AY Honors/Mat Making/Answer Key

1. Do a short research on the history of pizza.

Although the word pizza was first documented in 997 AD in Gaeta and successively in different parts of Central and South Italy, the history of the dish itself is not very clear or well documented.

The precursor of pizza was probably the focaccia, a flat bread known to the Romans as "panis focacius", to which toppings were then added.

Foods similar to pizza have been made since the neolithic age. Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history.

In 16th century Naples a Galette flatbread was referred to as a pizza. Known as the dish for poor people, it was sold in the street and was not considered a kitchen recipe for a long time. This was later replaced by oil, tomatoes (after Europeans came into contact with the Americas) or fish. In 1843, Alexandre Dumas, père described the diversity of pizza toppings. An often recounted story holds that on 11 June 1889, to honour the Queen consort of Italy, Margherita of Savoy, the Neapolitan pizzamaker Raffaele Esposito created the "Pizza Margherita", a pizza garnished with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil, to represent the national colours of Italy as on the Italian flag.

Pizza is now a type of bread and tomato dish, often served with cheese. However, until the late nineteenth or early twentieth century, the dish was sweet, not savory, and earlier versions which were savory more resembled the flat breads now known as schiacciata. Pellegrino Artusi's classic early twentieth century cookbook, La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene gives three recipes for pizza, all of which are sweet. However, by 1927, Ada Boni's collection of regional cooking includes a recipe using tomatoes and mozzarella.

The innovation that led to flat bread pizza was the use of tomato as a topping. For some time after the tomato was brought to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, it was believed by many Europeans to be poisonous (as are some other fruits of the nightshade family). However, by the late 18th century, it was common for the poor of the area around Naples to add tomato to their yeast-based flat bread, and so the pizza began. The dish gained in popularity, and soon pizza became a tourist attraction as visitors to Naples ventured into the poorer areas of the city to try the local specialty.

Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries, and pizzerias keep this old tradition alive today. It is possible to enjoy paper-wrapped pizza and a drink sold from open-air stands outside the premises. Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba in Naples is widely regarded as the city's first pizzeria.

2. Make a list of the basic ingredients for the pizza dough.

The basic ingredients for pizza dough are:

• Flour
• Water
• Yeast
• Sugar (to activate the Yeast)
• Oil
• Salt

3. Find out at least one biblical text about each single ingredient. Explain at least 4 of these texts and their symbolic meaning.

Bible verses on Flour

In the Old Testament the grain offering had to be in the form of fine flour. In the New Testament Jesus fulfilled that offering as the "bread of life".

Bible verses on Water

When used as a symbol, water is life, salvation, amd God's Spirit.

Bible verses on Yeast or Leven

Leven was prohibited at the Exodus and the Passover which commerated it. Jesus compared the mistruths of the religious leaders and Herod to leven in Mark 8:15 "Watch out! Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and the leaven of Herod." Jesus also pointed out that a little leven impacts the whole loaf. 1 Corinthians 5:8 "Therefore let us celebrate the feast, not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness," Therefore leven represents a small amount of error that will impact everything.

Bible verse on Sugar (Honey is mentioned)

The Promised Land was described as a "land flowing with milk and honey" so honey symbolizes goodness and prosperity. Honey also symbolizes sweet words in several verses.

Bible verses on Oil

Oil was an important commodity in Bible times even more than it is today. Practical uses for oil included cooking and lighting lamps. The Good Samaritan (for example) used oil as a healing tool.

A symbolic annointing with oil occured in several contexts including Jacob's pillar, Aaron as high priest, and in the sanctuary where both the building and sacrifies were required to be sprinkled with oil. Samual anointed David with oil to show he would become king. James 5:14 talks about annointing the sick with oil, a practice Adventists still occasionally follow. Oil is spoken of as "soft" and has heen compared to the Holy Spirit. Oil symbolizes God's blessing and is used to consecrate a person or a thingfor God's use.

Bible verses on Salt

Salt is mentioned in the Bible in several key ways: a) Salt was part of the covenant with the Children of Israel. Sacrifices were required to be salted. b) Land could be laid waste with salt (naturally or by God). Land that is too salty was not productive. The expression "salt the earth" meaning to to make useless comes from these verses and the Roman idea of applying salt to ensure an area could not be farmed again. c) The "Salt Sea" is what we now call the Dead Sea, a very salty body of water. d) Christians are called to be the salt of the earth and not loose our saltiness. In this context, a few Christians (a little salt) can greatly impact the surrounding population. Salt tastes radically different from the other ingredients but without the salt the whole meal is flat and tasteless

4. Describe the leavening process.

A leavening agent (also leavening agent or leaven agent; /ˈlɛvənɪŋ/ or /ˈlɛvən/), also known as a raising agent, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that causes a foaming action that lightens and softens the finished product. Formation of carbon dioxide is induced by chemical agents reacting with moisture, heat, acidity, or other triggers.

The leavening agent incorporates gas bubbles into the dough. The alternative or supplement to leavening agents is mechanical leavening by which air is incorporated by mechanical means. Most leavening agents are synthetic chemical compounds, but carbon dioxide can also be produced by biological agents. When a dough or batter is mixed, the starch in the flour mixes with the water in the dough to form a matrix (often supported further by proteins like gluten or other polysaccharides like pentosans or xanthan gum), then gelatinizes and "sets"; the holes left by the gas bubbles remain.

5. What is the difference between Neapolitan style pizza and Roman style pizza?

Roman pizza is thin and usually stretched with the help of a rolling-pin. It is baked for a longer time at a lower temperature. Neapolitan pizza instead is thicker and softer. It is formed by hand – that’s why its outer edge is also thicker. It must be cooked for a much shorter time.

6. According to its shape and size, how many kinds of pizza do you know?

1. Neapolitan - Many pizzas are variations on the original pie of Naples — a flat, hearth-baked, chewy crust topped with tomatoes or tomato sauce and mild cheese. A few of the most common variations are New York-style pizza, which is bigger and flatter than the original pizza of Napoli, designed to be cut into large, flexible wedges that can be folded and eaten while walking or working.

2. Sicilian - True Sicilian pizza is a rectangular slab of bread with toppings — which typically do not include cheese — pushed into the dough before baking. The American version is radically different, usually with a thick layer of cheese encasing all the toppings.

Most pizzas are based on these first two types. Here are the most common variants, with New York Style mentioned above under Neapolitan:

3. Chicago Pizza Pie - Around the world, Chicago-style pizza usually refers to the deep-dish, multi-layered pizzas first created by Ike Sewell in the mid-twentieth century. That pie, almost a casserole, offers a unique pizza experience. It usually includes a thin crust in a deep dish, with toppings on the bottom, covered in cheese and tomato sauce on the top. It has also spawned some lesser pizzas, generally called pan pizzas. Pan pizzas are round with a thick, well-oiled crust — somewhat similar to a Sicilian crust — with an indentation to hold more toppings.

4. California-Style Pizza - California-style pizza is characterized by a plate-sized, very thin cracker-like crust and a range of unusual toppings.

5. Sourdough Pizza - San Franciscans have long adored their hearty sourdough-crust pizzas topped with the freshest ingredients.

Other variations include deep-dish pizza, stuffed crust pizza, pizza pockets, pizza turnovers, rolled pizza, pizza-on-a-stick, all with combinations of sauce and toppings limited only by the inventiveness of the marketing people in the food and restaurant industry.

Here are some good references to pizza styles - Pizza Styles or Wikipedia

7. What are three different ways to bake a pizza? Describe the differences in detail.

In order, a Brick oven, wood fired or coal fired, is the best as described in the reference below, followed by a Grill so you are closer to a brick oven type of baking and then followed by a electric oven using a pizza stone to help simulate a brick oven.

1. Wood fired brick oven - Web Page Reference

2. Grill (Electric, Gas or Charcoal) - Web Page Reference

3. Electric or Gas oven (Home or Industrial) - Using a pizza stone will help to more evenly distribute the heat to the pizza in a Home oven, so you get closer to a brick oven type of baking.

8. What is the ideal temperature if you use a wood oven to cook pizza? What is the ideal temperature if you use an electric oven?

Wood or Brick Oven 400°C / 752°F

Home ovens 280°C / 450°F to 500°F

Industrial ovens 330°C / 626°F

9. Prepare a Pizza Margherita.

It’s made with tomato sauce and cheese and topped with tomatoes and basil. The type of each ingredient can vary, such as the type of tomato sauce used, the type of tomatoes used as well as the type of basil used. Experiment and research different types and see what others use and what you like best.

References

Pizza History in General

History of Modern Pizza

Pizza on Wikipedia