Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Pin Trading - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-07-07T16:00:37Z

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Having a knowledge of the cost and value of pins can empower you by helping you to know how to make a fair trade and to decrease the chances of your being taken advantage of by others.


COST is determined by:
* Quality of the pin/what material it is made from: Metal pins costs more than plastic pins; there are different qualities of metal pins; buttons or handmade pins are usually less expensive.
* Size: Bigger pins cost more than smaller pins.
* The number of colors used: The addition of more colors can sometimes add to the cost.
* The type and number of pin backs used to hold it on: Locking clutches cost more than rubber or butterfly clutches; two pin backs cost more than one pin back.
* Accessories or embellishments, such as spinners, danglers, etc.: These can add to the cost of a pin.


VALUE may be determined by:
* The cost and quality of a pin.
* How rare a pin is or how difficult it is to get.
* How beautiful or interesting or desirable the pin is to YOU, regardless of the cost or quality.
Ultimately, YOU are the one who places value on a pin based on how much you like the pin, how special it is to you for whatever reason, and how much you are willing to trade for it. Just because someone tells you that a pin is valuable because not very many were made doesn’t necessarily make it valuable to YOU if it’s not a pin that you like or want to add to your collection.


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Cloisonné pins continue the fine-art tradition of glass enameling started in China centuries ago. The pins are made by hand-pouring powdered glass into the recesses of a die struck brass base. The brass can be plated in gold, silver, nickel, black nickel or bronze. After being baked at a very high temperature, the glass enamel is sanded and polished to be flush with the metal lines that separate the colors. This gives the pins a smooth and lustrous quality. Colors are limited with this technique.


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Die cast pins are created by injecting liquid metal into a rubber mold which is then spun at a high revolution to ensure uniformity. As the metal cools and hardens, the lapel pins get their shape. Die cast pins can have intricate cut-outs and three-dimensional sculpturing that is not achievable with die struck pins.


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The basic die struck pin is made by stamping an image onto a sheet of metal, cutting it out, and then plating it in a gold, silver, or nickel finish, giving it a classic dimensional look without adding color. The recessed areas can be antiqued or sandblasted to add texture, while the raised-relief areas can be polished.
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Hard enamel pins are made in the same technique as the cloisonné, but the recessed spaces are filled with a hard enamel paint rather than glass. The pin is heated to a very high temperature to harden or cure the paint, and then it is polished smooth. The paint and the metal borders/ridges are at the same level. If you rub your thumb over a hard enamel pin it will feel smooth and you will not feel the metal borders/ridges. The hard enamel filling gives a beautiful, high quality look similar to that of the cloisonné, but at a lower price and with more color options.


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The offset printing process produces a full-color reproduction of a photograph or full-color artwork with outstanding detail and accuracy. A protective coating seals the design and protects it from scratching and fading.


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Photo etched pins are made by using an acid-reaction process to transfer the image onto a thin metal plate. Each color is then applied by hand to the pins, and finally the pin is cut out from the metal sheet. Photo etched pins tend to be thinner than other metal pins.


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Similar to photographic (offset printed) pins, silk screen pins produce an exact replica of a design on the pin with a great deal of detail and full color. The process of creating silk screen lapel pins is almost identical to that of silk screen t-shirts. A base coat is laid over the pins, then one at a time, each color is pressed through a screen with the help of a roller and allowed to dry. When each color has been applied, a protective coating seals the design and protects it from scratching and fading.


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Soft enamel pins are die struck pins with the recessed areas filled with paint. They are air dried which causes the paint to settle, creating a dimensional look, meaning the paint is at a lower level than the metal borders surrounding each color. If you rub your thumb over a soft enamel pin you will feel the metal ridges. This type of pin is a less expensive version of a hard enamel pin.


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An epoxy dome is a clear plastic coating that can be added as an option to soft enamel or photo etched pins, providing a lustrous shine and adding additional depth to the overall design of the pin. Silk screened and offset printed designs can be very delicate, so these pin types have an epoxy dome which acts as a barrier to protect the pin design from being scratched or scraped off. Disadvantages are that they tend to turn yellow over time, and occasionally they come off.


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A pin that has a blinking LED light or lights added. It has one or more batteries which makes it a fatter pin.


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A second pin attached to the main pin with a spring so that it “bobbles” or moves.


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A second pin attached to the main pin by one or more rings or a small chain.


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Sparkly colors added to a pin.


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One or more fake gemstones attached to a pin.


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A second pin that slides along a slot cut in the main pin that gives a sense of action.


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A second pin attached to the main pin that can be spun around with your finger.

== HINGE ==
A second or third piece that is attached to the main pin by hinges to fold over the pin.


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A second pin attached to the main pin by a post so it can be twirled front to back with your finger.


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To attach: Carefully align the hole on the bottom of the clutch with the point of the pin and push clutch straight down while pulling up slightly on the spring-loaded top part.
To remove: While holding the bottom part of the clutch down, pull up on the spring-loaded top part, then slide the clutch off of the pin.


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To attach: Make sure lock is rolled to the “open” position, push the long stick pin down and into the slot, then roll the lock to the other side to lock the pin in place.
To remove: Roll the lock to the “open” position and push the long stick pin down and out of the slot.


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To attach: Line magnet up with metal back until they join together.
To remove: Pull magnet apart from metal back.


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To attach: Push the long stick pin down and under the hook.
To remove: Push the long stick pin down and out from under the hook.


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The Golden Rule comes from Matthew 7:12:
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“So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.”
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When pin trading, you should always treat other pin traders the same way you want to be treated. If you don’t want to receive a broken pin, then don’t give someone else a broken pin. If you don’t want your pins stolen, then don’t steal someone else’s pins. If you don’t want to be pressured to trade a pin, then don’t pressure someone
else. If you don’t like being interrupted during a trade, then don’t interrupt others. If you don’t like people grabbing or touching your pins without permission, then don’t do that to others.


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If you are trying to collect a complete set of pins, it is important to find out how many pins there are in the set you are interested in. Sets may range in size from two pins to ten or more pins. In some sets, the pins are all alike except that they come in a number of different colors, and sometimes there may be one special pin that contains all the colors. In other sets, each pin in the set is different. In some sets, each pin can stand alone, and in other sets, you need the whole set in order to have a complete picture, because the pieces fit together like a puzzle. Sometimes one pin in the set will have a higher value than the other pins in the set because there were fewer made, and so it is harder to find. You may have to trade extra pins to get that
one more valuable pin in order to complete the set.


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Trade shows, conventions, or special events often have exhibit booths that give out free items, and some of these booths may give out free pins. SDA organizations and institutions, such as academies, colleges, universities, TV stations, ADRA, food industries, or publishing institutions often set up exhibit booths at places such as Pathfinder Camporees, Camp Meetings, ASI, or General Conference sessions, and some of these booths may give out free pins. This is a great way to get some free pins for trading.


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One way to do this is to buy pieces of felt or craft foam, put tape along one edge to make it stronger, then punch holes in the edge with the tape. You can then put the pages in a three-ring binder. It is a good idea to put extra felt or foam pages between the pin pages so your pins won't get scratched. If you like you can decorate your binder. Or you can come up with your own design for making a pin book.


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You can make your own pins for trading. You can turn just about any small item into a pin by attaching a pin back or safety pin to it. Pin backs can be purchased online or at a craft store. One idea is to make beaded safety pin designs. If you do an Internet search for “beaded safety pin flags” or “beaded safety pin patterns” you can find lots of free patterns for flags or other fun designs. For more ideas on how to make other handmade pins, you can do an Internet search for “Girl Scout SWAPS.” Get creative!


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If you want to display your pins for Pathfinder Sabbath or at a Pathfinder Fair, check with your Pathfinder Director to see if you can do this. Set up your display of pins in an appealing way so you can get other Pathfinders or Adventurers excited about getting the Pin Trading Honor someday. If your state or county has a fair, you may be able to display your collection of pins there.


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If your club or conference is planning to design a pin for a camporee, and if you are creative and have a good idea, you can draw your design and submit it to your club or conference. This requirement will be fulfilled just by submitting your design, even if your club or conference chooses a different design to actually use for the pin.


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===Tips for Writing Letters=== 
* Many companies and organizations will send you a free pin(s) by simply writing them a letter.
* Get your parents or Pathfinder staff to help you find the names and addresses for sports
associations or federations, National Olympics Committees, and companies who sponsor events like the Olympics or other sporting events. Many will send you a free pin if you write and ask.
* You can go to the Olympics web site and see who the sponsor companies are.
* The more letters you send, the more free pins you are likely to receive. One girl wrote to 77 companies, and 55 of them sent her over 250 pins!
* Write your letter by hand and send it the old-fashioned way, in a stamped envelope.
* Tell the company how old you are, what you like to do, what you like to collect, and that you would love to have one of their pins.
* Always offer to pay for the pin. Most companies will not ask you to pay but will send you a pin for free.
* If you are writing to other countries, make the letter simple and try to say something nice about
their country. It helps you learn about other countries too.
* If you are writing to other countries, be sure to use the proper amount of postage. (Check wit the Post Office.)
* If you ask nicely, the pins will start coming. Then it's so much fun to get mail!
* Always be sure to write a thank you note if you get a free pin.


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;ADVOCATE: A person who speaks or writes in support or defense of a person, cause, etc.; a person who pleads for or in behalf of another; intercessor.


If you observe someone trying to take advantage of another, respectfully approach them and remind them of the reasons why we engage in pin trading. Help in the trade so that everyone ends up happy. It’s not fun to be pressured into a trade. It’s only a good trade if both parties are satisfied after the trade. It is always acceptable to suggest another pin or to politely say, “No thanks,” if you are not happy with the proposed trade. Always encourage young and new traders when you can.


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As you get more pins, try giving some away. You will discover that it can be as much or more fun to give pins away as it is to add pins to your collection. The Bible says that it is more blessed to give than to receive. Making others happy is very rewarding!


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This can take place at a Pathfinder camporee, Disneyland/Disney World, the Rose Parade, the Olympics, sporting events, or any other venue where pin trading takes place. Remember to talk to the people you are trading with and to practice the “Fun, Fair, and Friendly” rules of etiquette that you learned. Learn interesting things about the people you trade with like their name, where they are from, how long they’ve been trading pins, what they like to collect, etc. Having a diary will help you remember to talk to the people you trade with. You can make your diary as elaborate or as simple as you want.


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==References== 
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AY Honors/Basic Water Safety/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:13:02Z

Anthonywhitlow:

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The goal is to teach how to get in and out of a pool without assistance and in a safe manner.


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This can be done without the whole body in the water to help the Pathfinder become more comfortable with being under water.


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This would be a good opportunity to tell the story of Naaman as found in [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings+5&version=NKJV 2 Kings 5].

This is an important foundational skill used for other swimming strokes like the freestyle and breast strokes.


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An excellent motivational object to use for this is a large coin such as a quarter or a silver dollar. This serves as motivation only if you agree to let the Pathfinder keep the coin once it is retrieved the second time.


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Try to minimize arm and leg movement as much as possible. The face can either be in or out of the water. This requirement is intended to prepare the swimmer for stomach swims such as the freestyle/front crawl and the breast stroke.

Fill your lungs with as much air (like a balloon) and allow your body to relax.


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You can push off the edge of the pool or the bottom of the pool. Push and glide with the body in a strait and streamlined position for maximum distance.


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Take a big deep breath (to make your lungs like a balloon), lean back so that your head is in the water, and arch your back to help bring your feet closer to the surface. Relax and don’t forget to breathe!


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The easiest kick to use from the side of the pool is the flutter kick.
Other kicks can be practiced if kick boards or other aids are available. Ensure that a swimmer does not swim into deep water if unprepared or does not have the stamina to sustain deep-water swimming.


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No specific stroke is required. For less-strong or non-swimmers, do this in the shallow portion of a pool with a parent/helper next to them to assist only if needed while they practice. This requirement should be completed without any assistance or touching the bottom.


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Life jackets need to be properly sized for the wearer. Children need to use a child life jacket. All buckles should be snapped into place and any ties securely fastened. The fit should be snug, but not too constraining. In the water the jacket should stay put on the body, not float up above the wearer (making the jacket useless and unsafe).


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How you call for help depends on who needs help, and where you are when help is required.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and have access to a telephone, dial 911 or the appropriate emergency number in your area.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and you are in the water too, yell "Help!" as loud as you can. If there is a lifeguard present, go to him or her as quickly as you can and tell them someone is in trouble.
*If you yourself need help while in the water, call out for it and wave your arms.
*Some lifejackets have a whistle which is an excellent way to signal distress.


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The most frequent muscle to suffer a cramp from swimming is the calf muscle. To release a calf cramp while swimming, float on your back, stretch your legs out in front of yourself, and point your toes toward your head while pushing your heel out away from your head. This will stretch the calf muscle.

For muscles in the hamstring or buttocks: while back floating, use one hand to gently massage the tight muscle to release the cramp.


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Firmly brace yourself on a pool deck, pier or shoreline, by lunging down in a staggered stance (one foot forward and one foot back) shifting your center of gravity away from the water and reach out to the person with any object that will extend your reach, such as a pole, oar, paddle, tree branch, shirt, belt or towel.
If no equipment is available, you can perform a reaching assist by lying down and extending your arm or leg for the person to grab.


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#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one adult actively watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all facility regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


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==References== 
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AY Honors/Swimming - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:12:18Z

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On the back, frog kick with “T” to statue arm movement.
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On stomach, simultaneous kick and arm motion. Frog kick to glide with arms down pulling down the body in a sweeping motion to slightly in front of body. During the load-up, arms extend fully to the front and legs spreading for next push to glide. Utilize proper bobbing of the head under the water and rotational breathing.
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Scissor kick with extension movements on the swimmer’s side. The face stays out of the water.
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Scissor kick with half-freestyle movements and rotational breathing. Rotate from side stroke as if to transition to freestyle but conclude the stroke back on the side for the glide. Utilize rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1f}}
Scissor kick with freestyle arm movements and rotational breathing. Arm pull should synchronize with the scissor kick.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1g}}
Flutter kick with arms rotating up and out of the water to reset and push the water past the body with the hands.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1h}}
The is the front crawl, better known competitively as the freestyle stroke. Utilize proper rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2a}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2b}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Push out and away from the edge. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2c}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: bend at the hips, keeping the legs strait, reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. Keep the feet together with toes pointed completely through the decent. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2d}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. As you begin to rotate bend at the hips and allow your knees to come towards your chest in a tuck position for easier rotation. Once facing down, straighten the body into an inverted vertical position. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

This can be done either on stomach or back with minimal water treading. (On back is easier.)
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Survival stroke does not require long distances, but staying afloat and moving in a direction. Utilize one of the strokes learned to continuously swim for 10 minutes while fully clothed.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

The swimmer should not utilize the sides or bottom of the pool.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Tips: This requirement does not specify the type of stroke nor a minimum distance. Take your time and utilize different strokes. If one gets more tiring, switch to one more relaxing for you. Set a good slow-steady pace for continuous swimming. Common strokes to use (most to least): freestyle/front crawl, breaststroke, side stroke, elementary backstroke.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Failure to pay attention and horseplay are the main causes of accidents around water. Consuming alcohol and drugs (which no Pathfinder would do), or swimming while on relaxant medication (pain relief, etc) causes most of the rest of the accidents. See the [[AY Honors/Basic_Water_Safety|Basic Water Safety]] Honor for more details.


#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one adult actively watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all facility regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Swimming - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:10:50Z

Anthonywhitlow:

{{HonorSubpage}}
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1a}}
On the back, frog kick with “T” to statue arm movement.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1b}}
On stomach, simultaneous kick and arm motion. Frog kick to glide with arms down pulling down the body in a sweeping motion to slightly in front of body. During the load-up, arms extend fully to the front and legs spreading for next push to glide. Utilize proper bobbing of the head under the water and rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1c}}
As best as I (a recreational swimmer) can tell, this is an elementary backstroke with a whip kick (tuck/knees-pointed-up frog kick) rather than a knees-wide frog kick. <noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1d}}
Scissor kick with extension movements on the swimmer’s side. The face stays out of the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1e}}
Scissor kick with half-freestyle movements and rotational breathing. Rotate from side stroke as if to transition to freestyle but conclude the stroke back on the side for the glide. Utilize rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1f}}
Scissor kick with freestyle arm movements and rotational breathing. Arm pull should synchronize with the scissor kick.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1g}}
Flutter kick with arms rotating up and out of the water to reset and push the water past the body with the hands.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1h}}
The is the front crawl, better known competitively as the freestyle stroke. Utilize proper rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2a}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2b}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Push out and away from the edge. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2c}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: bend at the hips, keeping the legs strait, reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. Keep the feet together with toes pointed completely through the decent. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2d}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. As you begin to rotate bend at the hips and allow your knees to come towards your chest in a tuck position for easier rotation. Once facing down, straighten the body into an inverted vertical position. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

This can be done either on stomach or back with minimal water treading. (On back is easier.)
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Survival stroke does not require long distances, but staying afloat and moving in a direction. Utilize one of the strokes learned to continuously swim for 10 minutes while fully clothed.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

The swimmer should not utilize the sides or bottom of the pool.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Tips: This requirement does not specify the type of stroke nor a minimum distance. Take your time and utilize different strokes. If one gets more tiring, switch to one more relaxing for you. Set a good slow-steady pace for continuous swimming. Common strokes to use (most to least): freestyle/front crawl, breaststroke, side stroke, elementary backstroke.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Failure to pay attention and horseplay are the main causes of accidents around water. Consuming alcohol and drugs (which no Pathfinder would do), or swimming while on relaxant medication (pain relief, etc) causes most of the rest of the accidents. See the [[AY Honors/Basic_Water_Safety|Basic Water Safety]] Honor for more details.


#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one person watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all facility regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Swimming - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:08:33Z

Anthonywhitlow:

{{HonorSubpage}}
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1a}}
On the back, frog kick with “T” to statue arm movement.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1b}}
On stomach, simultaneous kick and arm motion. Frog kick to glide with arms down pulling down the body in a sweeping motion to slightly in front of body. During the load-up, arms extend fully to the front and legs spreading for next push to glide. Utilize proper bobbing of the head under the water and rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1c}}
As best as I (a recreational swimmer) can tell, this is an elementary backstroke with a whip kick (tuck/knees-pointed-up frog kick) rather than a knees-wide frog kick. <noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1d}}
Scissor kick with extension movements on the swimmer’s side. The face stays out of the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1e}}
Scissor kick with half-freestyle movements. Rotate from side stroke as if to transition to freestyle but conclude the stroke back on the side for the glide. Utilize rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1f}}
Scissor kick with freestyle arm movements. Arm pull should synchronize with the scissor kick.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1g}}
Flutter kick with arms rotating up and out of the water to reset and push the water past the body with the hands.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1h}}
The is the front crawl, better known competitively as the freestyle stroke. Utilize proper rotational breathing.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2a}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2b}}
From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Push out and away from the edge. Must be done in good and proper form.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2c}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: bend at the hips, keeping the legs strait, reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. Keep the feet together with toes pointed completely through the decent. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2d}}
Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. As you begin to rotate bend at the hips and allow your knees to come towards your chest in a tuck position for easier rotation. Once facing down, straighten the body into an inverted vertical position. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

This can be done either on stomach or back with minimal water treading. (On back is easier.)
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Survival stroke does not require long distances, but staying afloat and moving in a direction. Utilize one of the strokes learned to continuously swim for 10 minutes while fully clothed.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

The swimmer should not utilize the sides or bottom of the pool.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

Tips: This requirement does not specify the type of stroke nor a minimum distance. Take your time and utilize different strokes. If one gets more tiring, switch to one more relaxing for you. Set a good slow-steady pace for continuous swimming. Common strokes to use (most to least): freestyle/front crawl, breaststroke, side stroke, elementary backstroke.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Failure to pay attention and horseplay are the main causes of accidents around water. Consuming alcohol and drugs (which no Pathfinder would do), or swimming while on relaxant medication (pain relief, etc) causes most of the rest of the accidents. See the [[AY Honors/Basic_Water_Safety|Basic Water Safety]] Honor for more details.


#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one person watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all facility regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Basic Water Safety/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:08:20Z

Anthonywhitlow:

{{HonorSubpage}}
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

The goal is to teach how to get in and out of a pool without assistance and in a safe manner.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



This can be done without the whole body in the water to help the Pathfinder become more comfortable with being under water.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

This would be a good opportunity to tell the story of Naaman as found in [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings+5&version=NKJV 2 Kings 5].

This is an important foundational skill used for other swimming strokes like the freestyle and breast strokes.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

An excellent motivational object to use for this is a large coin such as a quarter or a silver dollar. This serves as motivation only if you agree to let the Pathfinder keep the coin once it is retrieved the second time.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Try to minimize arm and leg movement as much as possible. The face can either be in or out of the water. This requirement is intended to prepare the swimmer for stomach swims such as the freestyle/front crawl and the breast stroke.

Fill your lungs with as much air (like a balloon) and allow your body to relax.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



You can push off the edge of the pool or the bottom of the pool. Push and glide with the body in a strait and streamlined position for maximum distance.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Take a big deep breath (to make your lungs like a balloon), lean back so that your head is in the water, and arch your back to help bring your feet closer to the surface. Relax and don’t forget to breathe!


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=8}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



The easiest kick to use from the side of the pool is the flutter kick.
Other kicks can be practiced if kick boards or other aids are available. Ensure that a swimmer does not swim into deep water if unprepared or does not have the stamina to sustain deep-water swimming.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



No specific stroke is required. For less-strong or non-swimmers, do this in the shallow portion of a pool with a parent/helper next to them to assist only if needed while they practice. This requirement should be completed without any assistance or touching the bottom.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=10}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>



Life jackets need to be properly sized for the wearer. Children need to use a child life jacket. All buckles should be snapped into place and any ties securely fastened. The fit should be snug, but not too constraining. In the water the jacket should stay put on the body, not float up above the wearer (making the jacket useless and unsafe).


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>

<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11a}}
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
How you call for help depends on who needs help, and where you are when help is required.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and have access to a telephone, dial 911 or the appropriate emergency number in your area.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and you are in the water too, yell "Help!" as loud as you can. If there is a lifeguard present, go to him or her as quickly as you can and tell them someone is in trouble.
*If you yourself need help while in the water, call out for it and wave your arms.
*Some lifejackets have a whistle which is an excellent way to signal distress.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
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The most frequent muscle to suffer a cramp from swimming is the calf muscle. To release a calf cramp while swimming, float on your back, stretch your legs out in front of yourself, and point your toes toward your head while pushing your heel out away from your head. This will stretch the calf muscle.

For muscles in the hamstring or buttocks: while back floating, use one hand to gently massage the tight muscle to release the cramp.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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Firmly brace yourself on a pool deck, pier or shoreline, by lunging down in a staggered stance (one foot forward and one foot back) shifting your center of gravity away from the water and reach out to the person with any object that will extend your reach, such as a pole, oar, paddle, tree branch, shirt, belt or towel.
If no equipment is available, you can perform a reaching assist by lying down and extending your arm or leg for the person to grab.


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#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one person watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all facility regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


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==References== 
<references/>
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AY Honors/Basic Water Safety/Answer Key

2024-06-11T04:07:29Z

Anthonywhitlow:

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The goal is to teach how to get in and out of a pool without assistance and in a safe manner.


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This can be done without the whole body in the water to help the Pathfinder become more comfortable with being under water.


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This would be a good opportunity to tell the story of Naaman as found in [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings+5&version=NKJV 2 Kings 5].

This is an important foundational skill used for other swimming strokes like the freestyle and breast strokes.


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An excellent motivational object to use for this is a large coin such as a quarter or a silver dollar. This serves as motivation only if you agree to let the Pathfinder keep the coin once it is retrieved the second time.


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Try to minimize arm and leg movement as much as possible. The face can either be in or out of the water. This requirement is intended to prepare the swimmer for stomach swims such as the freestyle/front crawl and the breast stroke.

Fill your lungs with as much air (like a balloon) and allow your body to relax.


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You can push off the edge of the pool or the bottom of the pool. Push and glide with the body in a strait and streamlined position for maximum distance.


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Take a big deep breath (to make your lungs like a balloon), lean back so that your head is in the water, and arch your back to help bring your feet closer to the surface. Relax and don’t forget to breathe!


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The easiest kick to use from the side of the pool is the flutter kick.
Other kicks can be practiced if kick boards or other aids are available. Ensure that a swimmer does not swim into deep water if unprepared or does not have the stamina to sustain deep-water swimming.


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No specific stroke is required. For less-strong or non-swimmers, do this in the shallow portion of a pool with a parent/helper next to them to assist only if needed while they practice. This requirement should be completed without any assistance or touching the bottom.


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Life jackets need to be properly sized for the wearer. Children need to use a child life jacket. All buckles should be snapped into place and any ties securely fastened. The fit should be snug, but not too constraining. In the water the jacket should stay put on the body, not float up above the wearer (making the jacket useless and unsafe).


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How you call for help depends on who needs help, and where you are when help is required.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and have access to a telephone, dial 911 or the appropriate emergency number in your area.
*If you are calling for help for someone else and you are in the water too, yell "Help!" as loud as you can. If there is a lifeguard present, go to him or her as quickly as you can and tell them someone is in trouble.
*If you yourself need help while in the water, call out for it and wave your arms.
*Some lifejackets have a whistle which is an excellent way to signal distress.


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The most frequent muscle to suffer a cramp from swimming is the calf muscle. To release a calf cramp while swimming, float on your back, stretch your legs out in front of yourself, and point your toes toward your head while pushing your heel out away from your head. This will stretch the calf muscle.

For muscles in the hamstring or buttocks: while back floating, use one hand to gently massage the tight muscle to release the cramp.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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Firmly brace yourself on a pool deck, pier or shoreline, by lunging down in a staggered stance (one foot forward and one foot back) shifting your center of gravity away from the water and reach out to the person with any object that will extend your reach, such as a pole, oar, paddle, tree branch, shirt, belt or towel.
If no equipment is available, you can perform a reaching assist by lying down and extending your arm or leg for the person to grab.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Make sure that you are safe to swim. (Safe from currents/tides, during the daytime, safe water conditions, not over tired, didn’t just eat to avoid cramping/sickness, etc.)
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone, have at least one person watching all swimmers from the side of the pool, dock, boat, or shore.
#Supervise all children closely, even when lifeguards are present, regardless of skill level.
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts or floaties, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol, drugs, and/or relaxing medications and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#Never go headfirst into shallow water (less than 9 feet or 3 meters).
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow all regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.
#Stay hydrated, you do not feel the sweat on your body while in the water and can easily become dehydrated leading to heat exhaustion.
#Protect your skin. Use SPF 30+ (minimum) to protect from harmful UV rays that can lead to skin cancer (like Melanoma) over time. Reapply every 90 minutes if in water for any amount of time (120 minutes maximum both in and out of water). Also reduces likelihood of sunburn.


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==References== 
<references/>
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AY Honors/Swimming - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-06-11T03:39:54Z

Anthonywhitlow:

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On the back, frog kick with “T” to statue arm movement.
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On stomach, simultaneous kick and arm motion. Frog kick to glide with arms down pulling down the body in a sweeping motion to slightly in front of body. During the load-up, arms extend fully to the front and legs spreading for next push to glide. Utilize proper bobbing of the head under the water and rotational breathing.
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As best as I (a recreational swimmer) can tell, this is an elementary backstroke with a whip kick (tuck/knees-pointed-up frog kick) rather than a knees-wide frog kick. <noinclude><translate>
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Scissor kick with extension movements on the swimmer’s side. The face stays out of the water.
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Scissor kick with half-freestyle movements. Rotate from side stroke as if to transition to freestyle but conclude the stroke back on the side for the glide. Utilize rotational breathing.
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Scissor kick with freestyle arm movements. Arm pull should synchronize with the scissor kick.
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Flutter kick with arms rotating up and out of the water to reset and push the water past the body with the hands.
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The is the front crawl, better known competitively as the freestyle stroke. Utilize proper rotational breathing.
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From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Must be done in good and proper form.
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From dock or side of pool into water at a minimum of 9 feet (3 meters) deep. Push out and away from the edge. Must be done in good and proper form.
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Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: bend at the hips, keeping the legs strait, reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. Keep the feet together with toes pointed completely through the decent. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
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Must be done in good and proper form.

From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. As you begin to rotate bend at the hips and allow your knees to come towards your chest in a tuck position for easier rotation. Once facing down, straighten the body into an inverted vertical position. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
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This can be done either on stomach or back with minimal water treading. (On back is easier.)
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Survival stroke does not require long distances, but staying afloat and moving in a direction. Utilize one of the strokes learned to continuously swim for 10 minutes while fully clothed.
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The swimmer should not utilize the sides or bottom of the pool.
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Tips: This requirement does not specify the type of stroke nor a minimum distance. Take your time and utilize different strokes. If one gets more tiring, switch to one more relaxing for you. Set a good slow-steady pace for continuous swimming. Common strokes to use (most to least): freestyle/front crawl, breaststroke, side stroke, elementary backstroke.
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Failure to pay attention and horseplay are the main causes of accidents around water. Consuming alcohol and drugs (which no Pathfinder would do), or swimming while on relaxant medication (pain relief, etc) causes most of the rest of the accidents. See the [[AY Honors/Basic_Water_Safety|Basic Water Safety]] Honor for more details.


#Learn to swim before you go into the water. Sounds silly, but many people think it will come naturally, and it really doesn’t.
#Swim near a lifeguard so help is available if you need it.
#Never swim alone.
#Supervise children closely, even when lifeguards are present
#Don't rely on flotation devices, such as rafts, you may lose them in the water.
#Alcohol and swimming don't mix.
#Protect your head, neck, and spine by never jumping or diving into unfamiliar waters.
#As soon as you believe that you may be in trouble, call or wave for help.
#Follow regulations and lifeguard directions.
#Swim parallel to shore if you wish to swim long distances.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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==References== 
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{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Swimming/Answer Key

2024-06-11T02:59:36Z

Anthonywhitlow:

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The approach on a diving board (flex board, not a platform) typically consists of two steps. The first step is the approach and the second step as the hurdle to land both feet together to launch (“jump”) off the board to preform the dive.

[Insert Olympic diving video]
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From the language used in the requirement, this would be preforming a “cannonball” not requiring any rotations (or “flips”).
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Also called the “freestyle”. Participants should use proper rotational breathing and movements.
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(Insert Video)
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(Insert Video)
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Side stroke utilizes a scissor kick with the underneath arm extended above the head and top-facing arm to the front and top side of the body. The push and glide is created with the scissor kick and the extending out of the under arm and the over arm against the side of the body. The underneath arm will pull the water towards the body and top arm in front of the body meeting the underneath arm while the legs extend out to preform the next push and glide.

(Video?)
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(Need video)
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The approach stroke could be a freestyle (Front crawl) or breaststroke where the swimmer faces forward with head out of the water in order to keep a visual on a drowning person while swimming towards (approaching) them.
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(More research needed for terminology)
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(More research needed for terminology)
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As best as I (a recreational swimmer and lifeguard) can determine regarding this terminology, this is one of two things:
1. From the freestyle, touch the wall with one hand and tuck the legs to the chest allowing the momentum to bring the feet to the wall, half rotating from back to chest 45 degrees and rotating the other 45 degrees while pushing away from the wall in a streamline position to resume the freestyle stroke.
2. From the freestyle, catch the wall with both hands bringing both feet to the wall in a tuck position while still facing the wall. Extend from the wall in a streamline position while rotating from back to stomach to resume freestyle stroke.
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[Insert flip-turn video for freestyle]
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From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: bend at the hips, keeping the legs strait, reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. Keep the feet together with toes pointed completely through the decent. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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From treading water, preform a kick with the legs and arms from a “T” to a streamline by your side to push partially out of the water for a breath. After an adequate breath: reach down with your hands and head towards the bottom of the pool. As you begin to rotate bend at the hips and allow your knees to come towards your chest in a tuck position for easier rotation. Once facing down, straighten the body into an inverted vertical position. After the initial glide downward, use the arms to displace the water and dive deeper. Keeping the legs strait and the body in a vertical position will help push you down into the water.
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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The egg beater kick is the best type of kick for treading water with or without hands. This requires practice to prove for effective treading water.

Alternative kicks include a combination of strong kicks like a scissor kick or frog kick.
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This rescue is for distressed swimmers or active drowning persons by throwing a rescue tube, life ring on a rope, or other object to assist the persons in keeping above water. Some sort of rope or tether should be attached so that the rescuer can then pull the person to the side of the pool or to shore.

Wherever possible, the rescuer should not enter the water. If the drowning person is not able to grasp onto the item and a swimming rescue is needed. DO NOT SWIM NEXT TO THE PERSON. The drowning person may instinctively try to grab onto the rescuer and cause the rescuer to drown. If entering the water, the rescuer should push the flotation device at full arms length under the arm of the distressed or drowning person and push them to the side of the pool or to shore.

Additional rescues should only be done by those who have been trained to do so in a lifeguarding course by a certified provider.
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BEST DONE AS PART OF LIFEGUARD TRAINING. This skill has two techniques taught by the American Red Cross for proper in-line stabilization: Head Splint Technique and Head and Chin Support Technique. These techniques are designed to reduce movement of the head, neck, and spine while providing care. The head splint uses the injured’s arms to hold the head in position by the rescuer by firmly grasping the upper arms and moving the arms to immobilize the head, careful not to move the injured’s head or neck. The Head and Chin Support Technique uses a clamping motion from the rescuer with both forearms of the rescuer onto the center of the breastbone and backbone, both following the direction of the spine. The hands will support the chin and back of the head to prevent further head movement.

In the situation where a head, neck, or spinal injury is observed or suspected, any rescuer should enter the water by causing the fewest waves possible to prevent further injury though quickly reaching the injured to provide stabilization, especially when the injured is face down in the water.

The execution of technique for rotating/rolling the injured from a face down position depends on the depth of the water and whether the injured is submerged at varying depths. For the head split technique whether on the surface or submerged, will require the rescuer to stabilize the injured’s head with the injured’s upper arms and roll (while swimming if submerged) the injured face up. The Head and Chin Support Technique required the rescuer to rotate underneath the injured and should only be done in depths of three feet or greater. Once the forearm and hand placement is secured, the rescuer will rotate underneath the injured to bring the injured’s face above the water. If done in depths where the bottom cannot be touched, a second rescuer will need to bring a flotation device to the rescuer to assist in keeping the injured afloat while the first rescuer maintains in-line stabilization on the injured.

Spinal motion restriction is then used to extricate the individual from the water (if breathing and not in respiratory distress) with the assistance of a backboard. This should only be done by those trained to do so.

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==References== 
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{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Red Alert II/Answer Key

2024-03-09T07:18:49Z

Anthonywhitlow:

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{{#widget:YouTube|id=MzaGbHkndts}}

{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1a}}
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Chemicals are found everywhere – in our kitchens, medicine cabinets, basements, and garages. In fact, most chemical accidents occur in our own homes. |Under certain conditions, chemicals can be poisonous or have a harmful effect on your health. Some chemicals that are safe, and even helpful in small amounts, can be harmful in larger quantities or under certain conditions. Chemical accidents do happen, at home and in the community.


You may be exposed to a chemical in three ways:
* Breathing the chemical
* Swallowing contaminated food, water, or medication
* Touching the chemical, or coming into contact with clothing or things that have touched the chemical


Remember, you may be exposed to chemicals even though you may not be able to see or smell anything unusual.


Home chemical accidents can result from trying to improve the way a product works by adding one substance to another, not following directions for use of a product, or by improper storage or disposal of a chemical. Fortunately, a few simple precautions can help you avoid many chemical emergencies.
* '''Avoid mixing chemicals''', even common household products. Some combinations, such as ammonia and bleach, can create toxic gases.
* '''Always read and follow the directions''' when using a new product. Some products should not be used in small, confined spaces to avoid inhaling dangerous vapors. Other products should not be used without gloves and eye protection to help prevent the chemical from touching your body.
* '''Store chemical products properly'''. Non-food products should be stored tightly closed in their original containers so you can always identify the contents of each container and how to properly use the product. Better yet – don’t store chemicals at home. Buy only as much of a chemical as you think you will use. If you have product left over, try to give it to someone who will use it. Or see below for tips on proper disposal.
* '''Beware of fire'''. Never smoke while using household chemicals. Don't use hair spray, cleaning solutions, paint products, or pesticides near the open flame of an appliance, pilot light, lighted candle, fireplace, wood burning stove, etc. Although you may not be able to see or smell them, vapor particles in the air could catch fire or explode.
* '''Clean up any spills immediately''' with some rags, being careful to protect your eyes and skin. Allow the fumes in the rags to evaporate outdoors in a safe place, then wrap them in a newspaper and place the bundle in a sealed plastic bag. Dispose of these materials with your trash. If you don't already have one, buy a fire extinguisher that is labeled for A, B, and C class fires and keep it handy.
* '''Dispose of unused chemicals properly'''. Improper disposal can result in harm to yourself or members of your family, accidentally contaminate our local water supply, or harm other people or wildlife.


If an accident involving hazardous materials occurs, you will be notified by the authorities as to what steps to take. You may hear a siren, be called by telephone, or emergency personnel may drive by and give instructions over a loudspeaker. Officials could even come to your door. If you hear a warning signal, you should go indoors and listen to a local Emergency Alert System (EAS) station for emergency instructions from county or state officials.

===Important Points to Remember=== 
* In the event of an emergency, follow the instructions of the authorities carefully. They know best how to protect you and your family. Listen to your emergency broadcast stations on radio and TV.
* Use your phone only in life-threatening emergencies, and then call the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222), Emergency Medical Services (EMS), 9-1-1, or the operator immediately.
* If you are told to "shelter in place", go inside, close all windows and vents and turn off all fans, heating or cooling systems. Take family members and pets to a safe room, seal windows and doors, and listen to emergency broadcast stations for instructions.
* If you are told to evacuate immediately, follow your Family Disaster Plan. Take your Family Disaster Supplies Kit. Pack only the bare essentials, such as medications, and leave your home quickly. Follow the traffic route authorities recommend. Don't take short cuts on the way to the shelter.
* If you find someone who appears to have been injured from chemical exposure, make sure you are not in danger before administering First Aid.
And lastly, remember, the best way to protect yourself and your family is to be prepared.

===In Case of Poisoning=== 
The most common home chemical emergencies involve small children eating medicines. Keep all medicines, cosmetics, cleaning products, and other household chemicals out of sight and out of reach of children. Experts in the field of chemical manufacturing suggest that doing so could eliminate up to 75% of all poisoning of small children.


If someone in your home does eat or drink a non-food substance, find the container it came out of immediately and take it with you to the phone. Call the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222), or Emergency Medical Services (EMS), or 9-1-1, or call the operator and tell them exactly what was ingested.


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A drought is a period of abnormally dry weather that persists long enough to produce a serious hydrologic imbalance, causing, for example, crop damage and shortages in the water supply. The severity of a drought depends on the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size of the affected area. Drought can be defined four ways:
* Meteorological Drought—when an area gets less precipitation than normal. Due to climatic differences, what is considered a drought in one location may not be a drought in another location.
* Agricultural Drought—when the amount of moisture in the soil no longer meets the needs of a particular crop.
* Hydrological Drought—when the surface and subsurface water supplies are below normal.
* Socioeconomic drought —when water supply is unable to meet human and environmental needs can upset the balance between supply and demand.

===Water Restrictions=== 
In communities where drought conditions exist, officials may recommend water conservation measures to restrict use of water. These recommendations may include such procedures as watering lawns and washing cars on odd or even days of the week, at night, or on weekends. The restrictions may limit hours or prohibit use of water, or require use of hand watering instead of using sprinkler systems that use much more water. You should check with your local authorities or water utility for information on water restrictions that may be imposed for your area.


Conserving water is particularly important when drought strikes, but it’s also a good habit to be in at all times for environmental reasons. Try to do at least one thing each day to conserve water.

===Water Conservation Tips=== 
* Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it. Use it to water your indoor plants or garden.
* Repair dripping faucets by replacing washers. One drop per second wastes 2,700 gallons of water per year!
* Take shorter showers. Turn the water on to get wet; turn off to lather up; then turn the water back on to rinse.
* Place a bucket in the shower to catch excess water for watering plants.
* Don't let the water run while brushing your teeth, washing your face or shaving.
* When hand washing dishes, save water by filling two containers - one with soapy water and the other with rinse water containing a small amount of chlorine bleach.


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A power outage occurs when the electrical power goes out. Planned or unexpected, it can last for days or longer, disrupting communications, water, transportation, stores, banks and other services. This may impact needs such as lighting, heating, cooling, communication, food and medicine refrigeration, cooking and medical equipment.


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* Assembling an [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/survival-kit-supplies.html emergency preparedness kit].
* Creating a [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/make-a-plan.html household evacuation plan] that includes your pets.
* Staying informed about your community’s risk and response plans.
* Ensuring each family member knows [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/disaster-relief-and-recovery-services/contact-and-locate-loved-ones.html how to get back in touch if you are separated] during an emergency.
* Download the Emergency App for [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/emergency-by-american-red/id954783878 iPhone] or for [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cube.arc.hzd&pli=1 Android].

===What to Do During a Power Outage=== 
* Monitor alerts.
* Contact your support network.
* Keep food cold and when in doubt, throw it out.
* Prevent power overloads and fire hazards.
* Decide if you need to stay or go.


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Examples:
* Earthquake
* Tornado
* Hurricane
* Snowstorm
* Ice Storm
* Heavy Winds
* Flood


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Here are some items that can be added to a basic emergency supply kit:
* Water, one gallon of water per person per day for at least three days, for drinking and sanitation.
* Food, at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food
* Radio, battery-powered or hand crank radio
* Flashlight and extra batteries
* First aid kit
* Whistle to signal for help
* Dust mask, to help filter contaminated air and plastic sheeting and duct tape to shelter-in-place
* Moist towelettes, garbage bags and plastic ties for personal sanitation
* Wrench or pliers to turn off utilities
* Prescription medications and glasses
* Infant formula and diapers
* Pet food and extra water for your pet
* Important family documents such as copies of insurance policies, identification and bank account records in a waterproof, portable container
* Cash or traveler's checks and change
* Complete change of clothing including a long-sleeved shirt, long pants and sturdy shoes.
* Household chlorine bleach and medicine dropper.
* Fire Extinguisher
* Matches in a waterproof container
* Feminine supplies and personal hygiene items
* Mess kits, paper cups, plates and plastic utensils, paper towels
* Paper and pens


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Here is a list of some items that can be included in an emergency preparedness kit:
* High protein snacks
* Water
* First Aid kit
* Flashlight
* Cell phone with chargers
* Extra cash
* Emergency blanket
* Maps of the area
* Duct tape
* Umbrella
* Multi-purpose tool
* Small battery-operated radio
* An emergency contact card with names and phone numbers, extra prescription medications and important documents or information you may need


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* Wear a seatbelt.
* Carry an emergency kit in the vehicle.
* Let someone know your destination, your route, and when you expect to arrive. If your vehicle gets stuck along the way, help can be sent along your predetermined route.
* Find out what disasters may occur in the place where you are traveling, especially if they are disasters you have never experienced before. * Find out how you would get information in the event of a disaster (local radio systems, emergency alert systems).
* Pay attention to the weather forecast for your destination. Travel and weather web sites can help you avoid storms and other regional challenges that could impact your safety.


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* Keep items & hands to yourself (Do not throw things in the car)
* Be agreeable and cooperative with other passengers (don’t fight with other passengers)
* Keep noises at an acceptable level
* Assist the driver with answering text messages
* Watch driver for signs of drowsiness and bring it to their attention
* Help navigate
* Keep all body parts and toys inside the vehicle
* Assist with snacks or other tasks
* Buckle up and stay buckled up.


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Quickly determine the most reasonable way to protect your own life.


1. '''RUN'''
If there is an accessible escape path, attempt to evacuate the premises. Be sure to:
* Have an escape route and plan in mind
* Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow
* Leave your belongings behind
* Help others escape, if possible
* Prevent individuals from entering an area where the active shooter may be
* Keep your hands visible
* Follow the instructions of any police officers
* Do not attempt to move wounded people
* Call 911 when you are safe

2. '''HIDE'''
If evacuation is not possible, find a place to hide where the active shooter is less likely to find you.

Your hiding place should:
* Be out of the active shooter’s view
* Provide protection if shots are fired in your direction (i.e., an office with a closed and locked door)
* Not trap you or restrict your options for movement

To prevent an active shooter from entering your hiding place:
* Lock the door
* Blockade the door with heavy furniture

If the active shooter is nearby:
* Lock the door
* Silence your cell phone and/or pager
* Turn off any source of noise (i.e., radios, televisions)
* Hide behind large items (i.e., cabinets, desks)
* Remain quiet

If evacuation and hiding out are not possible:
* Remain calm
* Dial 911, if possible, to alert police to the active shooter’s location
* If you cannot speak, leave the line open and allow the dispatcher to listen

3. '''FIGHT'''
As a last resort, and only when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to disrupt and/or incapacitate the active shooter by:
* Acting as aggressively as possible against him/her
* Throwing items and improvising weapons
* Yelling
* Committing to your actions


Also, never, ever forget the power of prayer.


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* Location of the active shooter
* Number of shooters, if more than one
* Physical description of shooter/s
* Number and type of weapons held by the shooter/s
* Number of potential victims at the location


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Law enforcement's purpose is to stop the active shooter as soon as possible. Officers will proceed directly to the area in which the last shots were heard.
* Remain calm, and follow officers’ instructions
* Put down any items in your hands (i.e., bags, jackets)
* Immediately raise hands and spread fingers
* Keep hands visible at all times
* Avoid making quick movements toward officers such as holding on to them for safety
* Avoid pointing, screaming and/or yelling
* Do not stop to ask officers for help or direction when evacuating, just proceed in the direction from which officers are entering the premises

The first officers to arrive at the scene will not stop to help injured persons. Expect rescue teams comprised of additional officers and emergency medical personnel to follow the initial officers. These rescue teams will treat and remove any injured persons. They may also call upon able-bodied individuals to assist in removing the wounded from the premises.

Once you have reached a safe location or an assembly point, you will likely be held in that area by law enforcement until the situation is under control, and all witnesses have been identified and questioned. Do not leave until law enforcement authorities have instructed you to do so.


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = 1 Thessalonians
| chapter = 5
| verse = 6
| text = Therefore let us not sleep, as others do, but let us watch and be sober.
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{{Bible verse
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| book = 1 Corinthians
| chapter = 16
| verse = 13
| text = Watch, stand fast in the faith, be brave, be strong.
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 21
| verse = 20
| text = There is desirable treasure,
And oil in the dwelling of the wise,
But a foolish man squanders it.
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==References== 
American Red Cross:
* [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies/chemical-emergency.html Chemical Emergency]
* [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies/drought.html Drought Preparedness]
* [https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies/power-outage.html Power Outage]


* [https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/fema_scenario_1_active_shooter_TTX_answer_key-01102020.pdf Federal Emergency Management Agency Active Shooter Answer Key]
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AY Honors/Pickleball/Answer Key

2024-01-09T09:07:56Z

Anthonywhitlow: Fixing the history and terms updated in the past 2-3 years.

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Find full details at [https://usapickleball.org/what-is-pickleball/history-of-the-game/ USA Pickelball].</br> Joel Pritchard was a congressman from Washington state and returned home to Bainbridge Island in 1965 to find his family and neighbor friends, the Bell family, sitting around with nothing to do. Their property had an old badminton court but could not find a full set of rackets. Improvising, Bill Bell and Joel grabbed ping pong paddles and a perforated plastic ball for the kids to play. At first the net was high, but after learning the ball bounced well, lowered the net to 36 inches (the height of Joel's hip). The parents made up the rules as the kids played to make the game more fair. The next weekend, Barney McCallum was introduced to the game by Joel and Bill. Barney cut out some new paddles out of plywood since the ping pong paddles would break easily and the three collaborated to continue develop rules by trial and error for the new game focused so that the whole family could play together. The adults began to love to play just as much as the kids. The Pritchard, Bell, and McCallum families gladly welcomed other families to join in their name and the love for the game grew and grew. As more learned about the game, the first known pickleball tournament was held at South Center Athletic Club in Tukwila, Washington in 1976. The sport continued to grow eventually organizing officially in March 1984 publishing the first rulebook under the name The Unite States Amateur Pickleball Association (USAPA) with the guidance of Sid Williams as the first president who had only been playing for 2 years at this point. In 2020, the sport's organization rebranded as USA Pickleball with an upgraded logo and website. As of February 2023, there are over 70,000 in membership of USA Pickleball with over 8.9 million players over the age of six in the United States.

(Some videos are linked on the website that could be watched as a group about the history.)

The rules of pickleball were developed so that the whole family could play without any person taking advantage of height or strength (underhand serve, two bounce rule, non-volley/kitchen zone). The philosophy of the game is for the whole family to enjoy together. This core element is what has fueled the growth of pickleball through the years.

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Joan Pritchard is credited as the author of the sport's name. She suggested the name to her husband, Joel, and neighbors Bill and Tina Bell during a name brainstorming session in 1965. The idea came from competitive crew rowing where teams would have leftover rowers that would race for fun in a local "pickle boat" crew race competition. Frank, Joel and Joan's son, remembers that the sport of Pickleball threw together bets of other games into the mix much how leftover rowers from universities would crew together to race each other for fun in a "pickle race".

Three years later in 1968, the Pritchard's daughter Jeannie and friend, Paul Brown, were on a walk when the two came across a dog litter of cockapoos for adoption in the neighborhood. The two each brought a dog home while the family was playing pickleball. Joan named the new dog Pickles and the Browns named their dog Lulu.

Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Joel was interviewed by a reporter where he told about the game referring to "pickle boats" rowing competition, but humorously told the reporter about the story of Pickles the dog. The reporter encouraged the dog story as the origin of the name since it was more memorable and attractive. Joel jokingly never thought the dog story would stick but continued to tell the story of Pickles the dog.

Story sourced from [https://usapickleball.org/what-is-pickleball/history-of-the-game/ USA Pickleball], the Jan/Feb 2021 issue of Pickelball Magazine.


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# Two-bounce rule: The ball must bounce on the receiver's end of the court and then again on the server's side of the court before the ball can be hit in the air (volley).
# No-volley-zone: This is the 7 ft. area on either side of the net where you cannot touch, during or after a volley.
# Serve: Has to be underhand, contact below the belly button, paddle head has to be below the wrist at contact.
# The paddles have to be smooth and can’t have any material on them that makes them grippier than what is allowed by USA Pickleball.
# Dinking is a unique stroke in pickleball and is based on control, touch, finesse, and patience. Higher level players can hit many dinks in a rally.


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The first number refers to the score of the server, the 2nd number refers to the score of the receiving team, and the 3rd number indicates 1st or 2nd server of the serving team.


The team that serves first in a game only gets ONE player to serve, so that player would say at the start of the game, "0-0-2" even though he is the 1st server, he refers to himself as the "2" or 2nd server. Since it’s the start of the game, no one has scored any points so it’s 0-0, thus, 0-0-2.


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A standard game is played to 11 points where only the serving team can earn points. If the non-serving team wins the rally, they do NOT get a point but passes the serve. Either the 2nd player on the serving team will serve OR it will be a side out and the receiving team now becomes the serving team.


You must win by a minimum of 2 points.


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To assemble a net, follow the manufacturer's instructions as there are some variations on configuration for portable nets.

Here is a video tutorial on packing a net:


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The forehand shot an open body hit best executed in a scooping forward motion ending with the wrist forward with enough force to get over the net but low enough to bounce in the non-volley zone (kitchen).
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A backhand hit is a cross-body hit that is typically pushed forward. A second hand is often used to help aid a backhand swing for stability. Some players will switch the paddle between hands to avoid backhanded hits.
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Practice both volley serves and drop serves. Be sure to read the [https://usapickleball.org/what-is-pickleball/official-rules/ rule book] (Section 4) to understand the limitations and guidelines for both styles of serves. With both style of serves, put enough force on the ball to move it forward without lifting it up too much from underneath causing the ball to go too high.
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A volley strike is hitting the ball before it bounces on the ground. The basic block volley hits the ball in the air, typically at waist height, to the other side of the net. This is not a slam or spike hit. A volley can be done forehand or backhand with force and/or spin applied directed in the opposite court.
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A dink is made when the payer is at or near the non-volley zone and strikes the ball over the net into the other player/team's non-volley zone. Strategically, placement of the dink are to the edges or middle forcing the opposing player/team to reach for the ball or commit a non-volley zone fault.
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The lob is a defensive maneuver attempting to cause the other team/player out of position by moving to the back of the court. This is done by hitting the ball in an upward motion for a high, arcing trajectory aiming for the opposing back line. This is a careful shot because too shallow and the opponents could spike the ball back with force or too deep and the lob will go out of bounds.
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# Ruptured achilles tendon
# Pickleball elbow
# Rolled/sprained ankle
# Hamstring injuries
# Eye injuries
# Shoulder injuries
# Injuries from falls
# Plantar fascilitis


PREVENTION: Specific dynamic (active) stretching to warm up BEFORE playing. Static stretching after play. Avoid over-playing when first starting out. Doing proper strength training outside of playing and using proper clothing, especially eye protection. Court-type shoes are important--NO running shoes as their flared sole makes it easy to roll an ankle or cause a fall. Go back to return a lob sideways instead of just backing up, falls are prevented this way.


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Show dynamic and static stretching of the shoulder, hamstring/glute, groin, core, and ankle.


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# Patience, James 5:8
# Communication with your partner, Ps. 133:1; 1 Thes. 5:11.
# Teamwork, Ecc. 4:9-12; 1 Cor. 12:12, 20-25.
# Good sportsmanship (calling lines, keeping score, greeting afterward), Prov. 25:27; 1 Cor. 10:31; Gal. 5:22-23.
# Calling out "ball on court" (preventing others from getting hurt from the hazard), Phil. 2:4; Luke 6:31; 1 Cor. 10:24.
# Friendly competition to improve in skill (and maintain healthy habits), Prov. 27:17.
# Being physically active, 1 Cor. 6:19-20.
# Thinking carefully about your shots/being mindful about how you live, Eph. 5:15.


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Either through joining a group or starting a group, pathfinders can invite or join community members in fun exercise and sport that individuals of all ages can join. This is a great way to develop positive relationships with community members and reflect Jesus through words and actions as you play pickleball together, playing fairly and having fun. When the opportunity arises, talk about how your personal relationship with Jesus positively affects you and your favorite church (pathfinder) activities, maybe inviting to another church event. (Maybe even have a community member come teach an honor in their field of expertise!)

There are all kinds of groups in nearly every city that play indoors and outdoors. Search online for local Pickleball groups to find times and locations of games. Or if you start your own group, make sure to post online for others to find!

A church could set up a court in the parking lot and play every week during warmer months or a school with a gym could allow the space to be used any time of year. Set up a regular day and time to gather as a group and play. Give free lessons. Play with new people. Maybe host a local tournament and organize for different ages and skill levels.


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==References== 


* [https://www.amazon.com/Pickleball-Fundamentals-Sports-USA-Association/dp/1492504130 Pickleball Fundamentals], by the USA Pickleball Assoc., with Mary Littlewood
* [https://www.amazon.com/History-Pickleball-More-Than-Years/dp/1732070504 History of Pickleball], by Jennifer Lucore and Beverly Youngren.
* [https://usapickleball.org/what-is-pickleball/official-rules/ USA Pickleball Rules]
* [https://usapickleball.org USAPickleball.org]


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AY Honors/Internet/Answer Key

2024-01-09T06:33:58Z

Anthonywhitlow: fixing a brief sentence

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A vast collection of many independent, inter-connected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that developed from ARPANet of the late '60s and early '70s. "The Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks providing reliable and redundant connectivity between disparate computers and systems by using common transport and data protocols.


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Though ''World Wide Web'' (or simply Web for short) is a term frequently used (incorrectly) when referring to "The Internet", it has two major meanings: First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers), more commonly called "web servers", which are the servers that serve web pages to web browsers.


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A site on the World Wide Web where any number of computer users can type messages to each other (chat) in real time, creating an online conversation. These messages usually appear on an area of the screen next to the user’s nickname or handle (your online nickname or the name you go by in a chat room). Most chat rooms have a particular topic (which you are expected to discuss) but there are some that are purely for meeting other people. The first Internet chat rooms were only text based, however as the technology developed, the ability to send pictures, effects, and emoji was developed and incorporated.
The first chat systems were developed by the US government in the 1970s with limited connected devices. CompuServe made the first public available online chat service in 1980. The development of Internet Chat Relay (IRC) by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988 allowed the development of many more chat room capability like AOL.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_room Wikipedia: "Chat Room"], a secondary source.</ref> In 2003, chat rooms started being replaced by social media platforms with more and various features. Some examples: MySpace (2003), Facebook (2004), X (formerly) Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Snapchat (2011), and TikTok (2016).


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"To Download" is the process of transferring a copy of a file from a remote computer to your computer. There are a few methods of doing this on the Internet: HTTP, FTP and e-mail attachments are the most common.

A user may also "download" images from an external device (digital/video camera, USB, SD Card, etc.) via a direct connection (cable/adapter or computer port) rather than through online network connectivity (remote connection).

The term "download" comes from early satellite communication where information was received "down" from satellites in low-earth orbit.


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"Uploading" a computer file is the process of transferring that file (document, picture, program, etc.) from the local device to a remote server computer to be accessed and downloaded by other devices and users remotely. All websites and webpages are actually computer file codes "uploaded" to a dedicated network-connected server computer to store that webpage information to be retrieved by every device worldwide to connect to that server computer and navigate the code information uploaded in that webpage file. Your local computer accesses and temporarily downloads the information to display the webpage for you.

Cloud (remote) storage programs use dedicated computer farms known as "data servers" to store all of the data uploaded to "the cloud". Each digital piece of information requires storage in a physical location that is often secret for privacy reasons. Some examples of cloud services are: Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud, Microsoft Cloud, Amazon Web Services.

The term "upload" derives from early satellite communication where information was transmitted "up" to satellites in low-earth orbit.


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One or more files (pages) stored on a remote computer (called a "server") that can be accessed via the Internet. Every website has a "home page", which is generally designed as the file visitors first see when visiting the site to help the user navigate the website pages (remote files). All files on a website usually contain textual or graphical "links" that can be clicked using an input device such as a mouse to move to other files, either inter- or intra-site (within the same website file system or between different website file systems).


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Electronic Mail or e-mail (culturally written as "email") is the process of sending computer code directly to another user in telecommunication. A concept derived from hand-written messages on paper and delivered by a messenger service, email is the digital delivery of a specific message directly to another person.

Standard email requires a network-connected device (computer/mobile phone), access to email software (either an application or webpage on a web browser), an account with an email client through an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and a network modem to connect to the Internet (and a wireless router to remotely connect to a modem).

Most email is primarily text-based, however development of this technology has allowed for other files such as graphic images, web links, and GIFs within the email and other computer files (images, documents, programs, audio, etc) as attachments.

The composition of an email address is the account name connected to a specific domain. In "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org", a email file is sent to the website domain (www.pathfindersonline.org) and then distributed to the account holder within that domain (webmaster). The email address can be imagined similar to a physical address for the Amazon delivery driver to find your house to properly deliver your package (or USPS your mail!). The computer interprets "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org" to route the data written in an email using specific protocols to reach the intended recipient in a semi-secure manner. All data sent over the Internet can be monitored and viewed, however the average user is unable to track this data. Some companies have developed services that make the data traffic in email and other web browsing more secure by disguising the transfer of information to be less visible to others.


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Throughout this honor, the term “virus” represents the traditional virus, as well as trojans, worms, and other malicious code. Viruses most often are obtained ("downloaded") to a device from the Internet (intentionally or unintentionally). Viruses could also be placed directly by introducing malicious code through one of the computer's data ports, though this typically only happens in action movies.


;Traditional virus: In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. Thus, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of the virus into a program is termed infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of a file) is called a host. Special programs are required to delete copies of the host to locate the malicious code for deletion. Unlike a biological virus where an immune system will seek to eliminate the virus, a computer virus will remain until deleted.


;Trojan: A Trojan is a malicious computer program that is disguised as a harmless software application that is used to gain access to the information on the local computer. Information gathered is often transmitted to the author of the software and sold to other companies or held at ransom.

: This is named from a story in Greek mythology where a Greek army was unable to enter the Greek city of Troy in the Trojan war. The opposing army constructed a large wooden horse with hidden warriors inside. With the opposing army gone, the people and army of Troy brought the wooden horse inside the city gates. During the night, the warriors snuck out of the horse inside the city walls and conquered the city with little resistance. The wooden horse has since been called the "Trojan Horse".


;Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. The worm uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so with or without any user intervention. The worm is introduced to a network when computers have poor or outdated security code. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause some harm to the network system, even if only by consuming bandwidth (network data packets, using the capacity making less room for desired information), whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.


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All are methods / techniques for sending, receiving, and reading email. Different email servers (accounts) will use different email protocols. Some email providers might use multiple protocols to access your email based on the device, program, situation, and preferences.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Types Wikipedia, Email Types]</ref>
;Webmail: Webmail is a web application that allows users to read and write e-mail only using a web browser. Mail data is not usually downloaded and requires an active internet connection.

:Examples: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Webmail from a domain host (DreamHost, GoDaddy, Hover, etc) when accessed from a web browser.


;POP3 mail: Post Office Protocol 3 is a simple protocol that provides a standardized way for users to access a message on a server, the download email messages to their computers, and delete the message from the server. This was developed and utilized when users had temporary internet connectivity (dial-up, using the hardwired phone line) and did not have constant network connectivity. This allowed users to still view the messages when no longer "online".

:In an "always-connected" era, most applications of this protocol are no longer necessary as most email is webmail or IMAP. However, an email provider could allow users to utilize this protocol, though access and "updating" will only happen on one device, and regularly deleting incoming emails from the server and storing those files on the local computer. Sometimes POP3 and IMAP are integrated together for a better experience and updating messages. This is used typically as a program installed on your device.

:Examples: Outlook, Eudora, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail or an email provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider; AOL, Spectrum, X-Finity, AT&T, etc.) that stores the messages on your computer.


;IMAP: "Internet Message Access Protocol" is a method of distributing email data by storing email message data on a server that you access through a network data connection. If you have linked your email to a email client program or application like Mail, Apple Mail on your phone or computer, you have most likely incorporated IMAP to access your email. These messages are not stored locally on the device but are always connected to the server to receive message information (though if there was a network outage, some message data like the sender, title, and/or summary may be saved using POP3 but not the entire message).

:The main advantage of IMAP is that you are able to access your email from multiple devices and have the most current information available on your email. Nearly all common email services utilize IMAP for displaying email in connected mail applications.

:Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Hotmail, Outlook, AOL

<b>NOTE:</b> Sometimes multiple protocols are used with the same email account. Search online some email services you can think of to see which email protocol they use for you on your phone, on your computer, or on the web!


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A Web Browser is a computer program or application used to view, download, upload, "surf", or otherwise access documents (pages) on the World Wide Web. Browsers can be text-based, meaning they do not show graphics or images, but most however are text and graphical based. Browsers read or coded or "marked up" pages (usually HTML but not always) that reside on servers, interprets the coding, and displays or "renders" the webpage for the user to view.

Examples: Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari


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"Internet Relay Chat" (IRC) is a "live chat" (fast refresh/auto updating) coding protocol using internet connectivity to allow real-time conversations among two or more people. Each specific IRC channel begins with a # and is dedicated to a different area of interest. IRC is considered another part of the technology of the Internet the same way FTP, Telnet and the Web are.


"Instant messenger" is a web based or application based client which allows instant text and picture communication between two or more people through the global digital network "the Internet".


Early-internet popular instant messenger clients include: Windows Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ client, Yahoo Messenger, Jabber, and Skype. Nearly all Messanger programs in the 2020s work cross-platform between websites and applications (desktop or mobile) regardless of the device or operating system (Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS, etc.) Some examples of popular messaging applications/websites in 2024: Discord, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, iMessage (iPhone/Mac only), Snapchat. Most social media applications also include IRC or "Direct Message" feature: Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Snapchat, TikTok, etc.


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Streaming means a continual display of a media without interruption. Video and/or audio transmitted is over a network for users to play the media without downloading the file. In streaming, some data may be initially downloaded to allow the user to begin viewing the material without delays. A streaming website will pre-load a portion of the media before playing (buffer) to allow a seamless experience without pausing while more media loads. In some situations when data speeds are low, the media may pause to load enough data to continue playing. Any downloaded data while streaming is used in temporary storage and deleted when complete.


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Internet search engines (e.g. Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) help users find web pages based on a search query. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "bots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine and displayed when keywords are used. Some websites organize a directory of websites organized into a list that can be searched (E.g. Yahoo!).

Search data can be used by search engines to sell information to advertisers for "targeted ads" based on a user's search history and website usage (Website cookies).


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A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected. Such tools should be included as part of the computing systems environment that the web services are delivered from. Examples include Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus, Trendmicro Antivirus. Online FREE antivirus tools includes Trendmicro's Housecall, and freea-v.com. Use caution when using antivirus software as not every software is 100% effective or trusted. Do research for using any antivirus software.

Also, having Antivirus Software is not perfect protection, still use safe internet habits when browsing the web.


;Note: Many of these companies also offer "Internet Security Suites" that assist the user in also blocking and removing trojans, worms, malware, and other malicious code.


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A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the Internet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.


Examples include: ZoneAlarm, Microsoft Firewall and Norton Firewall among others


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Practice using a search engine and find key date/events surrounding the origin, major landmark events, the birth and growth of web browsers (such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer), development of internet security, and types of code used for webpages. Remember, this is not a history of computers, but rather a brief history of the Internet. List at least 2 online resources from which you found information relevant to your report.
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Research will still be required to give an oral report. If it is helpful, use note cards to remember your information for facts and dates, and to follow an outline.


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*Opening an email attachment which was sent by an unknown contact.
*Clicking on a ad in a web page to visit a malicious website.
*Downloading from the Internet any file that contains a virus (whether intentional or unintentional).


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Malicious codes for viruses are constantly being created and developed to steal user's information. Authors of anti-virus programs are continually are continually trying to develop ways to detect malicious code and prevent users from being infected. Since there is a constant supply of new viruses, not keeping an antivirus software up-to-date will make the computer susceptible to new viruses. Having the latest operating system installed is also important to help protect against viruses.


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Sharing files (email or via USB) can easily spread a virus betweeen devices. Access to an email account may also cause a phishing email to your contact list with malicious code that will infect their account if they open the file or link with the virus.


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*Damage computer files and programs from functioning properly
*Steal information and data
*Spread to other devices
*Slow down a computer by consuming memory
*Slow down a computer's network speed by uploading and downloading copies of itself to other devices
*Allow remote access to a computer to steal data or sensitive information (usernames, passwords, bank account information)


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A sample document is coming soon . . .


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Instead of printing, have the Pathfinder do the tasks in front of the instructor or open the websites in different browser tabs (right click a link and select "open page in another tab").

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;Suggestions
* Church Homepage
* Search Engine (not the browser default page!)
* A sports website
* A news website
* Club Ministries Homepage
* YouTube
* School Website


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* [http://www.biblegateway.com Bible Gateway]
* [http://www.bible.com Bible.com] (YouVersion)
* [http://www.bluletterbible.org Blue Letter Bible]
* [http://www.biblearc.com Bible Arc]


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* [http://www.adventist.org Adventist.org]
* [http://www.clubministries.org Club Ministries]
* [http://www.guidemagazine.org Guide Magazine]
* [http://www.kidsbibleinfo.com Kids Bible Info]
* [http://www.egwwritings.org EGW Writings]
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<b>Important!</b> ONLY download from safe and trusted websites like [http://download.com CNET’s download.com]. Here are some ideas:
* A web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera)
* VLC Media Player (on CNET)
* GIMP Photo software (on CNET)
* A parent-approved game
* Folder from Google Drive
* A image from Facebook


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Send your pathfinder director an email telling him/her how much you are enjoying earning the honor!
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Or open an email to read as your email is likely a webmail or IMAP, not POP3.
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Only open safe documents!! Have the instructor/leader/parent send an email with a picture for the Pathfinder to download and open.
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#Do not reply to unknown emails or Spam. Doing so verifies a “real” email address and will receive even more junk email.
#Do not open emails with attachments unless you are SURE that they’re safe and that your antivirus program is fully updated (most are auto-updated).
#Report to a trustworthy and safe adult any material sent to you in email that is mean, harmful to you or someone else, or contains inappropriate images or materials and let your parent delete or remove that email message.
#Never follow to "unsubscribe" directions in a spam or UCE (unwanted commercial email) message.
#Keep your computer's operating system current.
#Do not open links from untrusted senders.
#Never give out your username and password to any website over email.
#Beware of Phishing attempts. (Messages that sound like it could be true but ask you to give money, log into an account to check information, or respond about information.) Do not give personal information or click any links.
#NEVER click a link to log into a website from an email unless you CAREFULLY check the URL of the website and the email address of the sender for anything suspicious before entering your log-in information (sometimes they can look very similar, sometimes it is better to not use a link to log in if you aren't sure).
#If possible, turn on two-factor authentication to secure your email login (may require a mobile phone).


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:“Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable——if anything is excellent or praiseworthy——think about such things.” Philippians 4:8


Some questions to guide a small group discussion on this text:
#What do you think the writer, the apostle Paul, would say this text meant for internet users today?
#What do you think God had in mind when he asked Paul to write down this text?
#What are some things on the internet that you make use of that match (are consistent with) this Bible text?
#What are some of the things that are on the internet that do not match (are inconsistent) with this Bible message?
#Why do you think this text is important to Christians today?
#What are some ways that we as a club can help each other apply this text to our daily lives?
#What do you think are some ways we can live lives that match (are consistent) with this text?
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=='''Other helpful information:'''==
===Learn how to protect your data online.===
* Do not attempt to log into websites that don't look quite right (designed to be similar to steal data).
* Avoid over-sharing about yourself in online chats or forums. Do not share your full name, your address, or family information (despite how trusting someone might seem, your data will ALWAYS be accessible).
* Be mindful of what pictures of yourself and others that you share online or in text (turn off location data before sending pictures). That person may do anything with that picture.
* Practice good password habits.
* Put a passcode on your phone and computer, require a password for all online purchases.
* Do not leave anything logged in unattended, especially on a public computer.
* Regularly clear our unwanted website data trackers (cookies) from your web browser.
* Use "safe" or "private" mode on a web browser to not save any login information or website data (cookies, history).
* Do not download or share copyrighted materials like movies, books, pictures (often include viruses).
* Be careful about messages/emails from people you know but sounds a little off, it might be someone trying to impersonate them to get your information or money.

===Learn about good password habits:===
* Invest in a secure way to store your passwords (book kept in a safe or password manager like Apple Keychain, OnePass,
* Never use the same password on two different websites.
* Change your password periodically, especially for important accounts like banks and email providers.
* Always use a strong password (avoid using words or guessable information about yourself like birthday or address)
* Do not share your passwords with anyone except trusted family/parents (and make sure they are keeping it safe!).
* A person with access to your computer/phone has access to your passwords, remember that!
* Where possible, turn on two-factor authentication for additional protection of someone trying to log into your account.

===Dealing with pornography and sensitive materials online:===
With just a few clicks, pornographic materials (either images or text) can be found by anyone online. The average of first exposure to pornography is age 8 to 11, often introduced by a friend or classmate "hey, check this out". Border-line pornographic and sensual material is found across all media and is impossible to avoid near-nude sexualized pictures of men or women. It is not possible to protect children from ever seeing something semi- or full-pornogrpahic material, but adults can have an age-appropriate conversations (YES, plural!) about sexuality, harmful material like pornography, and what to do when the child encounters something pornographic. (Remember, it's not ''if'' but ''when''.) God made the human body beautiful and to be observed and enjoyed in specific contexts of a monogamous heterosexual marriage relationship. Great harm can come from regularly consuming pornography psychologically (low self-esteem, self confidence, shame, guilt, idealizing, addiction, objectification of others), relationally (negative view of self, violent view of sex, submissive to a partner the point of pain, wrong idea about purpose of sex and fulfillment, unable to be aroused or climax with a live partner, difficulty communicating, objectification of self or partner), and spiritually (outside of God's ideal for those in relationship with Him).

With all of these harmful aspects of consuming pornography, it is '''''our responsibility''''' as parents and Pathfinder leaders to help teach positive interactions regarding sexuality and safety regarding pornography. It is more important to have an open dialogue to teach healthy discussion about sexuality with a child than for you to feel comfortable not talking about sexuality. Philippians 4:8 is helpful when talking in a general sense, but children and younger teens are not developed enough cognitively to be able to decipher what to do if he/she sees pornographic material.

A simple, easy tactic is for the child to turn off the screen (close the laptop, minimize the page, lock the phone) and immediately go to a trusted adult and explain what they saw. Then the parent/adult can appreciate the child's trust, assess the situation, and instruct about the situation or questions they have, and praise the child for coming to the adult.

Internet/Router filters are one option to help aid against accidental exposure, however this is only one aspect of the multi-faceted approach to healthy internet use in children.

Some helpful resources for learning about the harms of pornography, internet filters and notification systems for parents, and how to talk about pornography, visit [http://www.fightthenewdrug.org Fight the New Drug]. Consider reading ''Good Pictures Bad Pictures: Porn-proofing Today's Young Kids'' by Kristen A. Jenson and Gail Poyner with your child (or the junior edition for younger children).

'''PATHFINDER LEADERS:''' <u>Always</u> talk with each parent before having this discussion in a Pathfinder setting with a group or without permission in a public one-on-one conversation. If a parent does not approve, do not subvert the conversation with their child. Provide resources for that parent about the importance of teaching healthy biblical sexuality at an early age.

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AY Honors/Internet - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-01-09T06:19:20Z

Anthonywhitlow: updating some text

AY Honors/Internet/Answer Key

2024-01-09T05:34:23Z

Anthonywhitlow: Spelling errors

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A vast collection of many independent, inter-connected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that developed from ARPANet of the late '60s and early '70s. "The Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks providing reliable and redundant connectivity between disparate computers and systems by using common transport and data protocols.


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Though ''World Wide Web'' (or simply Web for short) is a term frequently used (incorrectly) when referring to "The Internet", it has two major meanings: First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers), more commonly called "web servers", which are the servers that serve web pages to web browsers.


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A site on the World Wide Web where any number of computer users can type messages to each other (chat) in real time, creating an online conversation. These messages usually appear on an area of the screen next to the user’s nickname or handle (your online nickname or the name you go by in a chat room). Most chat rooms have a particular topic (which you are expected to discuss) but there are some that are purely for meeting other people. The first Internet chat rooms were only text based, however as the technology developed, the ability to send pictures, effects, and emoji was developed and incorporated.
The first chat systems were developed by the US government in the 1970s with limited connected devices. CompuServe made the first public available online chat service in 1980. The development of Internet Chat Relay (IRC) by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988 allowed the development of many more chat room capability like AOL.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_room Wikipedia: "Chat Room"], a secondary source.</ref> In 2003, chat rooms started being replaced by social media platforms with more and various features. Some examples: MySpace (2003), Facebook (2004), X (formerly) Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Snapchat (2011), and TikTok (2016).


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"To Download" is the process of transferring a copy of a file from a remote computer to your computer. There are a few methods of doing this on the Internet: HTTP, FTP and e-mail attachments are the most common.

A user may also "download" images from an external device (digital/video camera, USB, SD Card, etc.) via a direct connection (cable/adapter or computer port) rather than through online network connectivity (remote connection).

The term "download" comes from early satellite communication where information was received "down" from satellites in low-earth orbit.


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"Uploading" a computer file is the process of transferring that file (document, picture, program, etc.) from the local device to a remote server computer to be accessed and downloaded by other devices and users remotely. All websites and webpages are actually computer file codes "uploaded" to a dedicated network-connected server computer to store that webpage information to be retrieved by every device worldwide to connect to that server computer and navigate the code information uploaded in that webpage file. Your local computer accesses and temporarily downloads the information to display the webpage for you.

Cloud (remote) storage programs use dedicated computer farms known as "data servers" to store all of the data uploaded to "the cloud". Each digital piece of information requires storage in a physical location that is often secret for privacy reasons. Some examples of cloud services are: Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud, Microsoft Cloud, Amazon Web Services.

The term "upload" derives from early satellite communication where information was transmitted "up" to satellites in low-earth orbit.


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One or more files (pages) stored on a remote computer (called a "server") that can be accessed via the Internet. Every website has a "home page", which is generally designed as the file visitors first see when visiting the site to help the user navigate the website pages (remote files). All files on a website usually contain textual or graphical "links" that can be clicked using an input device such as a mouse to move to other files, either inter- or intra-site (within the same website file system or between different website file systems).


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Electronic Mail or e-mail (culturally written as "email") is the process of sending computer code directly to another user in telecommunication. A concept derived from hand-written messages on paper and delivered by a messenger service, email is the digital delivery of a specific message directly to another person.

Standard email requires a network-connected device (computer/mobile phone), access to email software (either an application or webpage on a web browser), an account with an email client through an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and a network modem to connect to the Internet (and a wireless router to remotely connect to a modem).

Most email is primarily text-based, however development of this technology has allowed for other files such as graphic images, web links, and GIFs within the email and other computer files (images, documents, programs, audio, etc) as attachments.

The composition of an email address is the account name connected to a specific domain. In "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org", a email file is sent to the website domain (www.pathfindersonline.org) and then distributed to the account holder within that domain (webmaster). The email address can be imagined similar to a physical address for the Amazon delivery driver to find your house to properly deliver your package (or USPS your mail!). The computer interprets "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org" to route the data written in an email using specific protocols to reach the intended recipient in a semi-secure manner. All data sent over the Internet can be monitored and viewed, however the average user is unable to track this data. Some companies have developed services that make the data traffic in email and other web browsing more secure by disguising the transfer of information to be less visible to others.


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Throughout this honor, the term “virus” represents the traditional virus, as well as trojans, worms, and other malicious code. Viruses most often are obtained ("downloaded") to a device from the Internet (intentionally or unintentionally). Viruses could also be placed directly by introducing malicious code through one of the computer's data ports, though this typically only happens in action movies.


;Traditional virus: In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. Thus, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of the virus into a program is termed infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of a file) is called a host. Special programs are required to delete copies of the host to locate the malicious code for deletion. Unlike a biological virus where an immune system will seek to eliminate the virus, a computer virus will remain until deleted.


;Trojan: A Trojan is a malicious computer program that is disguised as a harmless software application that is used to gain access to the information on the local computer. Information gathered is often transmitted to the author of the software and sold to other companies or held at ransom.

: This is named from a story in Greek mythology where a Greek army was unable to enter the Greek city of Troy in the Trojan war. The opposing army constructed a large wooden horse with hidden warriors inside. With the opposing army gone, the people and army of Troy brought the wooden horse inside the city gates. During the night, the warriors snuck out of the horse inside the city walls and conquered the city with little resistance. The wooden horse has since been called the "Trojan Horse".


;Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. The worm uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so with or without any user intervention. The worm is introduced to a network when computers have poor or outdated security code. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause some harm to the network system, even if only by consuming bandwidth (network data packets, using the capacity making less room for desired information), whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.


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All are methods / techniques for sending, receiving, and reading email. Different email servers (accounts) will use different email protocols. Some email providers might use multiple protocols to access your email based on the device, program, situation, and preferences.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Types Wikipedia, Email Types]</ref>
;Webmail: Webmail is a web application that allows users to read and write e-mail only using a web browser. Mail data is not usually downloaded and requires an active internet connection.

:Examples: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Webmail from a domain host (DreamHost, GoDaddy, Hover, etc) when accessed from a web browser.


;POP3 mail: Post Office Protocol 3 is a simple protocol that provides a standardized way for users to access a message on a server, the download email messages to their computers, and delete the message from the server. This was developed and utilized when users had temporary internet connectivity (dial-up, using the hardwired phone line) and did not have constant network connectivity. This allowed users to still view the messages when no longer "online".

:In an "always-connected" era, most applications of this protocol are no longer necessary as most email is webmail or IMAP. However, an email provider could allow users to utilize this protocol, though access and "updating" will only happen on one device, and regularly deleting incoming emails from the server and storing those files on the local computer. Sometimes POP3 and IMAP are integrated together for a better experience and updating messages. This is used typically as a program installed on your device.

:Examples: Outlook, Eudora, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail or an email provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider; AOL, Spectrum, X-Finity, AT&T, etc.) that stores the messages on your computer.


;IMAP: "Internet Message Access Protocol" is a method of distributing email data by storing email message data on a server that you access through a network data connection. If you have linked your email to a email client program or application like Mail, Apple Mail on your phone or computer, you have most likely incorporated IMAP to access your email. These messages are not stored locally on the device but are always connected to the server to receive message information (though if there was a network outage, some message data like the sender, title, and/or summary may be saved using POP3 but not the entire message).

:The main advantage of IMAP is that you are able to access your email from multiple devices and have the most current information available on your email. Nearly all common email services utilize IMAP for displaying email in connected mail applications.

:Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Hotmail, Outlook, AOL

<b>NOTE:</b> Sometimes multiple protocols are used with the same email account. Search online some email services you can think of to see which email protocol they use for you on your phone, on your computer, or on the web!


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A Web Browser is a computer program or application used to view, download, upload, "surf", or otherwise access documents (pages) on the World Wide Web. Browsers can be text-based, meaning they do not show graphics or images, but most however are text and graphical based. Browsers read or coded or "marked up" pages (usually HTML but not always) that reside on servers, interprets the coding, and displays or "renders" the webpage for the user to view.

Examples: Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari


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"Internet Relay Chat" (IRC) is a "live chat" (fast refresh/auto updating) coding protocol using internet connectivity to allow real-time conversations among two or more people. Each specific IRC channel begins with a # and is dedicated to a different area of interest. IRC is considered another part of the technology of the Internet the same way FTP, Telnet and the Web are.


"Instant messenger" is a web based or application based client which allows instant text and picture communication between two or more people through the global digital network "the Internet".


Early-internet popular instant messenger clients include: Windows Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ client, Yahoo Messenger, Jabber, and Skype. Nearly all Messanger programs in the 2020s work cross-platform between websites and applications (desktop or mobile) regardless of the device or operating system (Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS, etc.) Some examples of popular messaging applications/websites in 2024: Discord, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, iMessage (iPhone/Mac only), Snapchat. Most social media applications also include IRC or "Direct Message" feature: Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Snapchat, TikTok, etc.


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Streaming means a continual display of a media without interruption. Video and/or audio transmitted is over a network for users to play the media without downloading the file. In streaming, some data may be initially downloaded to allow the user to begin viewing the material without delays. A streaming website will pre-load a portion of the media before playing (buffer) to allow a seamless experience without pausing while more media loads. In some situations when data speeds are low, the media may pause to load enough data to continue playing. Any downloaded data while streaming is used in temporary storage and deleted when complete.


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Internet search engines (e.g. Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) help users find web pages based on a search query. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "bots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine and displayed when keywords are used. Some websites organize a directory of websites organized into a list that can be searched (E.g. Yahoo!).

Search data can be used by search engines to sell information to advertisers for "targeted ads" based on a user's search history and website usage (Website cookies).


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A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected. Such tools should be included as part of the computing systems environment that the web services are delivered from. Examples include Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus, Trendmicro Antivirus. Online FREE antivirus tools includes Trendmicro's Housecall, and freea-v.com. Use caution when using antivirus software as not every software is 100% effective or trusted. Do research for using any antivirus software.

Also, having Antivirus Software is not perfect protection, still use safe internet habits when browsing the web.


;Note: Many of these companies also offer "Internet Security Suites" that assist the user in also blocking and removing trojans, worms, malware, and other malicious code.


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A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the Internet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.


Examples include: ZoneAlarm, Microsoft Firewall and Norton Firewall among others


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Practice using a search engine and find key date/events surrounding the origin, major landmark events, the birth and growth of web browsers (such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer), development of internet security, and types of code used for webpages. Remember, this is not a history of computers, but rather a brief history of the Internet. List at least 2 online resources from which you found information relevant to your report.
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Research will still be required to give an oral report. If it is helpful, use note cards to remember your information for facts and dates, and to follow an outline.


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*Opening an email attachment which was sent by an unknown contact.
*Clicking on a ad in a web page to visit a malicious website.
*Downloading from the Internet any file that contains a virus (whether intentional or unintentional).


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Malicious codes for viruses are constantly being created and developed to steal user's information. Authors of anti-virus programs are continually are continually trying to develop ways to detect malicious code and prevent users from being infected. Since there is a constant supply of new viruses, not keeping an antivirus software up-to-date will make the computer susceptible to new viruses. Having the latest operating system installed is also important to help protect against viruses.


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Sharing files (email or via USB) can easily spread a virus betweeen devices. Access to an email account may also cause a phishing email to your contact list with malicious code that will infect their account if they open the file or link with the virus.


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*Damage computer files and programs from functioning properly
*Steal information and data
*Spread to other devices
*Slow down a computer by consuming memory
*Slow down a computer's network speed by uploading and downloading copies of itself to other devices
*Allow remote access to a computer to steal data or sensitive information (usernames, passwords, bank account information)


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A sample document is coming soon . . .


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Instead of printing, have the Pathfinder do the tasks in front of the instructor or open the websites in different browser tabs (right click a link and select "open page in another tab").

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;Suggestions
* Church Homepage
* Search Engine (not the browser default page!)
* A sports website
* A news website
* Club Ministries Homepage
* YouTube
* School Website


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* [http://www.biblegateway.com Bible Gateway]
* [http://www.bible.com Bible.com] (YouVersion)
* [http://www.bluletterbible.org Blue Letter Bible]
* [http://www.biblearc.com Bible Arc]


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* [http://www.adventist.org Adventist.org]
* [http://www.clubministries.org Club Ministries]
* [http://www.guidemagazine.org Guide Magazine]
* [http://www.kidsbibleinfo.com Kids Bible Info]
* [http://www.egwwritings.org EGW Writings]
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<b>Important!</b> ONLY download from safe and trusted websites like [http://download.com CNET’s download.com]. Here are some ideas:
* A web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera)
* VLC Media Player (on CNET)
* GIMP Photo software (on CNET)
* A parent-approved game
* Folder from Google Drive
* A image from Facebook


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Send your pathfinder director an email telling him/her how much you are enjoying earning the honor!
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Or open an email to read as your email is likely a webmail or IMAP, not POP3.
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Only open safe documents!! Have the instructor/leader/parent send an email with a picture for the Pathfinder to download and open.
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#Do not reply to unknown emails or Spam. Doing so verifies a “real” email address and will receive even more junk email.
#Do not open emails with attachments unless you are SURE that they’re safe and that your antivirus program is fully updated (most are auto-updated).
#Report to a trustworthy and safe adult any material sent to you in email that is mean, harmful to you or someone else, or contains inappropriate images or materials and let your parent delete or remove that email message.
#Never follow to "unsubscribe" directions in a spam or UCE (unwanted commercial email) message.
#Keep your computer's operating system current.
#Do not open links from untrusted senders.
#Never give out your username and password to any website over email.
#Beware of Phishing attempts. (Messages that sound like it could be true but ask you to give money, log into an account to check information, or respond about information.) Do not give personal information or click any links.
#NEVER click a link to log into a website from an email unless you CAREFULLY check the URL of the website and the email address of the sender for anything suspicious before entering your log-in information (sometimes they can look very similar, sometimes it is better to not use a link to log in if you aren't sure).
#If possible, turn on two-factor authentication to secure your email login (may require a mobile phone).


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:“Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable——if anything is excellent or praiseworthy——think about such things.” Philippians 4:8


Some questions to guide a small group discussion on this text:
#What do you think the writer, the apostle Paul, would say this text meant for internet users today?
#What do you think God had in mind when he asked Paul to write down this text?
#What are some things on the internet that you make use of that match (are consistent with) this Bible text?
#What are some of the things that are on the internet that do not match (are inconsistent) with this Bible message?
#Why do you think this text is important to Christians today?
#What are some ways that we as a club can help each other apply this text to our daily lives?
#What do you think are some ways we can live lives that match (are consistent) with this text?
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=='''Other helpful information:'''==
===Learn how to protect your data online.===
* Do not attempt to log into websites that don't look quite right (designed to be similar to steal data).
* Avoid over-sharing about yourself in online chats or forums. Do not share your full name, your address, or family information (despite how trusting someone might seem, your data will ALWAYS be accessible).
* Be mindful of what pictures of yourself and others that you share online or in text (turn off location data before sending pictures). That person may do anything with that picture.
* Practice good password habits.
* Put a passcode on your phone and computer, require a password for all online purchases.
* Do not leave anything logged in unattended, especially on a public computer.
* Regularly clear our unwanted website data trackers (cookies) from your web browser.
* Use "safe" or "private" mode on a web browser to not save any login information or website data (cookies, history).
* Do not download or share copyrighted materials like movies, books, pictures (often include viruses).
* Be careful about messages/emails from people you know but sounds a little off, it might be someone trying to impersonate them to get your information or money.

===Learn about good password habits:===
* Invest in a secure way to store your passwords (book kept in a safe or password manager like Apple Keychain, OnePass,
* Never use the same password on two different websites.
* Change your password periodically, especially for important accounts like banks and email providers.
* Always use a strong password (avoid using words or guessable information about yourself like birthday or address)
* Do not share your passwords with anyone except trusted family/parents (and make sure they are keeping it safe!).
* A person with access to your computer/phone has access to your passwords, remember that!
* Where possible, turn on two-factor authentication for additional protection of someone trying to log into your account.

===Dealing with pornography and sensitive materials online:===
With just a few clicks, pornographic materials (either images or text) can be found by anyone online. The average of first exposure to pornography is age 8, often introduced by a friend or classmate "hey, check this out". Border-line pornographic and sensual material is found across all media and is impossible to avoid near-nude sexualized pictures of men or women. It is not possible to protect children from ever seeing something semi- or full-pornogrpahic material, but adults can have an age-appropriate conversations (YES, plural!) about sexuality, harmful material like pornography, and what to do when the child encounters something pornographic. (Remember, it's not ''if'' but ''when''.) God made the human body beautiful and to be observed and enjoyed in specific contexts of a monogamous heterosexual marriage relationship. Great harm can come from regularly consuming pornography psychologically (low self-esteem, self confidence, shame, guilt, idealizing, addiction, objectification of others), relationally (negative view of self, violent view of sex, submissive to a partner the point of pain, wrong idea about purpose of sex and fulfillment, unable to be aroused or climax with a live partner, difficulty communicating, objectification of self or partner), and spiritually (outside of God's ideal for those in relationship with Him).

With all of these harmful aspects of consuming pornography, it is '''''our responsibility''''' as parents and Pathfinder leaders to help teach positive interactions regarding sexuality and safety regarding pornography. It is more important to have an open dialogue to teach healthy discussion about sexuality with a child than for you to feel comfortable not talking about sexuality. Philippians 4:8 is helpful when talking in a general sense, but children and younger teens are not developed enough cognitively to be able to decipher what to do if he/she sees pornographic material.

A simple, easy tactic is for the child to turn off the screen (close the laptop, minimize the page, lock the phone) and immediately go to a trusted adult and explain what they saw. Then the parent/adult can appreciate the child's trust, assess the situation, and instruct about the situation or questions they have, and praise the child for coming to the adult.

Internet/Router filters are one option to help aid against accidental exposure, however this is only one aspect of the multi-faceted approach to healthy internet use in children.

Some helpful resources for learning about the harms of pornography, internet filters and notification systems for parents, and how to talk about pornography, visit [http://www.fightthenewdrug.org Fight the New Drug]. Consider reading ''Good Pictures Bad Pictures: Porn-proofing Today's Young Kids'' by Kristen A. Jenson and Gail Poyner with your child (or the junior edition for younger children).

'''PATHFINDER LEADERS:''' <u>Always</u> talk with each parent before having this discussion in a Pathfinder setting with a group or without permission in a public one-on-one conversation. If a parent does not approve, do not subvert the conversation with their child. Provide resources for that parent about the importance of teaching healthy biblical sexuality at an early age.

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AY Honors/Internet/Answer Key

2024-01-09T05:00:56Z

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A vast collection of many independent, inter-connected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that developed from ARPANet of the late '60s and early '70s. "The Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks providing reliable and redundant connectivity between disparate computers and systems by using common transport and data protocols.


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Though ''World Wide Web'' (or simply Web for short) is a term frequently used (incorrectly) when referring to "The Internet", it has two major meanings: First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers), more commonly called "web servers", which are the servers that serve web pages to web browsers.


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A site on the World Wide Web where any number of computer users can type messages to each other (chat) in real time, creating an online conversation. These messages usually appear on an area of the screen next to the user’s nickname or handle (your online nickname or the name you go by in a chat room). Most chat rooms have a particular topic (which you are expected to discuss) but there are some that are purely for meeting other people. The first Internet chat rooms were only text based, however as the technology developed, the ability to send pictures, effects, and emoji was developed and incorporated.
The first chat systems were developed by the US government in the 1970s with limited connected devices. CompuServe made the first public available online chat service in 1980. The development of Internet Chat Relay (IRC) by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988 allowed the development of many more chat room capability like AOL.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_room Wikipedia: "Chat Room"], a secondary source.</ref> In 2003, chat rooms started being replaced by social media platforms with more and various features. Some examples: MySpace (2003), Facebook (2004), X (formerly) Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Snapchat (2011), and TikTok (2016).


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"To Download" is the process of transferring a copy of a file from a remote computer to your computer. There are a few methods of doing this on the Internet: HTTP, FTP and e-mail attachments are the most common.

A user may also "download" images from an external device (digital/video camera, USB, SD Card, etc.) via a direct connection (cable/adapter or computer port) rather than through online network connectivity (remote connection).

The term "download" comes from early satellite communication where information was received "down" from satellites in low-earth orbit.


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"Uploading" a computer file is the process of transferring that file (document, picture, program, etc.) from the local device to a remote server computer to be accessed and downloaded by other devices and users remotely. All websites and webpages are actually computer file codes "uploaded" to a dedicated network-connected server computer to store that webpage information to be retrieved by every device worldwide to connect to that server computer and navigate the code information uploaded in that webpage file. Your local computer accesses and temporarily downloads the information to display the webpage for you.

Cloud (remote) storage programs use dedicated computer farms known as "data servers" to store all of the data uploaded to "the cloud". Each digital piece of information requires storage in a physical location that is often secret for privacy reasons. Some examples of cloud services are: Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud, Microsoft Cloud, Amazon Web Services.

The term "upload" derives from early satellite communication where information was transmitted "up" to satellites in low-earth orbit.


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One or more files (pages) stored on a remote computer (called a "server") that can be accessed via the Internet. Every website has a "home page", which is generally designed as the file visitors first see when visiting the site to help the user navigate the website pages (remote files). All files on a website usually contain textual or graphical "links" that can be clicked using an input device such as a mouse to move to other files, either inter- or intra-site (within the same website file system or between different website file systems).


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Electronic Mail or e-mail (culturally written as "email") is the process of sending computer code directly to another user in telecommunication. A concept derived from hand-written messages on paper and delivered by a messenger service, email is the digital delivery of a specific message directly to another person.

Standard email requires a network-connected device (computer/mobile phone), access to email software (either an application or webpage on a web browser), an account with an email client through an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and a network modem to connect to the Internet (and a wireless router to remotely connect to a modem).

Most email is primarily text-based, however development of this technology has allowed for other files such as graphic images, web links, and GIFs within the email and other computer files (images, documents, programs, audio, etc) as attachments.

The composition of an email address is the account name connected to a specific domain. In "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org", a email file is sent to the website domain (www.pathfindersonline.org) and then distributed to the account holder within that domain (webmaster). The email address can be imagined similar to a physical address for the Amazon delivery driver to find your house to properly deliver your package (or USPS your mail!). The computer interprets "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org" to route the data written in an email using specific protocols to reach the intended recipient in a semi-secure manner. All data sent over the Internet can be monitored and viewed, however the average user is unable to track this data. Some companies have developed services that make the data traffic in email and other web browsing more secure by disguising the transfer of information to be less visible to others.


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Throughout this honor, the term “virus” represents the traditional virus, as well as trojans, worms, and other malicious code. Viruses most often are obtained ("downloaded") to a device from the Internet (intentionally or unintentionally). Viruses could also be placed directly by introducing malicious code through one of the computer's data ports, though this typically only happens in action movies.


;Traditional virus: In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. Thus, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of the virus into a program is termed infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of a file) is called a host. Special programs are required to delete copies of the host to locate the malicious code for deletion. Unlike a biological virus where an immune system will seek to eliminate the virus, a computer virus will remain until deleted.


;Trojan: A Trojan is a malicious computer program that is disguised as a harmless software application that is used to gain access to the information on the local computer. Information gathered is often transmitted to the author of the software and sold to other companies or held at ransom.

: This is named from a story in Greek mythology where a Greek army was unable to enter the Greek city of Troy in the Trojan war. The opposing army constructed a large wooden horse with hidden warriors inside. With the opposing army gone, the people and army of Troy brought the wooden horse inside the city gates. During the night, the warriors snuck out of the horse inside the city walls and conquered the city with little resistance. The wooden horse has since been called the "Trojan Horse".


;Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. The worm uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so with or without any user intervention. The worm is introduced to a network when computers have poor or outdated security code. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause some harm to the network system, even if only by consuming bandwidth (network data packets, using the capacity making less room for desired information), whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.


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All are methods / techniques for sending, receiving, and reading email. Different email servers (accounts) will use different email protocols. Some email providers might use multiple protocols to access your email based on the device, program, situation, and preferences.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Types Wikipedia, Email Types]</ref>
;Webmail: Webmail is a web application that allows users to read and write e-mail only using a web browser. Mail data is not usually downloaded and requires an active internet connection.

:Examples: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Webmail from a domain host (DreamHost, GoDaddy, Hover, etc) when accessed from a web browser.


;POP3 mail: Post Office Protocol 3 is a simple protocol that provides a standardized way for users to access a message on a server, the download email messages to their computers, and delete the message from the server. This was developed and utilized when users had temporary internet connectivity (dial-up, using the hardwired phone line) and did not have constant network connectivity. This allowed users to still view the messages when no longer "online".

:In an "always-connected" era, most applications of this protocol are no longer necessary as most email is webmail or IMAP. However, an email provider could allow users to utilize this protocol, though access and "updating" will only happen on one device, and regularly deleting incoming emails from the server and storing those files on the local computer. Sometimes POP3 and IMAP are integrated together for a better experience and updating messages. This is used typically as a program installed on your device.

:Examples: Outlook, Eudora, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail or an email provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider; AOL, Spectrum, X-Finity, AT&T, etc.) that stores the messages on your computer.


;IMAP: "Internet Message Access Protocol" is a method of distributing email data by storing email message data on a server that you access through a network data connection. If you have linked your email to a email client program or application like Mail, Apple Mail on your phone or computer, you have most likely incorporated IMAP to access your email. These messages are not stored locally on the device but are always connected to the server to receive message information (though if there was a network outage, some message data like the sender, title, and/or summary may be saved using POP3 but not the entire message).

:The main advantage of IMAP is that you are able to access your email from multiple devices and have the most current information available on your email. Nearly all common email services utilize IMAP for displaying email in connected mail applications.

:Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Hotmail, Outlook, AOL

<b>NOTE:</b> Sometimes multiple protocols are used with the same email account. Search online some email services you can think of to see which email protocol they use for you on your phone, on your computer, or on the web!


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A Web Browser is a computer program or application used to view, download, upload, "surf", or otherwise access documents (pages) on the World Wide Web. Browsers can be text-based, meaning they do not show graphics or images, but most however are text and graphical based. Browsers read or coded or "marked up" pages (usually HTML but not always) that reside on servers, interprets the coding, and displays or "renders" the webpage for the user to view.

Examples: Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari


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"Internet Relay Chat" (IRC) is a "live chat" (fast refresh/auto updating) coding protocol using internet connectivity to allow real-time conversations among two or more people. Each specific IRC channel begins with a # and is dedicated to a different area of interest. IRC is considered another part of the technology of the Internet the same way FTP, Telnet and the Web are.


"Instant messenger" is a web based or application based client which allows instant text and picture communication between two or more people through the global digital network "the Internet".


Early-internet popular instant messenger clients include: Windows Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ client, Yahoo Messenger, Jabber, and Skype. Nearly all Messanger programs in the 2020s work cross-platform between websites and applications (desktop or mobile) regardless of the device or operating system (Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS, etc.) Some examples of popular messaging applications/websites in 2024: Discord, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, iMessage (iPhone/Mac only), Snapchat. Most social media applications also include IRC or "Direct Message" feature: Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Snapchat, TikTok, etc.


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Streaming means a continual display of a media without interruption. Video and/or audio transmitted is over a network for users to play the media without downloading the file. In streaming, some data may be initially downloaded to allow the user to begin viewing the material without delays. A streaming website will pre-load a portion of the media before playing (buffer) to allow a seamless experience without pausing while more media loads. In some situations when data speeds are low, the media may pause to load enough data to continue playing. Any downloaded data while streaming is used in temporary storage and deleted when complete.


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Internet search engines (e.g. Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) help users find web pages based on a search query. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "bots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine and displayed when keywords are used. Some websites organize a directory of websites organized into a list that can be searched (E.g. Yahoo!).

Search data can be used by search engines to sell information to advertisers for "targeted ads" based on a user's search history and website usage (Website cookies).


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A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected. Such tools should be included as part of the computing systems environment that the web services are delivered from. Examples include Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus, Trendmicro Antivirus. Online FREE antivirus tools includes Trendmicro's Housecall, and freea-v.com. Use caution when using antivirus software as not every software is 100% effective or trusted. Do research for using any antivirus software.

Also, having Antivirus Software is not perfect perfection, still use safe internet habits when browsing the web.


;Note: Many of these companies also offer "Internet Security Suites" that assist the user in also blocking and removing trojans, worms, malware, and other malicious code.


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A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.


Examples include: ZoneAlarm, Microsoft Firewall and Norton Firewall among others


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Practice using a search engine and find key date/events surrounding the origin, major landmark events, the birth and growth of web browsers (such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer), development of internet security, and types of code used for webpages. Remember, this is not a history of computers, but rather a brief history of the Internet. List at least 2 online resources from which you found information relevant to your report.
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Research will still be required to give an oral report. If it is helpful, use note cards to remember your information for facts and dates, and to follow an outline.


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*Opening an email attachment which was sent by an unknown contact.
*Clicking on a ad in a web page to visit a malicious website.
*Downloading from the Internet any file that contains a virus (whether intentional or unintentional).


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Malicious codes for viruses are constantly being created and developed to steal user's information. Authors of anti-virus programs are continually are continually trying to develop ways to detect malicious code and prevent users from being infected. Since there is a constant supply of new viruses, not keeping an antivirus software up-to-date will make the computer susceptible to new viruses. Having the latest operating system installed is also important to help protect against viruses.


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Sharing files (email or via USB) can easily spread a virus betweeen devices. Access to an email account may also cause a phishing email to your contact list with malicious code that will infect their account if they open the file or link with the virus.


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*Damage computer files and programs from functioning properly
*Steal information and data
*Spread to other devices
*Slow down a computer by consuming memory
*Slow down a computer's network speed by uploading and downloading copies of itself to other devices
*Allow remote access to a computer to steal data or sensitive information (usernames, passwords, bank account information)


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A sample document is coming soon . . .


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Instead of printing, have the Pathfinder do the tasks in front of the instructor or open the websites in different browser tabs (right click a link and select "open page in another tab").

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;Suggestions
* Church Homepage
* Search Engine (not the browser default page!)
* A sports website
* A news website
* Club Ministries Homepage
* YouTube
* School Website


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* [http://www.biblegateway.com Bible Gateway]
* [http://www.bible.com Bible.com] (YouVersion)
* [http://www.bluletterbible.org Blue Letter Bible]
* [http://www.biblearc.com Bible Arc]


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* [http://www.adventist.org Adventist.org]
* [http://www.clubministries.org Club Ministries]
* [http://www.guidemagazine.org Guide Magazine]
* [http://www.kidsbibleinfo.com Kids Bible Info]
* [http://www.egwwritings.org EGW Writings]
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<b>Important!</b> ONLY download from safe and trusted websites like [http://download.com CNET’s download.com]. Here are some ideas:
* A web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera)
* VLC Media Player (on CNET)
* GIMP Photo software (on CNET)
* A parent-approved game
* Folder from Google Drive
* A image from Facebook


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Send your pathfinder director an email telling him/her how much you are enjoying earning the honor!
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Or open an email to read.
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Only open safe documents!! Maybe have a parent send a picture.
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#Do not reply to unknown emails or Spam. Doing so verifies a “real” email address and will receive even more junk email.
#Do not open emails with attachments unless you are SURE that they’re safe and that your antivirus program is fully updated (most are auto-updated).
#Report to a trustworthy and safe adult any material sent to you in email that is mean, harmful to you or someone else, or contains inappropriate images or materials and let your parent delete or remove that email message.
#Never follow to "unsubscribe" directions in a spam or UCE (unwanted commercial email) message.
#Keep your computer's operating system current.
#Do not open links from untrusted senders.
#Never give out your username and password to any website over email.
#Beware of Phishing attempts. (Messages that sound like it could be true but ask you to give money, log into an account to check information, or respond about information.) Do not give personal information or click any links.
#NEVER click a link to log into a website from an email unless you CAREFULLY check the URL of the website and the email address of the sender for anything suspicious before entering your log-in information (sometimes they can look very similar, sometimes it is better to not use a link to log in if you aren't sure).
#If possible, turn on two-factor authentication to secure your email login (may require a mobile phone).


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:“Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable——if anything is excellent or praiseworthy——think about such things.” Philippians 4:8


Some questions to guide a small group discussion on this text:
#What do you think the writer, the apostle Paul, would say this text meant for internet users today?
#What do you think God had in mind when he asked Paul to write down this text?
#What are some things on the internet that you make use of that match (are consistent with) this Bible text?
#What are some of the things that are on the internet that do not match (are inconsistent) with this Bible message?
#Why do you think this text is important to Christians today?
#What are some ways that we as a club can help each other apply this text to our daily lives?
#What do you think are some ways we can live lives that match (are consistent) with this text?
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=='''Other helpful information:'''==
===Learn how to protect your data online.===
* Do not attempt to log into websites that don't look quite right (designed to be similar to steal data).
* Avoid over-sharing about yourself in online chats or forums. Do not share your full name, your address, or family information (despite how trusting someone might seem, your data will ALWAYS be accessible).
* Be mindful of what pictures of yourself and others that you share online or in text (turn off location data before sending pictures). That person may do anything with that picture.
* Practice good password habits.
* Put a passcode on your phone and computer, require a password for all online purchases.
* Do not leave anything logged in unattended, especially on a public computer.
* Regularly clear our unwanted website data trackers (cookies) from your web browser.
* Use "safe" or "private" mode on a web browser to not save any login information or website data (cookies, history).
* Do not download or share copyrighted materials like movies, books, pictures (often include viruses).
* Be careful about messages/emails from people you know but sounds a little off, it might be someone trying to impersonate them to get your information or money.

===Learn about good password habits:===
* Invest in a secure way to store your passwords (book kept in a safe or password manager like Apple Keychain, OnePass,
* Never use the same password on two different websites.
* Change your password periodically, especially for important accounts like banks and email providers.
* Always use a strong password (avoid using words or guessable information about yourself like birthday or address)
* Do not share your passwords with anyone except trusted family/parents (and make sure they are keeping it safe!).
* A person with access to your computer/phone has access to your passwords, remember that!
* Where possible, turn on two-factor authentication for additional protection of someone trying to log into your account.

===Dealing with pornography and sensitive materials online:===
With just a few clicks, pornographic materials (either images or text) can be found by anyone online. The average of first exposure to pornography is age 8, often introduced by a friend or classmate "hey, check this out". Border-line pornographic and sensual material is found across all media and is impossible to avoid near-nude sexualized pictures of men or women. It is not possible to protect children from ever seeing something semi- or full-pornogrpahic material, but adults can have an age-appropriate conversations (YES, plural!) about sexuality, harmful material like pornography, and what to do when the child encounters something pornographic. (Remember, it's not ''if'' but ''when''.) God made the human body beautiful and to be observed and enjoyed in specific contexts of a monogamous heterosexual marriage relationship. Great harm can come from regularly consuming pornography psychologically (low self-esteem, self confidence, shame, guilt, idealizing, addiction, objectification of others), relationally (negative view of self, violent view of sex, submissive to a partner the point of pain, wrong idea about purpose of sex and fulfillment, unable to be aroused or climax with a live partner, difficulty communicating, objectification of self or partner), and spiritually (outside of God's ideal for those in relationship with Him).

With all of these harmful aspects of consuming pornography, it is '''''our responsibility''''' as parents and Pathfinder leaders to help teach positive interactions regarding sexuality and safety regarding pornography. It is more important to have an open dialogue to teach healthy discussion about sexuality with a child than for you to feel comfortable not talking about sexuality. Philippians 4:8 is helpful when talking in a general sense, but children and younger teens are not developed enough cognitively to be able to decipher what to do if he/she sees pornographic material.

A simple, easy tactic is for the child to turn off the screen (close the laptop, minimize the page, lock the phone) and immediately go to a trusted adult and explain what they saw. Then the parent/adult can appreciate the child's trust, assess the situation, and instruct about the situation or questions they have, and praise the child for coming to the adult.

Internet/Router filters are one option to help aid against accidental exposure, however this is only one aspect of the multi-faceted approach to healthy internet use in children.

Some helpful resources for learning about the harms of pornography, internet filters and notification systems for parents, and how to talk about pornography, visit [http://www.fightthenewdrug.org Fight the New Drug]. Consider reading ''Good Pictures Bad Pictures: Porn-proofing Today's Young Kids'' by Kristen A. Jenson and Gail Poyner with your child (or the junior edition for younger children).

'''PATHFINDER LEADERS:''' <u>Always</u> talk with each parent before having this discussion in a Pathfinder setting with a group or without permission in a public one-on-one conversation. If a parent does not approve, do not subvert the conversation with their child. Provide resources for that parent about the importance of teaching healthy biblical sexuality at an early age.

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AY Honors/Internet/Answer Key

2024-01-09T04:36:19Z

Anthonywhitlow: Updating and adding some information, organizing a few sections better, and providing more detailed information in some sections.

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A vast collection of many independent, inter-connected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that developed from ARPANet of the late '60s and early '70s. "The Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks providing reliable and redundant connectivity between disparate computers and systems by using common transport and data protocols.


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Though ''World Wide Web'' (or simply Web for short) is a term frequently used (incorrectly) when referring to "The Internet", it has two major meanings: First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers), more commonly called "web servers", which are the servers that serve web pages to web browsers.


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A site on the World Wide Web where any number of computer users can type messages to each other (chat) in real time, creating an online conversation. These messages usually appear on an area of the screen next to the user’s nickname or handle (your online nickname or the name you go by in a chat room). Most chat rooms have a particular topic (which you are expected to discuss) but there are some that are purely for meeting other people. The first Internet chat rooms were only text based, however as the technology developed, the ability to send pictures, effects, and emoji was developed and incorporated.
The first chat systems were developed by the US government in the 1970s with limited connected devices. CompuServe made the first public available online chat service in 1980. The development of Internet Chat Relay (IRC) by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988 allowed the development of many more chat room capability like AOL.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_room Wikipedia: "Chat Room"], a secondary source.</ref> In 2003, chat rooms started being replaced by social media platforms with more and various features. Some examples: MySpace (2003), Facebook (2004), X (formerly) Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Snapchat (2011), and TikTok (2016).


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"To Download" is the process of transferring a copy of a file from a remote computer to your computer. There are a few methods of doing this on the Internet: HTTP, FTP and e-mail attachments are the most common.

A user may also "download" images from an external device (digital/video camera, USB, SD Card, etc.) via a direct connection (cable/adapter or computer port) rather than through online network connectivity (remote connection).

The term "download" comes from early satellite communication where information was received "down" from satellites in low-earth orbit.


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"Uploading" a computer file is the process of transferring that file (document, picture, program, etc.) from the local device to a remote server computer to be accessed and downloaded by other devices and users remotely. All websites and webpages are actually computer file codes "uploaded" to a dedicated network-connected server computer to store that webpage information to be retrieved by every device worldwide to connect to that server computer and navigate the code information uploaded in that webpage file. Your local computer accesses and temporarily downloads the information to display the webpage for you.

Cloud (remote) storage programs use dedicated computer farms known as "data servers" to store all of the data uploaded to "the cloud". Each digital piece of information requires storage in a physical location that is often secret for privacy reasons. Some examples of cloud services are: Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud, Microsoft Cloud, Amazon Web Services.

The term "upload" derives from early satellite communication where information was transmitted "up" to satellites in low-earth orbit.


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One or more files (pages) stored on a remote computer (called a "server") that can be accessed via the Internet. Every website has a "home page", which is generally designed as the file visitors first see when visiting the site to help the user navigate the website pages (remote files). All files on a website usually contain textual or graphical "links" that can be clicked using an input device such as a mouse to move to other files, either inter- or intra-site (within the same website file system or between different website file systems).


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Electronic Mail or e-mail (culturally written as "email") is the process of sending computer code directly to another user in telecommunication. A concept derived from hand-written messages on paper and delivered by a messenger service, email is the digital delivery of a specific message directly to another person.

Standard email requires a network-connected device (computer/mobile phone), access to email software (either an application or webpage on a web browser), an account with an email client through an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and a network modem to connect to the Internet (and a wireless router to remotely connect to a modem).

Most email is primarily text-based, however development of this technology has allowed for other files such as graphic images, web links, and GIFs within the email and other computer files (images, documents, programs, audio, etc) as attachments.

The composition of an email address is the account name connected to a specific domain. In "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org", a email file is sent to the website domain (www.pathfindersonline.org) and then distributed to the account holder within that domain (webmaster). The email address can be imagined similar to a physical address for the Amazon delivery driver to find your house to properly deliver your package (or USPS your mail!). The computer interprets "webmaster@pathfindersonline.org" to route the data written in an email using specific protocols to reach the intended recipient in a semi-secure manner. All data sent over the Internet can be monitored and viewed, however the average user is unable to track this data. Some companies have developed services that make the data traffic in email and other web browsing more secure by disguising the transfer of information to be less visible to others.


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Throughout this honor, the term “virus” represents the traditional virus, as well as trojans, worms, and other malicious code. Viruses most often are obtained ("downloaded") to a device from the Internet (intentionally or unintentionally). Viruses could also be placed directly by introducing malicious code through one of the computer's data ports, though this typically only happens in action movies.


;Traditional virus: In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. Thus, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of the virus into a program is termed infection, and the infected file (or executable code that is not part of a file) is called a host. Special programs are required to delete copies of the host to locate the malicious code for deletion. Unlike a biological virus where an immune system will seek to eliminate the virus, a computer virus will remain until deleted.


;Trojan: A Trojan is a malicious computer program that is disguised as a harmless software application that is used to gain access to the information on the local computer. Information gathered is often transmitted to the author of the software and sold to other companies or held at ransom.

This is named from a story in Greek mythology where a Greek army was unable to enter the Greek city of Troy in the Trojan war. The opposing army constructed a large wooden horse with hidden warriors inside. With the opposing army gone, the people and army of Troy brought the wooden horse inside the city gates. During the night, the warriors snuck out of the horse inside the city walls and conquered the city with little resistance. The wooden horse has since been called the "Trojan Horse".


;Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. The worm uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so with or without any user intervention. The worm is introduced to a network when computers have poor or outdated security code. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause some harm to the network system, even if only by consuming bandwidth (network data packets, using the capacity making less room for desired information), whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.


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All are methods / techniques for sending, receiving, and reading email. Different email servers (accounts) will use different email protocols. Some email providers might use multiple protocols to access your email based on the device, program, situation, and preferences.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Types Wikipedia, Email Types]</ref>
;Webmail: Webmail is a web application that allows users to read and write e-mail only using a web browser. Mail data is not usually downloaded and requires an active internet connection.

:Examples: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Webmail from a domain host (DreamHost, GoDaddy, Hover, etc) when accessed from a web browser.


;POP3 mail: Post Office Protocol 3 is a simple protocol that provides a standardized way for users to access a message on a server, the download email messages to their computers, and delete the message from the server. This was developed and utilized when users had temporary internet connectivity (dial-up, using the hardwired phone line) and did not have constant network connectivity. This allowed users to still view the messages when no longer "online".

:In an "always-connected" era, most applications of this protocol are no longer necessary as most email is webmail or IMAP. However, an email provider could allow users to utilize this protocol, though access and "updating" will only happen on one device, and regularly deleting incoming emails from the server and storing those files on the local computer. Sometimes POP3 and IMAP are integrated together for a better experience and updating messages. This is used typically as a program installed on your device.

:Examples: Outlook, Eudora, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail or an email provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider; AOL, Spectrum, X-Finity, AT&T, etc.) that stores the messages on your computer.


;IMAP: "Internet Message Access Protocol" is a method of distributing email data by storing email message data on a server that you access through a network data connection. If you have linked your email to a email client program or application like Mail, Apple Mail on your phone or computer, you have most likely incorporated IMAP to access your email. These messages are not stored locally on the device but are always connected to the server to receive message information (though if there was a network outage, some message data like the sender, title, and/or summary may be saved using POP3 but not the entire message).

:The main advantage of IMAP is that you are able to access your email from multiple devices and have the most current information available on your email. Nearly all common email services utilize IMAP for displaying email in connected mail applications.

:Examples: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Hotmail, Outlook, AOL

<b>NOTE:</b> Sometimes multiple protocols are used with the same email account. Search online some email services you can think of to see which email protocol they use for you on your phone, on your computer, or on the web!


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A Web Browser is a computer program or application used to view, download, upload, "surf", or otherwise access documents (pages) on the World Wide Web. Browsers can be text-based, meaning they do not show graphics or images, but most however are text and graphical based. Browsers read or coded or "marked up" pages (usually HTML but not always) that reside on servers, interprets the coding, and displays or "renders" the webpage for the user to view.

Examples: Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari


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"Internet Relay Chat" (IRC) is a "live chat" (fast refresh/auto updating) coding protocol using internet connectivity to allow real-time conversations among two or more people. Each specific IRC channel begins with a # and is dedicated to a different area of interest. IRC is considered another part of the technology of the Internet the same way FTP, Telnet and the Web are.


"Instant messenger" is a web based or application based client which allows instant text and picture communication between two or more people through the global digital network "the Internet".


Early-internet popular instant messenger clients include: Windows Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ client, Yahoo Messenger, Jabber, and Skype. Nearly all Messanger programs in the 2020s work cross-platform between websites and applications (desktop or mobile) regardless of the device or operating system (Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS, etc.) Some examples of popular messaging applications/websites in 2024: Discord, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, iMessage (iPhone/Mac only), Snapchat. Most social media applications also include IRC or "Direct Message" feature: Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Snapchat, TikTok, etc.


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Streaming means a continual display of a media without interruption. Video and/or audio transmitted is over a network for users to play the media without downloading the file. In streaming, some data may be initially downloaded to allow the user to begin viewing the material without delays. A streaming website will pre-load a portion of the media before playing (buffer) to allow a seamless experience without pausing while more media loads. In some situations when data speeds are low, the media may pause to load enough data to continue playing. Any downloaded data while streaming is used in temporary storage and deleted when complete.


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Internet search engines (e.g. Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) help users find web pages based on a search query. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "bots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine and displayed when keywords are used. Some websites organize a directory of websites organized into a list that can be searched (E.g. Yahoo!).

Search data can be used by search engines to sell information to advertisers for "targeted ads" based on a user's search history and website usage (Website cookies).


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A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected. Such tools should be included as part of the computing systems environment that the web services are delivered from. Examples include Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus, Trendmicro Antivirus. Online FREE antivirus tools includes Trendmicro's Housecall, and freea-v.com. Use caution when using antivirus software as not every software is 100% effective or trusted. Do research for using any antivirus software.

Also, having Antivirus Software is not perfect perfection, still use safe internet habits when browsing the web.


;Note: Many of these companies also offer "Internet Security Suites" that assist the user in also blocking and removing trojans, worms, malware, and other malicious code.


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A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.


Examples include: ZoneAlarm, Microsoft Firewall and Norton Firewall among others


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Practice using a search engine and find key date/events surrounding the origin, major landmark events, the birth and growth of web browsers (such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer), development of internet security, and types of code used for webpages. Remember, this is not a history of computers, but rather a brief history of the Internet. List at least 2 online resources from which you found information relevant to your report.
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Research will still be required to give an oral report. If it is helpful, use note cards to remember your information for facts and dates, and to follow an outline.


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*Opening an email attachment which was sent by an unknown contact.
*Clicking on a ad in a web page to visit a malicious website.
*Downloading from the Internet any file that contains a virus (whether intentional or unintentional).


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Malicious codes for viruses are constantly being created and developed to steal user's information. Authors of anti-virus programs are continually are continually trying to develop ways to detect malicious code and prevent users from being infected. Since there is a constant supply of new viruses, not keeping an antivirus software up-to-date will make the computer susceptible to new viruses. Having the latest operating system installed is also important to help protect against viruses.


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Sharing files (email or via USB) can easily spread a virus betweeen devices. Access to an email account may also cause a phishing email to your contact list with malicious code that will infect their account if they open the file or link with the virus.


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*Damage computer files and programs from functioning properly
*Steal information and data
*Spread to other devices
*Slow down a computer by consuming memory
*Slow down a computer's network speed by uploading and downloading copies of itself to other devices
*Allow remote access to a computer to steal data or sensitive information (usernames, passwords, bank account information)


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A sample document is coming soon . . .


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Instead of printing, have the Pathfinder do the tasks in front of the instructor or open the websites in different browser tabs (right click a link and select "open page in another tab").

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;Suggestions: * Church Homepage
* Search Engine (not the browser default page!)
* A sports website
* A news website
* Club Ministries Homepage
* YouTube
* School Website


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* Bible Gateway
* Bible.com (YouVersion)
* Blue Letter Bible
* Bible Arc


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* www.adventist.org
* www.clubministries.org
* www.guidemagazine.org
* www.kidsbibleinfo.com
* www.egwwritings.org

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<b>Important!</b> ONLY download from safe and trusted websites like [http://download.com CNET’s download.com]. Here are some ideas:
* A web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera)
* VLC Media Player (on CNET)
* GIMP Photo software (on CNET)
* A parent-approved game
* Folder from Google Drive
* A image from Facebook


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Send your pathfinder director an email telling him/her how much you are enjoying earning the honor!
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Or open an email to read.
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Only open safe documents!! Maybe have a parent send a picture.
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#Do not reply to unknown emails or Spam. Doing so verifies a “real” email address and will receive even more junk email.
#Do not open emails with attachments unless you are SURE that they’re safe and that your antivirus program is fully updated (most are auto-updated).
#Report to a trustworthy and safe adult any material sent to you in email that is mean, harmful to you or someone else, or contains inappropriate images or materials and let your parent delete or remove that email message.
#Never follow to "unsubscribe" directions in a spam or UCE (unwanted commercial email) message.
#Keep your computer's operating system current.
#Do not open links from untrusted senders.
#Never give out your username and password to any website over email.
#Beware of Phishing attempts. (Messages that sound like it could be true but ask you to give money, log into an account to check information, or respond about information.) Do not give personal information or click any links.
#NEVER click a link to log into a website from an email unless you CAREFULLY check the URL of the website and the email address of the sender for anything suspicious before entering your log-in information (sometimes they can look very similar, sometimes it is better to not use a link to log in if you aren't sure).
#If possible, turn on two-factor authentication to secure your email login (may require a mobile phone).


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:“Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable——if anything is excellent or praiseworthy——think about such things.” Philippians 4:8


Some questions to guide a small group discussion on this text:
#What do you think the writer, the apostle Paul, would say this text meant for internet users today?
#What do you think God had in mind when he asked Paul to write down this text?
#What are some things on the internet that you make use of that match (are consistent with) this Bible text?
#What are some of the things that are on the internet that do not match (are inconsistent) with this Bible message?
#Why do you think this text is important to Christians today?
#What are some ways that we as a club can help each other apply this text to our daily lives?
#What do you think are some ways we can live lives that match (are consistent) with this text?
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=='''Other helpful information:'''==
===Learn how to protect your data online.===
* Do not attempt to log into websites that don't look quite right (designed to be similar to steal data).
* Avoid over-sharing about yourself in online chats or forums. Do not share your full name, your address, or family information (despite how trusting someone might seem, your data will ALWAYS be accessible).
* Be mindful of what pictures of yourself and others that you share online or in text (turn off location data before sending pictures). That person may do anything with that picture.
* Practice good password habits.
* Put a passcode on your phone and computer, require a password for all online purchases.
* Do not leave anything logged in unattended, especially on a public computer.
* Regularly clear our unwanted website data trackers (cookies) from your web browser.
* Use "safe" or "private" mode on a web browser to not save any login information or website data (cookies, history).
* Do not download or share copyrighted materials like movies, books, pictures (often include viruses).

===Learn about good password habits:===
* Invest in a secure way to store your passwords (book kept in a safe or password manager like Apple Keychain, OnePass,
* Never use the same password on two different websites.
* Change your password periodically, especially for important accounts like banks and email providers.
* Always use a strong password (avoid using words or guessable information about yourself like birthday or address)
* Do not share your passwords with anyone except trusted family/parents (and make sure they are keeping it safe!).
* A person with access to your computer/phone has access to your passwords, remember that!
* Where possible, turn on two-factor authentication for additional protection of someone trying to log into your account.

===Dealing with pornography and sensitive materials online:===
With just a few clicks, pornographic materials (either images or text) can be found by anyone online. The average of first exposure to pornography is age 8, often introduced by a friend or classmate "hey, check this out". Border-line pornographic and sensual material is found across all media and is impossible to avoid near-nude sexualized pictures of men or women. It is not possible to protect children from ever seeing something semi- or full-pornogrpahic material, but adults can have an age-appropriate conversations (YES, plural!) about sexuality, harmful material like pornography, and what to do when the child encounters something pornographic. (Remember, it's not ''if'' but ''when''.) God made the human body beautiful and to be observed and enjoyed in specific contexts of a monogamous heterosexual marriage relationship. Great harm can come from regularly consuming pornography psychologically (low self-esteem, self confidence, shame, guilt, idealizing, addiction, objectification of others), relationally (negative view of self, violent view of sex, submissive to a partner the point of pain, wrong idea about purpose of sex and fulfillment, unable to be aroused or climax with a live partner, difficulty communicating, objectification of self or partner), and spiritually (outside of God's ideal for those in relationship with Him). With all of these harmful aspects of consuming pornography, it is '''''our responsibility''''' as parents and Pathfinder leaders to help teach positive interactions regarding sexuality and safety regarding pornography. It is more important to have an open dialogue to teach healthy discussion about sexuality with a child than for you to feel comfortable not talking about sexuality. Philippians 4:8 is helpful when talking in a general sense, but children and younger teens are not developed enough cognitively to be able to decipher what to do if he/she sees pornographic material.

A simple, easy tactic is for the child to turn off the screen (close the laptop, minimize the page, lock the phone) and immediately go to a trusted adult and explain what they saw. Then the parent/adult can appreciate the child's trust, assess the situation, and instruct about the situation or questions they have, and praise the child for coming to the adult.

Internet/Router filters are one option to help aid against accidental exposure, however this is only one aspect of the multi-faceted approach to healthy internet use in children.

Some helpful resources for learning about the harms of pornography, internet filters and notification systems for parents, and how to talk about pornography, visit [http://www.fightthenewdrug.org Fight the New Drug]. Consider reading ''Good Pictures Bad Pictures: Porn-proofing Today's Young Kids'' by Kristen A. Jenson and Gail Poyner with your child (or the junior edition for younger children).

'''PATHFINDER LEADERS:''' <u>Always</u> talk with each parent before having this discussion in a Pathfinder setting with a group or without permission in a public one-on-one conversation. If a parent does not approve, do not subvert the conversation with their child. Provide resources for that parent about the importance of teaching healthy biblical sexuality at an early age.

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AY Honors/Ultimate Disc - Advanced/Answer Key

2023-12-31T21:50:08Z

Anthonywhitlow: formatting and some information

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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>For complete USA Ultimate rules, visit [https://usaultimate.org/rules/ usaultimate.org]
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude><b><u>Offensive Positions:</u> (1) Handler & (2) Cutter</b>

Depending on the style of offense, there will be 2-3 handlers and the rest of the players on the field will be cutters. Player responsibilities may change between points before the pull or mid-point (usually after a timeout).

<big><b><u>Offensive Formations: Stacks</u></b></big>

<b>Vertical Stack:</b>

<b>Horizontal Stack:</b>

<big><b><u>Defensive Formation:</u></b></big>

If a team is starting the point on defense: the team captain on the field will indicate the type of defense, the force (home/away), and offensive handlers for the stack if the disc is turned over. The defense cannot call a timeout and must adjust defense as the point progresses.

If a team is starting on offense: in the event of a turnover, the default defense is to now guard whichever player was guarding you on offense in a Person Defense system. If the defense was in a zone defense on a turn where no specific person was guarding you, guard the closest player and communicate with your team to set up an effective defense.

<b>Person Defense:</b> Sometimes called "man-to-man", person defense requires each player to guard an offensive player for the duration of the point, attempting to keep that player from making a play on the disk or marking a handler to prevent certain throws. This is the most common and "default" defense in most leagues. In mixed-gender games, matching should be same-gender where possible (some leagues require gender ratios on the field).

Starting the point on defense, the team captain on the field will have the players "count off" one through seven the offensive players left-to-right to determine who will guard which player.

<b>Zone Defense:</b>

<big><b><u>Helpful Info:</u></b></big>

<b>Mark/Marking:</b> A "mark" is the guarding defensive player within 10 feet against the offensive player with the disc. Only the marker can initiate and continue a stall count. The mark will typically force a handler to throw the disc to one side of the field, effectively cutting off the openness of one side of the field and all offensive players on that side. For an effective defense, a marker will continue a force to a side of the field and reach to the middle inhibiting those throws without "breaking the mark" or "break" by the pivot movements of the handler to allow a break-side (non-force side) throw. A mark should call "up" if the disc has been thrown to alert the defense and "broken" if the hander was able to release a throw. Some situations may require a "no big" situation to prevent a deep downfield throw, the mark will switch to a middle marking block to prevent that throw and shift back to continue the force.

<b>Defensive Force (Home/Away):</b> A force is a defensive strategy to narrow the field for the offense creating situations where an errant throw or the catch may be contested for an interception or turnover. A force is made to either sideline and is called "home" or "away". A home force is to the team's sideline (or where the team's gear is located) and an away force is to the opposing team's sideline (or opposite sideline). A force will typically continue in the same direction, attempting to trap the offense on one side of the field, throughout the entire point unless changed by a team captain. Most often, a force will be set up causing the offense to only be able to throw forehand (for right-handed players) throws as these throws are typically more difficult and not as powerful as backhanded throws. However, switching to a backhand force at the beginning of a point/turnover can confuse the offense and prevent players who excel at forehand throws. Additionally if a turn occurs out of bounds, trapping a handler on the sideline--regardless of force--can prevent more throws by the handler. Otherwise, guard from the sideline to the middle with the mark.

<b>Break:</b>

<b>After a Timeout:</b>
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[http://www.usaultimate.org/membership/default.aspx USA Ultimate Player’s Association] There are national players associations in other countries too.


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==References== 
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AY Honors/Ultimate Disc - Advanced/Answer Key

2023-12-31T20:45:02Z

Anthonywhitlow: Formatting

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc - Advanced/Answer Key

2023-12-31T20:41:39Z

Anthonywhitlow: Adding some information for further details.