Difference between revisions of "Field Guide/Birds/Branta canadensis"

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:''For the Canadian outerwear manufacturer '''Canada Goose''' see [[Canada Goose (clothing)]]''
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{{Bird id
{{Taxobox
 
| color = pink
 
 
| name = Canada Goose
 
| name = Canada Goose
| status = LC
+
| latin_name = Branta canadensis
| image = Branta-canadensis-004.jpg
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| level = 4
| image_width = 240px
+
| image_1 = Canada-Goose-Szmurlo.jpg| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Atlantic or Interior Canada Goose
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| caption_1 = Canada Goose in flight
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| image_2 = Wildgans-schwarzer-kopf-fuerth.jpg
| phylum = [[chordate|Chordata]]
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| caption_2 = Breeding pair
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
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| image_3 = Branta canadensis1.jpg
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
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| caption_3 = Female with goslings
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
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| range_map = Branta canadensis map.png
| genus = ''[[Branta]]''
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| call = Branta canadensis.ogg
| species = '''''B. canadensis'''''
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| description = The '''Canada Goose''' (''Branta canadensis'') belongs to the ''Branta'' genus of geese, which contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey species of the ''Anser'' genus.
| binomial = ''Branta canadensis''
 
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
 
| range_map = Canadageese copy.gif
 
| range_map_width = 240px
 
| range_map_caption = Canada Goose distribution, including introduced and feral populations<br/>Yellow: summer<br/>Blue: winter<br/>Green: year-round
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
 
| subdivision =  
 
* ''B. c. occidentalis''<br/><small>Dusky Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. fulva''<br/><small>Vancouver Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. parvipes''<br/><small>Lesser Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. moffitti''<br/><small>Moffitt's Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. maxima''<br/><small>Giant Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. interior''<br/><small>Interior Canada Goose</small>
 
* ''B. c. canadensis''<br/><small>Atlantic Canada Goose</small>
 
}}
 
  
The '''Canada Goose''' (''Branta canadensis'') belongs to the ''Branta'' [[genus]] of [[goose|geese]], which contains [[species]] with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey species of the ''Anser'' genus.
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The black head and neck with white "chinstrap" distinguish this goose from all except the Barnacle Goose, but the latter has a black breast, and grey, rather than brownish, body plumage. There are seven subspecies of this bird, of varying sizes and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada Geese. Some are hard to distinguish from the Cackling Goose (''Branta hutchinsii''), with which the Canada Goose was long assumed to form one species; the name Lesser Canada Goose is, confusingly, often applied to ''B. hutchinsii''.
  
The species name, ''canadensis'', is a [[New Latin]] word meaning "of [[Canada]]".
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This species is 90-100 cm long with a 160-175 cm wing span. Males weigh {{units|3.5–6.5 kg|8–14 pounds}}, and can be very aggressive in defending territory. The female looks virtually identical but is slightly lighter at {{units|3–5.5 kg|7–12 pounds}}, and has a different honk. Exceptionally, weights of {{units|11.3 kg|25 pounds}} and a wingspan of {{units|224 cm|88 inches}} have been recorded in the largest race.
  
The '''Canada Goose''' is also often referred to in parts of the NW United States as the '''Canadian Goose'''.
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These birds feed mainly on plant material. When feeding in water, they submerge their heads and necks to reach aquatic plants, sometimes tipping forward like a dabbling duck. Flocks of these birds often feed on leftover cultivated grains in fields, especially during migration or in winter.
  
==Appearance==
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During the second year of their lives, Canada Geese find themselves a mate. Most couples stay together all of their lives. If one is killed, the other may find a new mate. The female lays 4-8 eggs and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. During that time, they lose their flight feathers, so that they cannot fly until after their eggs hatch. This period lasts for 25-28 days.
[[Image:Canada goose gosling - natures pics.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Yellow plumage of gosling]]
 
  
The black head and neck with white "chinstrap" distinguish this goose from all except the [[Barnacle Goose]], but the latter has a black breast, and grey, rather than brownish, body plumage. There are seven [[subspecies]] of this bird, of varying sizes and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada Geese. Some are hard to distinguish from the [[Cackling Goose]] (''Branta hutchinsii''), with which the Canada Goose was long assumed to form one species; the name Lesser Canada Goose is, confusingly, often applied to ''B. hutchinsii''.
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Adult geese are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one parent at the front, and the other at the back of the "parade". While protecting their young, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to other geese, to humans that approach, after warning them by giving off a hissing sound.  The young do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace.
  
This species is 90-100 cm long with a 160-175 cm wing span. Males weigh 3.5&ndash;6.5 kg, (8&ndash;14 pounds), and can be very aggressive in defending territory. The female looks virtually identical but is slightly lighter at 3&ndash;5.5 kg (7&ndash;12 pounds), and has a different honk. Exceptionally, weights of 11.3 kg (25 pounds) and a wingspan of 224 cm (88 inches) have been recorded in the largest race.
+
This well-known species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats. However, the nest is usually located in an elevated area near water, sometimes on a beaver lodge. The eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada Geese.
  
==Behaviour and habitat==
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Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada Geese flying in V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates, such as the Pacific Northwest, due to a lack of former predators, some of the population has become non-migratory.
[[Image:Canada goose head detail.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Specialized for plant feeding]]
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}}<noinclude>[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Transcluded Modules|{{FULLCHAPTERNAME}}]]</noinclude>
[[Image:Canada Goose Creche.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Example of a [[Crèche (zoology)|crèche]]]]
 
[[Image:Branta canadensis 06729.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Example of a parade]]
 
[[Image:Canada Goose mating ritual2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Aggressive behavior during mating season]]
 
These birds feed mainly on plant material. When feeding in water, they submerge their heads and necks to reach aquatic plants, sometimes tipping forward like a [[dabbling duck]]. Flocks of these birds often feed on leftover cultivated grains in fields, especially during [[bird migration|migration]] or in winter.
 
 
 
During the second year of their lives, Canada Geese find themselves a mate. Most couples stay together all of their lives. If one is killed, the other may find a new mate. The female lays 4-8 [[egg (biology)|eggs]] and both parents protect the nest while the eggs [[avian incubation|incubate]], but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. During that time, they lose their flight feathers, so that they cannot fly until after their eggs hatch. This period lasts for 25-28 days.
 
 
 
Adult geese are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one parent at the front, and the other at the back of the "parade". While protecting their young, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to other geese, to humans that approach, after warning them by giving off a hissing sound.  However, geese may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called [[Crèche (zoology)|crèches]]. The young do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace.
 
 
 
This well-known species is native to [[North America]]. It breeds in [[Canada]] and the northern [[United States]] in a variety of habitats. However, the nest is usually located in an elevated area near water, sometimes on a [[American Beaver|beaver]] lodge. The eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The [[Great Lakes]] region maintains a very large population of Canada Geese.
 
 
 
Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally [[bird migration|migratory]] with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada Geese flying in V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates, such as the [[Pacific Northwest]], due to a lack of former predators, some of the population has become non-migratory.
 
 
 
In the state of [[Pennsylvania]], non-migratory Canada Goose populations have been on the increase. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high [[fecal coliforms]] at State Park beaches. This has led to extended hunting seasons and the use of noise makers in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks over the course of several years.
 
 
 
 
 
{{Listen
 
|filename=Branta canadensis.ogg
 
|title=''Branta canadensis'' call
 
|description=Bird call of the Canada Goose (''Branta canadensis''
 
|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 
 
 
{{clear}}
 
 
 
==Outside North America==
 
[[Image:Canada goose flight cropped and NR.jpg|thumb|232px|right|Canada Goose in mid-flight]]
 
Canada Geese have reached [[western Europe]] naturally, as has been proved by [[Bird ringing|ringing recoveries]]. The birds are of at least the subspecies ''parvipes'', and possibly others. Canada Geese are also found naturally on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in eastern [[Siberia]], eastern [[China]], and throughout [[Japan]].
 
 
 
Greater Canada Geese have also been widely introduced in Europe, and have established feral populations in [[Great Britain]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Scandinavia]]. Semi-tame [[feral]] birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. It is now proven that most Scandinavian and some British birds have established a migration pattern. The geese were first introduced in the Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to [[James II of England|King James II]]'s waterfowl collection in [[St. James's Park]]. Finally, Canada Geese were introduced as a game bird into [[New Zealand]], but they have also become a problem in some areas there.
 
 
 
By the early [[20th century]], over-hunting and loss of habitat in the late 1800s and early 1900s had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The Giant Canada Goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was discovered wintering in [[Rochester, Minnesota]] by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey. With improved [[game law]]s and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies ''occidentalis'', may still be declining. They have adapted well to urban environments, especially those with well-trimmed lawns and large ponds, such as [[golf]] courses and city parks.
 
 
 
==Systematics==
 
The [[Cackling Goose]] was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the Canada Goose, but in July 2004 the [[American Ornithologists' Union]]'s Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split the two into two species, making Cackling Goose into a full species with the scientific name ''Branta hutchinsii''. The [[British Ornithologists Union]] followed suit in June 2005.
 
 
 
The AOU has divided the many associated [[subspecies]] between both animals. To the present species were assigned:
 
 
 
*Atlantic Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis canadensis''
 
*Interior Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis interior''
 
*Giant Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis maxima''
 
*Moffitt's Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis moffitti''
 
*Vancouver Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis fulva''
 
*Dusky Canada Goose, ''Branta canadensis occidentalis''
 
*part of "Lesser complex", ''Branta canadensis parvipes''
 
 
 
The distinctions between the two geese have led to a great deal of confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada Goose and larger types of Cackling Goose. The old "Lesser Canada Goose" was believed to be a partly [[hybrid]] population, with the birds named ''taverneri'' considered a mixture of ''minima'', ''occidentalis'' and ''parvipes''. In addition, it has been determined that the [[Barnacle Goose]] is a derivative of the Cackling Goose lineage, whereas the [[Hawaiian Goose]] is an insular representative of the Canada Goose.
 
 
 
==See also==
 
*The Canada Goose was depicted on the 1986 series [[Canadian dollar|Canadian $100 note]].
 
*The [[1996 in film|1996]] movie ''[[Fly Away Home]]'' was about a young girl who finds and raises a brood of orphaned Canada Goslings and attempts to induce them to migrate after the birds reach adulthood.
 
*A Canada Goose was used as the logo for the tail section of [[Canadian Airlines]] last livery before the airline merged with [[Air Canada]].
 
 
 
==References==<!-- Evolution41:662 -->
 
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2006|id=47149|title=Branta canadensis|downloaded=11 May 2006}}
 
*Stackhouse, Mark. ''The New Goose''. [http://www.utahbirds.org/RecCom/NewGoose.htm]
 
*Angus, Wilson. Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and Cackling Goose Complex (''Branta canadensis'' & ''B. hutchinsii''). [http://www.oceanwanderers.com/CAGO.Subspecies.html]
 
*Moser, Timothy J., Craven, Scott R. and Miller, Brian K. Canada Geese in the Mississippi Flyway: A Guide for Goose Hunters and Goose Watchers. [http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-129.html]
 
* [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]], State parks open for early goose hunting [http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/news/resource/res2006/06-0830-goosehunting.aspx]
 
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rds/publications/technical/TAN_51.pdf|title=The management of problems caused by Canada geese: a guide to best practice|accessdate=2007-01-30|publisher=[[DEFRA]]|year=2005|author=Rural Development Service|work=Technical Advice Note 51|format=PDF}}
 
*{{cite book |author=Hanson, Harold C. |title=The Giant Canada Goose |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1997 |id=ISBN 978-0809319244}}
 
 
 
==External links==
 
{{commons|Branta canadensis}}
 
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Branta_canadensis/ images and movies of the Canada goose ''(Branta canadensis)'']
 
*[http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/c/canadagoose/index.asp RSPB A to Z of UK Birds]
 
* [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/canada_goose_info.htm Canada Goose Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
 
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Canada_Goose.html Canada Goose] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 
* [http://www.massaudubon.org/birdatlas/index.php?search=yes&id=43 Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas]
 
 
 
== Gallery ==
 
<gallery>
 
image:RW_IMG_3295.JPG|Spring Goslings, [[Thames Ditton]], UK
 
image:CanadaGoslingRotherhithe.jpg| Adult and gosling
 
image:gos.jpg
 
Image:Staten Island 142.jpg
 
Image:Pbalson_20060527_IMG_3675.JPG
 
Image:Canadageeselake3.jpg|Flock on the water.
 
Image:May_27_2006_goosefamily.jpg|Breeding pair and goslings, Canada.
 
Image:Canadgoose03192006.JPG
 
image:Branta_canadensisZZ.jpg|Flock moves across the lawn at Bayard Cutting Arboretum on Long Island.
 
Image:Canada goose parade.JPG|Another "parade".
 
Image:Craighead Forest Park.JPG|A flock of Canada Geese in [[Jonesboro, Arkansas]].
 
</gallery>
 
 
 
[[Category:Branta]]
 
[[Category:Geese]]
 
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
 
[[Category:Birds of Canada]]
 
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
 
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western hemisphere)]]
 
[[Category:Fauna of Europe]]
 
 
 
[[bg:Канадска гъска]]
 
[[cy:Gŵydd Canada]]
 
[[da:Canadagås]]
 
[[de:Kanadagans]]
 
[[eo:Kanada ansero]]
 
[[fr:Bernache du Canada]]
 
[[ik:Iqsrabutilik]]
 
[[it:Branta canadensis]]
 
[[lt:Kanadinė berniklė]]
 
[[hu:Kanadai lúd]]
 
[[nl:Grote Canadese gans]]
 
[[cr:ᓂᔅᒃ]]
 
[[ja:カナダガン]]
 
[[no:Kanadagås]]
 
[[pl:Bernikla kanadyjska]]
 
[[pt:Ganso-do-canadá]]
 
[[sl:Kanadska gos]]
 
[[fi:Kanadanhanhi]]
 
[[sv:Kanadagås]]
 
[[tr:Kanada kazı]]
 
[[zh:加拿大雁]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:10, 5 July 2012

Branta canadensis (Canada Goose)
Canada Goose in flight
Range
Breeding pair
Female with goslings
Description
The Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) belongs to the Branta genus of geese, which contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey species of the Anser genus.

The black head and neck with white "chinstrap" distinguish this goose from all except the Barnacle Goose, but the latter has a black breast, and grey, rather than brownish, body plumage. There are seven subspecies of this bird, of varying sizes and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada Geese. Some are hard to distinguish from the Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii), with which the Canada Goose was long assumed to form one species; the name Lesser Canada Goose is, confusingly, often applied to B. hutchinsii.

This species is 90-100 cm long with a 160-175 cm wing span. Males weigh 3.5–6.5 kg8–14 pounds, and can be very aggressive in defending territory. The female looks virtually identical but is slightly lighter at 3–5.5 kg7–12 pounds, and has a different honk. Exceptionally, weights of 11.3 kg25 pounds and a wingspan of 224 cm88 inches have been recorded in the largest race.

These birds feed mainly on plant material. When feeding in water, they submerge their heads and necks to reach aquatic plants, sometimes tipping forward like a dabbling duck. Flocks of these birds often feed on leftover cultivated grains in fields, especially during migration or in winter.

During the second year of their lives, Canada Geese find themselves a mate. Most couples stay together all of their lives. If one is killed, the other may find a new mate. The female lays 4-8 eggs and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. During that time, they lose their flight feathers, so that they cannot fly until after their eggs hatch. This period lasts for 25-28 days.

Adult geese are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one parent at the front, and the other at the back of the "parade". While protecting their young, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to other geese, to humans that approach, after warning them by giving off a hissing sound. The young do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace.

This well-known species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats. However, the nest is usually located in an elevated area near water, sometimes on a beaver lodge. The eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada Geese.

Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada Geese flying in V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates, such as the Pacific Northwest, due to a lack of former predators, some of the population has become non-migratory.