Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Native American Lore - Advanced/Answer Key"

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;Choctaw: The colorful dresses worn by today's Choctaw are made by hand and adapted from 19th century European-American designs. Choctaws today wear Choctaw clothing mainly for special events. Choctaw elders, especially the Choctaw women, dress in their traditional garb every day. Choctaw dresses are trimmed by full diamond, half diamond or circle and crosses that represent stickball sticks.
 
;Choctaw: The colorful dresses worn by today's Choctaw are made by hand and adapted from 19th century European-American designs. Choctaws today wear Choctaw clothing mainly for special events. Choctaw elders, especially the Choctaw women, dress in their traditional garb every day. Choctaw dresses are trimmed by full diamond, half diamond or circle and crosses that represent stickball sticks.
  
;Muscogee: Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal skins, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses or reeds. During the harsh winters, animal skins and fur were used for their warmth.
+
;Muscogee: Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal skins, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses or reeds. During the harsh winters, animal skins and fur were used for their warmth.  During the 1600’s the influence of European fashion became apparent in Southeastern clothing styles. Cloth was more comfortable and colorful than buckskin and quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Bolts of cloth could be obtained in a variety of patterns and textures, and allowed an individualized style of dress to evolve. Muscogee people were soon incorporating trade novelties and trinkets such as bells, ribbons, beads and pieces of mirror.
  
During the 1600’s the influence of European fashion became apparent in Southeastern clothing styles. Cloth was more comfortable and colorful than buckskin and quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Bolts of cloth could be obtained in a variety of patterns and textures, and allowed an individualized style of dress to evolve. Muscogee people were soon incorporating trade novelties and trinkets such as bells, ribbons, beads and pieces of mirror.
 
 
====Crafts====
 
====Crafts====
 
[[File:Cherokeetwilledbasketofcane.png|thumb|200px|A traditional Cherokee basket pattern]][[File:Cherokeegourdmask.png|thumb|200px|Cherokee gourd mask]]
 
[[File:Cherokeetwilledbasketofcane.png|thumb|200px|A traditional Cherokee basket pattern]][[File:Cherokeegourdmask.png|thumb|200px|Cherokee gourd mask]]

Revision as of 02:38, 15 June 2009

Template:Honor header

1. Have the Indian Lore Honor.

Template:Ay prerequisite

2. Know and have a list of at least 40 foods introduced to us by the Indians of North and South America.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods

3. Participate in a meal using as many Indian foods and cooking methods as possible.

Use as many of these as you wish in putting your meal together, or find other Native American recipes and use those.

Hominy Grits

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Hominy Grits

Acorn Mush

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Acorn mush

Hoecake

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Hoecake

Wojape

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Wojape

Succostash

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Succotash

Corn bread

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipes/Corn bread

4. Name five drugs or medicine plants used by the Indians.

We do not recommend that you attempt to treat any sicknesses using the plants listed here. Doing so could certainly endanger your health.

Boneset.jpg

Boneset

Description: Eupatorium perfoliatum or boneset is a common perennial plant native to the Eastern United States and Canada. It is also called "agueweed", "feverwort" or "sweating-plant". The plant grows about 1m tall, with leaves that clasp the stems and dense clusters of white heads held above the foliage.

Where found: Nova Scotia to Florida, as well as from Louisiana and Texas through North Dakota.

Use: It was introduced to American colonists by Indians who used the plant for breaking fevers by means of heavy sweating.


Willow.jpg

Willow

Description: The willows all have abundant watery juice, furrowed scaly bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large fibrous roots. These roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life.

Where found: Found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Use: The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been used as a remedy for aches and fever by many cultures. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments.


Achillea millefolium.jpg

Common Yarrow

Description: Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is an erect herbaceous perennial plant that produces one to several stems (0.2 to 1m tall). Leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being the largest. The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness. The leaves are 5-20 cm long, bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems.


Use: The herb is purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions. Navajo Indians consider it to be a "life medicine", and chewed it for toothaches, and poured an infusion into ears for earaches.


Gaultheria procumbens.JPG

Wintergreen

Description: Wintergreen is low-growing, typically reaching 10–15 cm tall. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to ovate, 2–5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, with a distinct oil of wintergreen scent. The flowers are bell-shaped, 6–8 mm long, white, borne solitary or in short racemes. The fruit is an edible red berry 8–15 mm diameter.

Where found: Eastern U.S. and Canada

Use: Wintergreen contains methyl salicylate, which was used by Native Americans to bring down fever and as a pain killer.


Mitchella.repens01.jpg

Partridge berry

Description: This evergreen plant is a creeping, but not climbing, vine, 15-30 cm long. The evergeen dark-green leaves are opposite, ovate to cordate, with a pale yellow midrib. The petioles are short. Roots may grow at the internodes, forming loose mats. It is part of the undergrowh vegetation in many forests.

Where found: The species is dispersed throughout eastern North America

Use: A tea brewed from partridge berry was given to women in the last two weeks of their pregnancies to ease childbirth.


5. Discuss the Indians of your area with regard to:
a. Tribes located there
b. Homes and clothing
c. Native crafts performed, such as basketry, pottery, mats, etc.
d. Religious practices
e. Form of Government
If you do not live in North America, choose any of the following for study. Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest

The four divisions of Northeast, Southest, Northwest, and Southwest are not really the best way to categorize Native American culture, as it excludes some major cultural societies that do not fit neatly into these four categories. In addition to these four, we also present the cultures of the Plains, California, Great Basin, Plateau, Arctic, and Subarctic regions of North America.

File:Nordamerikanische Kulturareale en.png
Cultural regions of North American people at the time of European contact.

Northeast

Tribes

Algonquian tribes of the New England area include Mohegan, Pequot, Narragansett, Wampanoag, Massachusett, Nipmuck, Pennacook, and Passamaquoddy. The Abenaki tribe is located in Maine and eastern Quebec. These tribes practiced some agriculture. The Maliseet of Maine, Quebec and New Brunswick, and the Mi'kmaq tribes of the Canadian Maritime provinces lived primarily on fishing. Further north are the Betsiamites, Atikamekw, Algonkin and Montagnais/Naskapi (Innu). The Beothuk people of Newfoundland are also believed to have been Algonquians, but they disappeared in the early 19th century and few records of their language or culture remain. In the west, Ojibwe/Chippewa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and a variety of Cree groups lived in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan, Western Ontario and the Canadian Prairies. In the Midwest lived the Shawnee, Illiniwek, Kickapoo, Menominee, Miami, and Sac and Fox, many of whom have since been displaced over great distances through Indian removal. In the mid- and south-Atlantic are the traditional homes of the Powhatan, Lumbee, Nanticoke, Lenape (Munsee and Unami speakers), and Mahican peoples.

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Gayanashagowa or the Great Law of Peace of the Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee) Six Nations is the oral constitution that created the Iroquois Confederacy. The law was developed by a man known as The Great Peacemaker and his spokesman Hiawatha. Member Nations ratified this constitution near present day Victor, New York.

The Iroquois Confederacy was once thought to have started in the 1500s, but more recent estimates date the confederacy, and its constitution between 1090 and 1150 CE. These estimates were based on the records of the confederacy leadership and astronomical dating related to a total solar eclipse that coincided with the founding of the Confederacy.

According to several historians, including Donald Grinde, the democratic ideals of the Gayanashagowa, which had been quite unknown in European feudal tradition, provided a significant inspiration to Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and other framers of the United States Constitution. John Rutledge of South Carolina in particular is said to have read lengthy tracts of Iroquoian law to the other framers, beginning with the words "We, the people, to form a union, to establish peace, equity, and order..." The Congress of the United States passed Concurrent Resolution 331 in October 1988, specifically recognizing the influence of the Iroquois Constitution upon the US Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Southeast

Tribes

The tribes of the Southeast included the Adai, Alabama, Apalachee, Caddo, Calusa, Catawba, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), Natchez, Pascagoula, Seminole, Tuscarora, Yazoo, and literally hundreds of others (feel free to expand this list).

Homes

The Apalachee built houses covered with palm leaves or the bark of cypress or poplar trees.

Clothing

Apalachee
The Apalachee men wore a deerskin loincloth. The women wore a skirt of Spanish moss or other plant fibers.
Choctaw
The colorful dresses worn by today's Choctaw are made by hand and adapted from 19th century European-American designs. Choctaws today wear Choctaw clothing mainly for special events. Choctaw elders, especially the Choctaw women, dress in their traditional garb every day. Choctaw dresses are trimmed by full diamond, half diamond or circle and crosses that represent stickball sticks.
Muscogee
Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal skins, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses or reeds. During the harsh winters, animal skins and fur were used for their warmth. During the 1600’s the influence of European fashion became apparent in Southeastern clothing styles. Cloth was more comfortable and colorful than buckskin and quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Bolts of cloth could be obtained in a variety of patterns and textures, and allowed an individualized style of dress to evolve. Muscogee people were soon incorporating trade novelties and trinkets such as bells, ribbons, beads and pieces of mirror.

Crafts

A traditional Cherokee basket pattern
Cherokee gourd mask
Apalachee
The Apalachee made pottery, wove cloth and cured buckskin.
Calusa
Between 500 and 1000 the undecorated sand-tempered pottery that had been common in southern Florida was replaced by "Belle Glade Plain" pottery, which was made with clay containing spicules from freshwater sponges (Spongilla), and which first appeared inland in sites around Lake Okeechobee. This change may have resulted from migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influence. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that.
Catawba
In the Carolinas, the Catawbas became well-known for their pottery, especially around the Charleston area. Some cooks believed that certain dishes, such as okra soup, could not be prepared properly without a pot made by the Catawbas.
Choctaw
The Choctaws are basket & beadwork makers, dancers & musicians, and cuisine specialist, all of which are part of the collective Choctaw culture that defines them as a distinct cultural group.

Religious Practices

Calusa; The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would then migrate to a lesser animal, and eventually be reduced to nothing. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described "sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads" who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system in the face of Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were locked into the belief system; conversion would have destroyed the source of their authority and legitimacy. The Calusa were able to resist the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years, until the tribe was destroyed by Creek and Yemassee raiders early in the 18th century.
Catawba
The Catawba religion has a creator (Manatou), and sometimes is said to have a trinity. This trinity consists of Manatou, the creator, Kaia, the turtle, and a third being who is sometimes said to be the son of Manatou. It is likely that the three beings have always been deities in Catawba culture, but that Christian influence has changed Catawba stories so that the three beings are more like the trinity in the Christian religion.
Cherokee
The Cherokee revered the Great Spirit, called the Yowa (a name so sacred that only a priest could say it), who presided over all things and created Mother Earth. They held that signs, visions, dreams, and powers were all gifts of the spirits, and that their world was intertwined with and presided over by the spirit world. The Cherokee believed that every aspect and thing had a spirit presiding over it, but did not hold a belief in multiple gods. All figures identified as 'gods' were simply greater beings in the Cherokee belief whose names were so great there were no English words for them, and thus they were recognized as 'gods' by Englishmen. However, the Cherokee paid direct respect to and worshipped only Yowa.
Choctaw
The Choctaws believed in a good spirit and an evil spirit. They may have been sun, or Hushtahli, worshippers. Prayers may have been introduced by missionaries; however, Choctaw prophets were known to have addressed the sun. Swanton wrote, "an old Choctaw informed Wright that before the arrival of the missionaries, they had no conception of prayer. However, he adds, 'I have indeed heard it asserted by some, that anciently their hopaii, or prophets, on some occasions were accustomed to address the sun ...'"

Government

Calusa
The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. A few leaders governed the tribe, and were supported by the labor of the majority of the Calusa. The leaders included the tribal chief, or "king", a military leader, and a chief priest. In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. The chief was usually succeeded by his son. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to marry his sister, although MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes.
Cherokee
Cherokee society was traditionally broken into seven clans, with Cherokee villages having two governmental units, with one government (white) handling affairs in peacetime and the other (red) during times of war, and a medicine chief who would resolve disputes between the Red Chief and White Chief should they disagree. Family was also central to Cherokee society. During the year, the Cherokee celebrated the Cherokee Moons Ceremonies.

Northwest Coastal

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Southwest

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

The Hopi effectively have two parallel systems of local government. One is a Western-style tribal government established under authority of the Hopi Tribal Constitution, with elected or appointed members who serve on a reservation-wide Tribal Council, and an elected tribal chairman. The other is a traditional system of civil and spiritual leadership that traces back at least 1,000 years and is organized by villages and clans within each village. Some villages that have maintained more traditional structures, are often secret and opaque to outsiders.

Kikmongwi are, in one sense, merely the Tribal chiefs of each among the villages that follows a traditional governance structure. They are hereditary leaders based on a complex system of lineage and kinship. Each clan on each village has a Mongwi, or leader, responsible for the social and religious duties of the clan, and the Kikmongwi is the male head of the dominant clan. However, Hopi is unusual among tribes in that there is a recognized interface between the two systems of government. Namely, the Constitution and the Courts delegate certain tribe-wide duties such as the police force, schools, lawmaking, and administration of the courts to the tribe as a whole, but leave many civil matters such as land use, child custody, and inheritance to the villages to decide as they wish (meaning, the Tribe asserts no authority over these aspects of traditional governance). Further, the Kikmongwi appoints the delegates from these villages to the Tribal Council.

Kikmongwi have religious duties and significance as well. Inasmuch as Hopi do not make a firm distinction between secular and religious matters with respect to issues such as agriculture, land and water use, and family relationships, the position can be considered an inherently religious one as well. Mongwi, for instance, are often depicted as Kachinas.

It is also unusual for outsiders (no family/marriage ties) to have knowledge of or participate in any religious ceremonies at any or all villages therefore, making it difficult to accurately report of the actual functions of such a system.

Plains

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Plateau

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

California

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Great Basin

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Arctic

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

Subarctic

Tribes

Homes

Clothing

Crafts

Religious Practices

Government

6. Name ten articles used by the Indians in their religious ceremonies.

  • Eagle feathers
  • Peyote (a spineless cactus)
  • Eagle bone whistle
  • Peace pipe
  • Drums
  • Gourd Dance Eagle Fan
  • Gourd rattle
  • Medicine wheel (stones structure)
  • Smudge stick (charred bundle of dried herbs)
  • Sweat lodge
  • Tomahawk
  • Wampum

7. Explain two methods of mounting and displaying arrowheads.

Arrowheads are typically mounted in a shadow box. This is a shallow wooden box with a removable glass cover. The bottom of the box is covered with a photo framing mat. The arrowheads can be sewn to the mat with monofilament, tied down with leather lacing, or they can be glued down. If gluing, be sure to use a reversible glue, such as hot melt.

8. Explain one method of restoring and mending damaged arrowheads, ollas, blankets, and baskets.

It is probably best to leave the repair of a valuable artifact to a professional. We do not intend to provide instruction here in sufficient detail to allow a Pathfinder to attempt a repair, but rather outline the procedures used.

Arrowheads

Broken arrowheads can usually be glued back together using Cyanoacrylate (such as Superglue, or Krazy Glue). Apply a drop or two of glue to one surface, join the pieces together, and hold them in position for a minute to allow the glue to set. Once it sets, leave it alone for a couple of hours. If any glue came to the surface of the crack, scrape it off with an X-Acto knife.

Ollas (pottery)

Pottery is sometimes repaired using the "sandbox and Elmers" approach. First a container larger enough to hold the pot (in its whole form) is obtained, and a little sand is added to the bottom. Then a two pieces from the bottom of the pottery are glued together using a water-soluble glue (such as Elmers). The glued piece are placed in the sandbox, and sand is packed around them to hold them in position. Then another piece is glued on, and sand is packed around it as well. This process is repeated until the entire pot has been reassembled. Once the glue has had sufficient time to dry (don't rush it), the pot is removed from the sand.

Blankets

Before you begin, you should have the blanket dry cleaned. This is especially true if the damage needing repair was caused by moths. Dry cleaning will kill any eggs and larvae still present in the blanket and prevent the damage from recurring.

Wool blankets can be repaired by one of two methods: reweaving, or felting. Reweaving is an art best left to professionals, but felting is within reach of the amateur.

It is well known that if fine wool is dampened and packed into a boot, the boot placed on a foot, and then walked on, after a while the wool will be compacted into felt. The same can be done without the use of a boot. Felt can also be made by rolling it out onto a flat surface.

Place the blanket on a table, and cover the hole with a wad of fine wool. Then get out a rolling pin and go over it repeatedly. This will convert the wool into felt, and as it does so, will bond the felt with the wool in the blanket. To further this process, the patched area can then be pressed with a hot iron (use steam) until the edges of the patch disappear into the surrounding blanket.

Baskets

Repairing a valuable basket should not be attempted except by a professional. A low-value basket could be the subject of an amateur repair, and will yield insights into basket construction techniques.

Weavers
If a weaver is broken, it should be cut off near a rib. A new weaver should be selected and an attempt t omatch the color should be made. A new weaver could be stained with coffee or tea to approximate the color of an existing one. Once color matched, the new weaver should be worked into the weave and overlap the old weaver. If desired, a little white glue can be pressed into service for a stronger repair.
Ribs
A broken rib can also be replaced. A new (color matched) rib should be woven in right along side the broken rib. Once it is in place, the broken rib can be removed.

9. Name and locate at least ten different tribes of the present day and tell for what each is noted.

10. Experiment with plant dyes as used by the Indians and try to obtain at least two shades of color.

The dying process

Gather your plants from an area where the species you are after is abundant. Be sure to not take more than two-thirds of the plants from any one area. Natural fabrics work best with natural dyes, so choose cotton or wool (you can use yarn if you like).

The amount of material needed for the dyepot varies. For four ounces of cloth or yarn, use 12 ounces of plant material, one ounce of alum, and 1/4 ounce of cream of tartar in four quarts of water. Soak skeins of white yarn or material in plain water for 24 hours before dyeing.

Create Dye

  1. Put water in a large pot, add shredded plant parts (place in net bag)
  2. Simmer 1/2 to 1 hour (just below the boiling point)
  3. Strain out material (remove net bag)

Dye Fibers

  1. Add alum and cream of tartar to water and stir (cream of tartar helps keep fibers soft)
  2. Put in pre-moistened fiber/yarn
  3. Simmer until material is a little darker than you desire, stirring and submerging occasionally
  4. Remove from heat

Remove Fibers from Bath and Dry

  1. Rinse (starting with warm water) until cool
  2. Hang to dry

Be sure to wash the cloth by itself the first time you launder it. The last thing you want to do is accidentally dye your other clothes!

Plants and colors

You can get some of these plants at a grocery store even in the winter. Others will need to be gathered in the warmer months.

Red
Rose hips, beets, dandelion roots
Orange
Onion skins, sassafras leaves
Yellow
Queen Anne's lace (carrot), burdock, dandelion flowers
Green
Red onion skins, plantain roots
Blue-Purple
Poke berries, grapes, blueberries, blackberries, red cabbage
Brown
Walnut hulls, acorns, oak leaves
Black-gray
Sumac leaves, iris roots

http://www.pioneerthinking.com/naturaldyes.html

11. Do one of the following:

a. Visit an Indian museum

If you know of an Indian museum in your area, by all means, look into visiting that one. You may also consult this web site to find one in your area, or use an Internet search engine to look for "Indian Museum state" where state is the name of the state in which you wish to find an Indian museum. Also try replacing the word "Indian" with "Native American".

b. Visit Indian ruins or mounds

See the Wikipedia category Mound builders for a list of several Indian mounds throughout the United States.

c. Make a personal visit with an Indian

If you know a Native American, invite him or her to speak to your Pathfinder club. If you do not personally know a Native American, find an Indian museum as described in section a of this requirement and contact them. They may be able to put you in touch with a Native American who is willing to share his or her culture with you.

d. Visit an Indian village or reservation

There are about 300 Indian reservations in the United states. Wikipedia has a List of Indian reservations in the United States. In Canada, these are called Indian reserves, and Wikipedia has an article covering those as well.

References