
*[[House of chiefs]]
 +
*[[Indirect rule]]
 +
*[[Israelite]]
 +
*[[Opperhoofd]]
 +
*[[Paramount Chief]]
 +
*[[Sachem]]
 +
*[[Sagamore]]
 +
*[[Scottish clans#Clan lists and maps|Scottish clan chiefs]]
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=69681 Death of Andamanese Tribal Chief in India]
  
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==7. Explain the leadership structure in your village area. (Include the chiefly system and the extended family.)==
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
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* Wikipedia articles
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{{reflist}}
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**[[w:Rite of passage|Rite of passage]]
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**[[w:Bride price|Bride price]]
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{{limitedgeographicscope}}
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[[Category:Titles and offices of Native American leaders]]
  
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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[[de:Häuptling]]
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[[hr:Poglavica]]
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[[ja:酋長]]
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[[nl:Stamhoofd]]
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[[no:Høvding]]
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[[sr:Поглавица]]
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[[sv:Hövding]]

Revision as of 02:19, 15 February 2008

Template:Refimprove Template:Otheruses4

File:Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg
Badge of office of Chief Gambo, Rhodesia c. 1979.

A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government.

The notion of a "tribal chief" is rather vague and arbitrary; neither chief nor tribe is clearly defined, so in many cases other designations are used for the same institution, such as petty ruler or even headman (in a very small but autonomous community, e.g. in the jungle). In some cases they merely lead a traditional consultative entity within a larger polity, in other cases tribal autonomy comes closer to statehood.

There are many variations on it, but the most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of 'elders') and/or a (broader) popular assembly in 'parliamentary' cultures, the war chief (can be an alternative or additional post in war time), the hereditary chief, the politically dominant medicineman ('theocratic' cultures).

The term is usually distinct from chiefs at still lower levels, such as village headman (geographically defined) or clan chief (an essentially genealogical notion), as the notion 'tribal' rather requires an ethno-cultural identity (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial) expression.

Modern states providing an organized form of tribal chiefships

native chiefs had sex with cows and chickens and men also totom poles

India

Adivasi in Sanskrit refers to indigenous people who are living from ages. (Adi meaning first and vasi meaning habitant.) These tribes do have "Chiefs" and they are referred by various names. The north eastern states of India with a large tribal population is a valid case study, with tribal chiefs enjoying a lot of power and status in the region. See also Rigvedic tribes.

Oceania

The Solomon Islands have a Local Court Act which empowers chiefs to deal with crimes in their communities.

Scotland

Template:Main

In Scotland, the Lord Lyon decides who is the rightful chief of each clan. However, the role of clan chief is now largely ceremonial, and has little power.

United States

Goyathlay, or Geronimo, Apache chieftain for the Chiricahua

Historical cultural differences between tribes

Generally, a tribe or nation are considered to be part of an ethnic group, usually sharing cultural values. For example, the forest-dwelling Chippewa historically built dwellings from the bark of trees, as opposed to the Great Plains-dwelling tribes, who would not have access to trees, except by trade, for example for lodgepoles. Thus the tribes of the Great Plains might typically dwell in skin-covered tipis rather than bark lodges. But some Plains tribes built their lodges of earth, as for example the Pawnee;[1] the Pueblo people built their dwellings of stone and earth; some Puebloans were matrilineal.

Political power in a tribe

A chief might be considered to hold political power, say by oratory or by example. But on the North American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The Mingos, for example, were Iroquois who migrated further west to the sparsely populated Ohio Country during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, Hiawatha and the Great Peacemaker, formulated a constitution for the Iroquois Confederation.

The tribes were pacified by units of the US Army in the nineteenth century, and were also subject to forced schooling in the decades afterward. Thus it is uncommon for today's tribes to have a purely Native American cultural background, and today Native Americans are simply another ethnicity of the secular American people. Since education is respected, some like Peter McDonald, a Navajo, left their jobs in the mainstream US economy to become chairman of the tribal council.

Not all tribal leaders need be men; Wilma Mankiller (1945- ) was a well-known Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Also, though the seat of power might be the chief, they were not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders. For example: Cherokee men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of the council of women.

Tribal government is an official form of government in the United States[2] and in other countries around the world.

Historically the US government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. But frequently the territority of the tribes fell under the authority of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as reservations held in trust for the tribes. Citizenship was formerly considered a tribal matter. For example, it was not until 1924 that the Pueblo people were granted US citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the Puebloans were granted the right to vote in state elections in New Mexico. In Wisconsin, the Menominee Nation has its own county Menominee County, Wisconsin with special car license plates; 87% of the county's population is Native American.

Secular (mainstream) Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection (as in the Black Seminole).

Economic power in a tribe

Since the Nations were sovereign, with Treaty rights with the Federal government, the Wisconsin tribes innovated Indian gaming (1988), that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, a 14 billion dollar industry, nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states which still have Native American tribes. The money to be made has engendered some political scandal. For example, the Tigua tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in El Paso County, Texas has paid 4.2 million dollars in political contributions in Texas for a low probable return to the tribe because of the Jack Abramoff publicity.

Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus the Mescalero Apache have renovated their Inn of the Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as the previous tourism, lodging, and skiing in the older Inn, as of 2005.

The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004, the Shiprock casino was a fait accompli.

See also: Economy of the Iroquois

Tribal government in the United States

There are distinct differences between the modern day "Chair" of a sovereign Indian Nation's governing body and the role of "Chief". Generally speaking, while each is organized in its own distinct way, there are loose similarities to the British system blending ceremony and government. The individual who "chairs" the governing body is akin to Prime Minister and the "Chief" is more akin to a monarch or spiritual leader.

Many Native American tribes in the United States have formed a leadership council, often called the "Tribal Council", and have a leader of the council who generally carries the title of "Chair" (Chairman, Chairperson, Chairwoman). Some simply appoint a "spokesperson" for the Tribal Council. Generally the leadership position is either elected by popular vote of the tribal membership or appointed/elected from among his/her elected tribal council peers in a more parliamentary type of approach. Many of today's tribal chairs are women.

All too often non-Native Americans naively refer to the individual who chairs the governmental organization as "Chief", incorrectly. Presumably many are familiar with the mystic of a "Chief" as he is often portrayed on film or in literature. That individual is recognized because of birthright or perhaps some spiritual circumstance.

Many Tribes do still recognize the rightful "Chief" as part of ceremonial and culture events in a way somewhat similar to the role of, or difference to, a modern-day British monarch.

There are over 100 tribal governments in the United States. Template:Sectstub

Tribal government around the world

Brazilian indian chiefs

Many minority ethnic groups in many countries have founded semi-autonomous regions in their part of the country such as the Kurds in Iraq. Also, weak governments in Africa usually have no control over far-flung regions with ethnic minorities. During the 600 BC to 200 BC Period, there were many tribes in India. The Tribal Chief, also known as Raja in those times, lead the tribe and was generally the oldest and wisest in the tribe.

In Gaelic Ireland, up to its destruction in the 16th Century, hundreds of families such as the Cunninghams, O'Neills, MacCarthys and O'Flahertys, organised as clans like tribes, were ruled by tribal chiefs of the name or taoisigh (a title later adopted for the prime minister of the Republic of Ireland), titled according to their surname as The O'Neill, The O'Flaherty etc. This system came to an end at the end of the 16th century.

Specific tribal chief titles

The following lists are doubtlessly quite incomplete

There are titles for the most prestigious tribal leaderships, see rather under terms marking them out as such, e.g. High Chief, or even as princely titles. This terminology, which ultimately is only a western rendering of widely varied cultural and historical traditions, is quite inconsistent; for instance Polynesian titles using Tu'i are sometimes rendered as Paramount Chief, sometimes as King.

In Asian tribes

  • The Datus were the chieftains who led the immigrations to the Philippines. When Magellan arrived in the Philippines, they found that some local (Hindu or Buddhist) kings were styled Rajahs, or in the Muslim islands, many kings were Sultans
  • Gam is the style of the elected tribal village chiefs among the Adi people
  • (Lal)s were the Chieftains who had ruled various parts of the state of Mizoram (India)till 1953.

In American tribes

In African tribes

  • Gbong Gwon
  • Gio (of Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire.)
  • Morêna
  • Orkoiyot (Nandi people, in Kenya)
  • Kgosi (Botswana)
  • Nkosi (Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa peoples, South Africa and Zimbabwe)
  • Akan (Asante or Ashanti, Akyem or Akim, Kwahu, Fante, Nzema, Akuapim, Brong, Ahafo, Wassa and Ahanta people of Ghana)

In Oceania

Notes

^ The Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois has an exhibit on the Pawnee earth lodge.

^ The Field Museum has exhibits with artifacts, dress, tools and pottery of the Pueblo people, the Northwest tribes, the Plains tribes and the Woodland tribes, especially those of the Midwest.

Sources and references

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ The Popular Science Monthly. Original from Harvard University: Published 1889 D. Appleton. 1889. pp. Page 260. http://books.google.com/books?id=G-kKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260&dq=tyee+Chinook&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1.
  2. ↑ Gibbs, George (Published 1863). A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, Or, Trade Language of Oregon. Cramoisy Press. pp. Page 28. http://books.google.com/books?id=NRsOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28&dq=tyee+Chinook&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1.

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