Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Optics/Answer Key"

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{{honor_header|2|1962|Health and Science|General Conference}}
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[[Image:Episcope.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An episcope which was used in a [[University of Cambridge]] lecture hall in the late 1800s]]
==1. Define and/or draw a diagram of the following:==
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The '''opaque projector''', '''epidioscope''', '''epidiascope''' or '''episcope''' is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projectors. Care must be taken that the materials are not damaged by the heat generated by the light source. Opaque projectors are not as common as the modern "overhead".
===a. Focal length ===
 
  
[[Image:Focal-length.png|frame|right|The focal point '''F''' and focal length ''f'' of a positive (convex) lens, a negative (concave) lens, a concave mirror, and a convex mirror.]]
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Opaque projectors are typically used to project images of book pages, drawings, mineral specimens, leaves, etc. They have been produced and marketed as artists’ enlargement tools to allow images to be transferred to surfaces such as prepared canvas, or for lectures and discourses.  
  
The distance from the lens (center of lens) or mirror to the focal point.
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==History==
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The opaque projector is a predecessor to the [[overhead projector]]. The light source in early opaque projectors  was often [[limelight]].  [[Incandescent light bulb]]s and [[halogen lamp]]s are most commonly used today.
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In the early and middle parts of the 20th century, low-cost opaque projectors were produced and marketed as toys for children.
  
===b. Positive lens ===
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In educational settings, the specific role of the opaque projector has been superseded by the ''presenter'', a lighted table with a fixed [[video camera]] above itThe image from the camera is displayed using a separate projector.  The desktop presenter unit is sometimes called an opaque projector.
   
 
This type of lens creates a real image by converging the rays of light to a common focus.
 
  
::[[Image:Lens1.png]]
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==Types==
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At the beginning of the 20th century, projection was split into two classes: ''" If the light traverses the object, the projection is said to be diascopic, if by reflected light, episcopic."'' <ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |year=1911 |publisher=University of Cambridge |location = [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Lantern]}}</ref>.
  
===c. Negative lens ===
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Two main classes of opaque projectors thus existed:
  
This type of lens diverges the light or causes it to spread. It creates a virtual focal point that appears to be the location where the light is coming from.
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#the episcope, which solely projected images of opaque objects
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#the epidiascope, which was capable of projecting images of both opaque and transparent images
  
[[image:lens1b.png]]
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
===d. Two kinds of distortion===
 
 
 
;Barrel Distortion
 
 
 
:The Magnification decreases as you get farther from the center of the lens. This is the type of distortion in fisheye lens. It appears like the image has been mapped around a sphere.
 
 
 
::[[Image:Barrel_distortion.svg|200px]]
 
 
 
;Pincushion Distortion
 
 
 
:The Magnification increases as you get farther from the center of the lens. This is the type of distortion is often seen in low quality telephoto lenses. It appears like the image has been pinched toward the middle.
 
 
 
::[[Image:Pincushion_distortion.svg|200px]]
 
 
 
===e. Longitudinal color===
 
 
 
Different colors of light are bent to varying degrees as they go though a medium such as glass. This effect is is called Chromatic Aberration. The affect is a longitudinal displacement  (along the axis of the lens) of the focus.
 
 
 
[[image:lens6a.png]]
 
 
 
Chromatic aberration is caused by the fact that different colors of light travel at different speeds through a medium such as glass. The amount of bend in the light as it travels from one medium to another is given by Snell's law:
 
 
 
: <math>\frac{\sin\theta_1}{\sin\theta_2} = \frac{velocity\ 1}{velocity\ 2} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}</math>
 
 
 
The bigger the difference in the velocities, the more bending takes place.
 
 
 
===f. Lateral color===
 
===g. Spherical aberration===
 
[[Image:Spherical aberration 2.svg|thumb|300px|Spherical aberration. A perfect lens (top) focuses all incoming rays to a point on the optic axis. A real lens with spherical surfaces (bottom) suffers from spherical aberration: it focuses rays more tightly if they enter it far from the optic axis than if they enter closer to the axis. It therefore does not produce a perfect focal point. (Drawing is exaggerated.)]]
 
Lenses with surfaces that are spherically shaped are easier to manufacture, but they have a flaw that the light that travels through the lens near the center focuses at a different point than the light that travels through the lens near the edge.
 
 
 
Spherical mirrors will show the same aberration as spherical lenses, but it is fairly easy to parabolize a mirror and cause the focus to be at a single point. Non spherical lenses are difficult to manufacture, but modern computer controlled polishing machines are improving lens quality.
 
{{clear}}
 
 
 
===h. Achromatic lens ===
 
 
 
By using two lenses made of different materials we can minimize the amount of chromatic aberration that a lens creates. This principle is used in all high quality lenses to create a better image.
 
 
 
::[[image:lens6b.png]]
 
 
 
===i. Refraction of light===
 
Light is bent as it goes from one medium to another. The more difference there is in the two media, the greater the amount of refraction.
 
 
 
==2. Explain how light behaves when it strikes or traverses water, oil, feldspar, and a mirror.==
 
===Water===
 
When light travels though air and strikes water it is bent or refracted.  This is caused by the difference between the speed of light through air and the speed of light through water.
 
===Oil===
 
When light strikes oil (or a soap bubble) it gets reflected ''twice''.  The first reflection occurs when light strikes the top surface of the oil, but not all of the light is reflected here.  Some of the light penetrates the surface of the oil and is reflected from the bottom surface.  This causes the light to undergo a ''phase shift''.  When the light emerges from the oil and is recombined with light reflected from the surface, some of the light frequencies are canceled because of the phase shift, and others are reinforced.  Which frequencies are canceled and which are reinforced depends on the angle at which they are viewed, and the viewing angle changes continuously over the surface of the oil.  The effect is that one band of oil will appear yellow, another green, another yellow, etc.  This is why you see a rainbow in a puddle of oil or on a soap bubble.
 
 
 
===Feldspar===
 
There are many varieties of feldspar, and therefore, many different ways in which it interacts with light.  Some feldspars (such as spectrolite) appear to have an iridescent sheen because the light is reflected from below the surface of the stone (this is the same effect discussed above under ''oil''. 
 
 
 
Moonstone is a form of feldspar that is highly translucent to transparent. 
 
 
 
Orthoclase is a form of feldspar that is a transparent yellow (it reflects yellow light, but other colors go right through). 
 
 
 
Amazonite is an opaque green to blue-green form of feldspar.
 
 
 
===Mirror===
 
Light striking a mirror is reflected.  The angle at which the light strikes a mirror is equal to the angle of its reflection.
 
 
 
==3. Name and draw diagrams of three kinds of positive lenses and three kinds of negative lenses.==
 
 
 
[[image:lens2.png]]
 
 
 
==4. What should be the minimum distance of light source from the lens when testing for focal length?==
 
The distance between the lens and the light source should be at least thirty (30) or more times the focal length.
 
 
 
==5. Find the focal length of at least four lenses, one being a negative lens.==
 
[[Image:FocalLength.jpg|thumb|400px|Finding the focal length of a positive lens]]
 
===Positive Lens===
 
Set a ruler on end on a work surface (a table, sidewalk, or a wood board). Using a bright light (such as the sun) as the light source, hold the lens against the ruler and slide it up and down the ruler until the light is focused on the work surface.  The point on the ruler that the focused lens touches is to be recorded as the Focal Length for that lens.
 
===Negative Lens===
 
{{clear}}
 
 
 
==6. Explain by diagram why an image from a positive lens makes an image reversed and inverted.==
 
 
 
By drawing lines representing the rays of light, we can show that the light creates an inverted image.
 
 
 
[[image:lens3.png|550px]]
 
 
 
==7. Show with diagrams how a prism works. State the angles at which the colors appear and disappear.==
 
[[Image:Dispersion_prism.jpg|thumb|200px‎]]
 
 
 
A prism uses the fact that different colors of light are bent differently as they travel through a medium. This effect is also seen in chromatic aberration.
 
 
 
The shape of a prism is an equilateral triangle. This causes the colors of light to disperse in a very predictable way.
 
<br style="clear:both">
 
 
 
==8. Show and demonstrate what happens when light strikes one-way glass.==
 
 
 
One-way glass, also called a two-way mirror, or a one-way mirror, is a pane of glass with a partially reflective, partially transparent layer, used with a darkened room on one side and a well-lit room on the other, allowing those in the darkened room to see into the lighted room but not vice versa.
 
 
 
The glass is coated with (or in some cases encases a layer of) a very thin almost transparent layer of metal (generally aluminum) to enhance its reflective nature. The result is what appears to be a mirror from one side, and tinted glass from the other. A viewer in the brightly lit area has difficulty seeing into the darkened room, through what appears to be a mirror.
 
 
 
To take full advantage of the partially mirrored surface, the target side should be brightly lit, to obscure any hint of light coming through the glass from the viewer's side. The darkened room is only completely obscured when it is in complete darkness. Sometimes a darkened curtain or a double door type vestibule is used to keep the viewers side darkened.
 
 
 
===Uses===
 
[[Image:Teleprompter schematic.svg|right|350px|thumb|One-Way Glass (4) used in a teleprompter to reflect a script.]]
 
One-way glass is used for:
 
* providing security, through covert viewing, of public spaces.
 
* for the protection of covert camera
 
* for some police interrogation rooms.
 
* The use of one-way glass is also apparent in the broadcast television where persons read from a script while seemingly looking directly at the camera. This effect is achieved where the camera is the viewer looking through the glass, upon which the prompt or script is also reflected for the subject to read.
 
 
 
==9. Construct one optical instrument using mirrors or lenses, such as a periscope, a slide or opaque projector, or a simple telescope.==
 
===Periscope===
 
|[[Image:Periscopes_simple.png|250px]]
 
 
 
===Slide Projector===
 
[[Image:Diaprojektor beleuchtungssystem IMGP1044.jpg|thumb|600px|Inside a slide projector]]
 
{{clear}}
 
A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. It has four main elements: a fan-cooled electric light bulb or other light source, a reflector and "condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide, a holder for the slide and a focusing lens. A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed in the light path between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the latter. This glass transmits visible wavelengths but absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a perpendicular flat screen so the audience can view its reflection.
 
===Opaque Projector===
 
 
 
===Refracting Telescope===
 
 
 
===Reflecting Telescope===
 
 
 
==10. Explain what is meant by the term 6x35 and 7x50 as applied to binoculars.==
 
 
 
The numbers used for describing binoculars give the power followed by the diameter of the objective lens (The largest diameter lens) in millimeters. This means that 6x35 have a magnifying power of 6x and have a diameter of 35mm.
 
 
 
The power represents how much bigger an object appears than with the unaided eye. You can also think of how many times closer it appears to be. The diameter lets you know how much light is gathered by the lens. A 50mm objective lens gathers much more light than a 35mm objective lens. Because the amount of light that is gathered increases if we increase the area  that the light hits, we can calculate the light gathering of a lens using the area of a circle:
 
 
 
Area of lens= π  (radius of lens)<math>^2</math>
 
 
 
{| border ="2"
 
|+Numbers that Describe Binoculars
 
| Binocular Specification || Magnifying Power || Diameter of objective  (mm) || Area of objective <math>mm^2</math> || Light gathering power (compared to unaided eye)     
 
|-
 
|Unaided Eye || 1x || 8|| 50.265|| 1x
 
|-
 
|10x25 || 10x || 25 || 490.8738 || 9.7x
 
|-
 
|6x35 || 6x || 35 || 962.11275 || 19.14x
 
|-
 
| 7x50 || 7x || 50 || 1,963.495 || 39.06x
 
|-
 
|}
 
 
 
The 50mm objective lens collects 2.0408... times more light than a 35mm objective lens. If you are in a dark environment, you will get twice as much light with the 7x50 binoculars than with a 6x35. The 7x50 binoculars has more magnifying power (7/6 or 1.167 times) than the 6x35 binoculars.
 
 
 
The higher the first number, the larger things appear, but the harder it is to hold the binoculars steady. Above 10x most people need a tripod to hold it steady enough to be useful. The higher the second number, the more light gathering power, which allows you to continue to see even in low light conditions, but the binoculars are much heavier as well.
 
  
Knowing what the numbers on a pair of binoculars mean is important as you are choosing which ones are best for you, but binoculars are a very personal thing, so try them before you buy them.
 
  
==11. Define the term "f/stop" as used in connection with cameras. What does it mean when a lens is fast or slow? Is an f/8.5 lens faster or slower than an f/8 lens?==
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==See also==
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* [[Projector]] for a directory of projector types.
  
A faster lens has a lower f-number, and lets in more light than a slower lens. The f-number is the ratio of the diameter of the entrance pupil to the focal length of the lens.
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==External links==
 
 
<math>f\ number = \frac {Focal\ length} {Diameter\ of\ objective}</math>
 
 
 
The two parameters that define the f-number of an optical system are:
 
 
 
;Focal Length
 
:The longer the focal length, the more magnifying power the optical system has. You will choose a very long focal length lens if you wish to photograph birds, and a short focal length lens to photograph scenic shots such as a panarama.
 
 
 
;Diameter of the lens
 
:The larger the diameter the more light is let in. So to have a fast lens, you will need a large diameter lens, and the longer the focal length, the larger the diameter needs to be to have the same speed. A 50mm f/4 lens will have a diameter of 12.5 mm, but a 400mm f/4 lens will have a diameter of 100mm.
 
 
 
The advantage of a faster lens is that there is more light, so it is easier to see, and for photography, you can keep the exposure time low.
 
 
 
The disadvantage of a fast lens is that it is heavier, and has less depth of field.
 
 
 
==References==
 
* http://www.tradeshop.com/gems/feldspar.html
 
  
==About the Author==
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* [http://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/epidia_uk.htm Episcopes and epidiascopes], photographs of a collection.
--[[User:Rodneyeast|Rodneyeast]] 14:06, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
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* [http://www.curzon.org.uk/collection/Epidiascope.html Historic Ross Epidiascope]
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* [http://www.firstcall-photographic.co.uk/pp/Projectors/35mm_Projectors_and_Epidiascopes/Braun_Paxiscope_XL_Epidiascope.html Another description] of the Braun Paxiscope unit.
  
{{about_the_author_rodneyeast}}
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[[Category:Projectors]]
  
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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[[de:Episkop]]
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[[lb:Episkop]]
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[[ja:エピスコープ]]
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[[no:Episkop]]
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[[pl:Episkop]]
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[[uk:Епіскоп]]

Revision as of 01:14, 3 April 2008

An episcope which was used in a University of Cambridge lecture hall in the late 1800s

The opaque projector, epidioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projectors. Care must be taken that the materials are not damaged by the heat generated by the light source. Opaque projectors are not as common as the modern "overhead".

Opaque projectors are typically used to project images of book pages, drawings, mineral specimens, leaves, etc. They have been produced and marketed as artists’ enlargement tools to allow images to be transferred to surfaces such as prepared canvas, or for lectures and discourses.

History

The opaque projector is a predecessor to the overhead projector. The light source in early opaque projectors was often limelight. Incandescent light bulbs and halogen lamps are most commonly used today. In the early and middle parts of the 20th century, low-cost opaque projectors were produced and marketed as toys for children.

In educational settings, the specific role of the opaque projector has been superseded by the presenter, a lighted table with a fixed video camera above it. The image from the camera is displayed using a separate projector. The desktop presenter unit is sometimes called an opaque projector.

Types

At the beginning of the 20th century, projection was split into two classes: " If the light traverses the object, the projection is said to be diascopic, if by reflected light, episcopic." &.

Two main classes of opaque projectors thus existed:

  1. the episcope, which solely projected images of opaque objects
  2. the epidiascope, which was capable of projecting images of both opaque and transparent images

References

  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [1]: University of Cambridge. 1911.


See also

  • Projector for a directory of projector types.

External links

de:Episkop lb:Episkop ja:エピスコープ no:Episkop pl:Episkop uk:Епіскоп