Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/String Art/Answer Key

2014-09-03T15:54:46Z

Mtmanjohn: /* References */

{{honor_header|1|1975|Arts and Crafts|General Conference|String_Art_Honor.png}}
== 1. Describe the following: string craft, symmography, geometric stitchery.==

;String Craft: String Craft is making something (craft or art) out of string.

;Symmography:Symmography is creating 3D designs with string without knotting or knitting.

;Geometric Stitchery: Geometric Stitchery is like Symmography but instead of using nails to hold the string on the surface of the media you use a needle or precut holes to go through the media and come out to a new point in the media. Much like sewing on a patch.

==2. Draw and stitch on cardboard in equally spaced points:==
<gallery perrow=3 widths=200px>
Image:StringArt-RightAngle.png|<center>'''a. A right angle'''</center>
Image:StringArt-AcuteAngle.png|<center>'''b. An acute angle'''</center>
Image:StringArt-ObtuseAngle.png|<center>'''c. An obtuse angle'''</center>
</gallery>

==3. Name three ways to prepare wood for string art.==
There are many ways to prepare the wood for string art:
;Paint: Paint covers the wood and gives you a smooth surface with the color(s) of your choice.
;Stain: Stain changes the color of the wood while still showing the nature and texture of the wood. Stained wood can be lacquered or varnished to make it glossy.
;Lacquer: Lacquer (clear) protects the wood without changing its color. It leaves a glossy finish.
;Felt: Cover the wood with felt. Use staples on the back or a thin, ''even'' coat of white glue on the front. Dots of glue will show through, so if you are going to use glue, it must be spread evenly, as if you were painting with it. Stretch the felt over the wood tightly, eliminating all wrinkles.

Once the wood has been finished, the string artist will drive small nails partway into the board. These nails are the ''points'' around which the strings are run. When setting the nails, at least half the nail should be left exposed above the wood. Care must be taken to drive the nails to a sufficient depth so that they do not pull out when placed under tension by the string. The project will look far better if all the nails are set to the same height, and if they are perfectly vertical.

If you have difficulty setting the nails (big fingers plus little nails equal trouble!) try holding the nail in place with a pair of needle nose pliers.

It is a good idea to draw the pattern out on paper first. Then tape the paper over the wood and drive the nails through it. Once the nails are in place, the paper should be removed. It is tempting to leave the paper in place to serve as a guide while running the string, but this temptation should be resisted. It is nearly impossible to remove the paper without removing at least some of the string. Do yourself a favor and remove the paper ''before'' running the string.

To begin, anchor the first string to the first nail using a slip knot. Tug on it to be sure it will hold before spending a lot of time running the string. If it pulls loose halfway through the design, it will be difficult to salvage all that hard work.

==4. Use stringing methods on wood to do four of the following:==
===a. Filled circle===
: In a 'Filled circle', the string would cross the center point of the circle. There would be no empty space in the center area of the circle.
<gallery>
Image:StringArt-FilledCircle.png|Filled Circle
</gallery>
===b. Hollowed circle===
: In a 'Hollowed circle', the string would not go pass the center point of the circle. There would be no string in the center area of the circle.
<gallery>
Image:StringArt-HollowCircle.png|Hollow Circle
Image:StringArt-HollowCircle2.png|Hollow Circle
</gallery>
===c. Star===
: The hollow and filled circles are also of a star design.
<gallery>
Image:StringArt-HollowCircle.png|Star design with hollow circle
Image:StringArt-FilledCircle.png|Star design with filled circle
</gallery>
===d. Edging===
[[Image:StringArt-InsideOutside.png|thumb|200px|Curve from within, Curve from without]]
: Edging basically ''edges'' or outlines the design.
===e. Curve from within ===
: When you ''curve from within'' the string covers some part of the inside curve.
===f. Curve from without ===
: The ''Curve from within'' and ''Curve from without'' are two different types of ''edging''. In the example here, we are using a circle. Edging basically ''edges'' the design. When you ''curve from within'' the string covers some part of the inside curve. When you ''curve from without'' the string does not cross the space on the inside of the curve (because the nails in the wood keeps them on the outside of the curve).

 

===g. Filler===
<gallery>
Image:StringArt-Filler.png|Filler, the zig-zag parts in the leaves
</gallery>
===h. Wing weave ===
<gallery>
Image:StringArt-WingWeave.png|Wing Weave, using existing circle template
</gallery>

==5. Complete one original string art hanging on wood for display.==
: This is your part. Enjoy!
{|border=0
|-
|[[Image:StringArt-Project1.png|left|thumb|300px]]
|[[Image:StringArt-Project2.png|right|thumb|380px]]
|}
{{clear}}

==References==

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
* http://www.b4scouts.com/Library/String_Art_NZ.pdf
* http://www.montessoriworld.org/handworkrevised/Curve_Stitching/Home.html
* http://www.architectureartdesigns.com/30-creative-diy-string-art-ideas/

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-09-02T15:03:58Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:
===Other items you might consider===
The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

;Large Trash Bag: can be used as a emergency shelter. Cutting a breathing hole near the bottom of the bag lets you cover your head and save a lot of heat.
;Bright Colored Jello: spread on the snow is a good signal to air search and rescue teams (if it is not snowing).
;Avalanche Transceivers: send out a radio signal helping buddies with another unit locate exactly where the sending unit is located.
;Avalanche Airbags: help someone "float" near the top of an avalanche.

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66glbp6jC3c

Hug-A-Tree and Survive (Canada) Search and Rescue.

https://www.adventuresmart.ca/kids/hugatree.htm

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-09-02T14:59:06Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:
===Other items you might consider===
The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

;Large Trash Bag: can be used as a emergency shelter. Cutting a breathing hole near the bottom of the bag lets you cover your head and save a lot of heat.
;Bright Colored Jello: spread on the snow is a good signal to air search and rescue teams (if it is not snowing).
;Avalanche Transceivers: send out a radio signal helping buddies with another unit locate exactly where the sending unit is located.
;Avalanche Airbags: help someone "float" near the top of an avalanche.

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66glbp6jC3c

Hug-A-Tree and Survive(Canada)Search and Rescue.

https://www.adventuresmart.ca/kids/hugatree.htm

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-09-02T14:58:09Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:
===Other items you might consider===
The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

;Large Trash Bag: can be used as a emergency shelter. Cutting a breathing hole near the bottom of the bag lets you cover your head and save a lot of heat.
;Bright Colored Jello: spread on the snow is a good signal to air search and rescue teams (if it is not snowing).
;Avalanche Transceivers: send out a radio signal helping buddies with another unit locate exactly where the sending unit is located.
;Avalanche Airbags: help someone "float" near the top of an avalanche.

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66glbp6jC3c

Hug-A-Tree and Survive(Canada)Search and Rescue.
https://www.adventuresmart.ca/kids/hugatree.htm

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-08-27T01:39:19Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Other items you might consider */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:
===Other items you might consider===
The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

;Large Trash Bag: can be used as a emergency shelter. Cutting a breathing hole near the bottom of the bag lets you cover your head and save a lot of heat.
;Bright Colored Jello: spread on the snow is a good signal to air search and rescue teams (if it is not snowing).
;Avalanche Transceivers: send out a radio signal helping buddies with another unit locate exactly where the sending unit is located.
;Avalanche Airbags: help someone "float" near the top of an avalanche.

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66glbp6jC3c

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-08-27T01:11:18Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:
===Other items you might consider===
The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

;Large Trash Bag:
;Bright Colored Jello:
;Avalanche Transceivers:
;Avalanche Airbags:

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66glbp6jC3c

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-08-26T18:03:56Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful. */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Large Trash Bag:
;Bright Colored Jello:
;Avalanche Transceivers:
;Avalanche Airbags:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-08-26T17:23:57Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2014-08-26T00:43:29Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia */

{{honor_header|1|2013|Recreation|North American Division|Cold_Weather_Survival.png}}

==1. Know three most important survival items that you can carry in your pocket.==
===a. Fire Starter - such as waterproof matches, lighter, flint & magnesium ===
===b. Knife or multi-tool===
===c. Survival whistle===

==2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.==
===a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?===
===b. Benefits of layering clothing. What clothing materials work next to your skin? On the outer levels? In-between? Why?===

==3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.==
;Survival Whistle:
;Fire Starter:
;Tinder (dryer lint, candle):
;Water:
;High calorie energy bar:
;Flashlight or headlamp:
;Compass:
;Pocket Knife / multi-tool:
;Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag:
;Hand warmers:
;First aid supplies:
;Compact Folding Shovel:
;This Honor Sheet:
;Rain Poncho / Small Tarp:
;Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio:
;Signal Flare:

==4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.==
;a. MILD symptoms: If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.
;b. MODERATE symptoms: Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
;c. SEVERE symptoms: Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

==5. Discuss with your group each phrase of the following statement. ''“One of the most difficult survival situations is cold weather. Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think. It weakens your will to do anything except get warm. It numbs the mind and body. It subdues the will to survive.”''==

==6. Discuss the following:==
===a. Why you need calories.===
===b. The Buddy System and why it is important===

==7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).==
The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/01/26/265455459/warning-in-bitter-cold-beware-the-umbles Warning: In Bitter Cold, Beware the 'Umbles']</ref>

==8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia ==
Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39KlHi-p_fI

1st of 7 by Dr. Donner, It is quite medically technical for the Pathfinder age.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnQ03TPV8YM

==9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.==

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

==10. Review and demonstrate the following instructions for survival and rescue.==
===a. Evaluate to determine if you are lost.===
===b. Blow your whistle. Remember that three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help.===
===c. (If you are cold, wet or hungry skip this step, build a fire and spend the night). Mark your location with something unmistakable. Venture out, and circle your marker while blowing your whistle and praying. Move your marker when you recognize something or if you lose sight of the marker. ===
===d. Light a fire and build a shelter if it is afternoon (timing is dependent on your specific gear and environment). Stop trying to find your way out and plan to spend the night. Remember that possibly nobody is looking for you yet. Your ability to start a fire and be prepared for the night can make the difference between living and dying. Fire can provide warmth, companionship, comfort and safety. Your smoke and flames may signal a rescuer.===

==11. Practice the following survival skills on a club outing.==
===a. Finding direction without a compass.===
===b. Starting a fire using: Flint & magnesium, steel wool & battery.===
===c. Keeping a fire going using fuzz sticks, shaved sticks, moss, your tinder. Practice in wet conditions.===
===d. Demonstrating how to build a rescue fire (lots of smoke)===

==12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.==
===a. Build 3 shelters such as: a snow cave, a shelter with tree branches, a shelter with a tarp or rain poncho. Include proper placement of your fire in each situation. ===
===b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.===
====Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax====
For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

====Cotton balls and petroleum jelly====
Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

==13. Use the following subjects for worship talks:==
===Spiritual Hypothermia===
===Spiritually Lost===
===Spiritual Preparedness.===

==14. Memorize at least two Bible texts that you feel might bring you comfort in a Cold Weather Survival situation such as Psalms 34:7; Matthew 28:20.==

==References==
<references/>

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2014-08-25T22:44:22Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference|Native American Lore.png}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The flowers, young stalk, and some parts of the fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant leaves were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca leaves were chewed or pounded into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. Being that Yucca is in the lily order (Liliales) it has a bulb type "root" that often sits on top of the ground. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles about the size of a baseball or softball of very hard stone, such as quartzite or hard granite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone" (think of Peter which means rock {{Bible link|Matthew 16:18}}) and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
Image:PetroglyphBelfastLassnCA.jpg|Pete's creek Belfast area of Lassen county California, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona
* Pete's creek Belfast Lassen county California BLM (Shamans cave with solar calender)
* Anza-Borrego State Park California Way off Highway 52 (mortar holes too)
* Shuswap Lake Provincial Parks, BC

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone
# Raw hide
# Flint
# Obsidian
# Turtle shell
# Grass
# Cattail leaves
# Pitch (glue)
# Char coal

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2014-07-18T18:22:31Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference|Native American Lore.png}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. Being that Yucca is in the lily order (Liliales) it has a bulb type "root" that often sits on top of the ground. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles about the size of a baseball or softball of very hard stone, such as quartzite or hard granite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone" (think of Peter which means rock {{Bible link|Matthew 16:18}}) and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
Image:PetroglyphBelfastLassnCA.jpg|Pete's creek Belfast area of Lassen county California, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona
* Pete's creek Belfast Lassen county California BLM (Shamans cave with solar calender)
* Anza-Borrego State Park California Way off Highway 52 (mortar holes too)
* Shuswap Lake Provincial Parks, BC

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone
# Raw hide
# Flint
# Obsidian
# Turtle shell
# Grass
# Cattail leaves
# Pitch (glue)
# Char coal

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2014-07-18T18:21:39Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference|Native American Lore.png}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. Being that Yucca is in the lily order (Liliales)it has a bulb type "root" that often sits on top of the ground. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles about the size of a baseball or softball of very hard stone, such as quartzite or hard granite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone" (think of Peter which means rock {{Bible link|Matthew 16:18}}) and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
Image:PetroglyphBelfastLassnCA.jpg|Pete's creek Belfast area of Lassen county California, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona
* Pete's creek Belfast Lassen county California BLM (Shamans cave with solar calender)
* Anza-Borrego State Park California Way off Highway 52 (mortar holes too)
* Shuswap Lake Provincial Parks, BC

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone
# Raw hide
# Flint
# Obsidian
# Turtle shell
# Grass
# Cattail leaves
# Pitch (glue)
# Char coal

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2014-06-07T06:47:11Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference|Edible_Wild_Plants_Honor.png}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Amaranth}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Fruit|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible fruit.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgOgPGA0Ewg Dandelion], Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Beverage|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable for making beverages.

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel
Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Salad|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable salad ingredients.
===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle.

Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Potherb|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable for making potherbs.

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah
Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Tuber|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible roots or tubers.

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.

Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Boil|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by boiling

===b. Frying ===
See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Fry|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by frying

====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|Cattail pollen collector]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RbVTTlzLcI fried to make fritters].
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Beechnuts, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Roast|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by roasting.

===d. Baking ===
See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Bake|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by baking, and [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Flour|this category]] for a list of plants that have been tagged as suitable for making flour.

====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. There are many edible wild plant authors who claim that milkweed must be boiled in multiple changes of water to eliminate its bitterness. However, Samuel Thayer in his book ''Forager's harvest'' <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/The-Foragers-Harvest-Identifying-Harvesting/dp/0976626608/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1378422468&sr=8-1&keywords=foragers+harvest ''Forager's Harvest'' by Samuel Thayer]</ref> decisively puts this notion to bed, and traces it to the writings of Euell Gibbons. Most authors simply parrot what Gibbons wrote. Thayer suggests that milkweeds reputation was gained because it was confused with dogbane ''(Apocynum androsaemifolium)'' which ''is'' bitter. Milkweed is not bitter, even when raw (though it is best to boil it for a few minutes). If it is bitter, it is not milkweed and should not be eaten. Do not waste time and energy boiling it in multiple changes of water.

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

The introduction to Poisons Plants of California says "Of all poisonous plants in California, toxic mushrooms cause the most serious illnesses and nearly all the fatalities to humans."

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html
*http://www.namyco.org/images/pdf_files/2010_NAMA_Toxicology_Report.pdf
*http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/lifeordeathsituation.html

NAMA (North American Mycological Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu
* Jack-in-the-pulpit (You might get some hell fire preaching in your mouth if you try this one.) Someone who knows from experience exactly how to do it please detail out your fail safe way how you do it. There is a lot of misinformation in edible plant books on this plant.

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
<references/>
==Further Reading==

* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Foragers-Harvest-Identifying-Harvesting/dp/0976626608/ref=sr_1_1 Forager's Harvest], by Samuel Thayer
* [http://www.amazon.com/Natures-Garden-Identifying-Harvesting-Preparing/dp/0976626616/ref=pd_bxgy_b_img_y Nature's Garden], by Samuel Thayer
* [http://www.diningonthewilds.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude
* ''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide'' by Lee Allen Peterson

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2012-02-10T00:07:17Z

Mtmanjohn: /* References */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|Cattail pollen collector]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness which is mildly poisonous. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

The introduction to Poisons Plants of California says "Of all poisonous plants in California, toxic mushrooms cause the most serious illnesses and nearly all the fatalities to humans."

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html
*http://www.namyco.org/images/pdf_files/2010_NAMA_Toxicology_Report.pdf
*http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/lifeordeathsituation.html

NAMA (North American Mycological Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu
* Jack-in-the-pulpit

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.diningonthewilds.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2012-02-10T00:06:13Z

Mtmanjohn: /* References */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|Cattail pollen collector]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness which is mildly poisonous. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

The introduction to Poisons Plants of California says "Of all poisonous plants in California, toxic mushrooms cause the most serious illnesses and nearly all the fatalities to humans."

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html
*http://www.namyco.org/images/pdf_files/2010_NAMA_Toxicology_Report.pdf
*http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/lifeordeathsituation.html

NAMA (North American Mycological Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu
* Jack-in-the-pulpit

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.dinigonthewilds.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2011-12-27T21:13:53Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|Cattail pollen collector]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness which is mildly poisonous. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

The introduction to Poisons Plants of California says "Of all poisonous plants in California, toxic mushrooms cause the most serious illnesses and nearly all the fatalities to humans."

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels ven.wikibooks.orggood example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html
*http://www.namyco.org/images/pdf_files/2010_NAMA_Toxicology_Report.pdf
*http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/lifeordeathsituation.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu
* Jack-in-the-pulpit

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2011-05-02T22:28:48Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|Cattail pollen collector]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness which is mildly poisonous. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html
*http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/lifeordeathsituation.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2011-04-17T00:02:44Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

Add to the list below:
* Pine nuts (Pinus sp.)
* Black Walnuts (Juglans sp.)
* Hazelnut (Corylus sp.)
* Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
* Hickory nut (Carya sp.)
* Bay leaf (Umbellularia californica)
* Blueberry (Vaccinium sp)

Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2011-03-27T16:42:31Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.) , and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2011-03-27T16:26:04Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans, and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins}}

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[../../Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2010-10-19T22:52:48Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Milkweed */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|CattailPollenS]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness which is mildly poisonous. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2010-10-19T22:44:37Z

Mtmanjohn: /* c. Roasting */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|CattailPollenS]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for Acorns, Agave, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2010-10-19T19:14:16Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Introduction */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!'''). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head.
'''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|CattailPollenS]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, dandelion, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants. Mushrooms are heterotrophic (get their nutrition by digesting or decomposing other organisms). Plants are autotrophic (do not digest or decompose other organisms). Most commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus ) in the USA are grown in manure and straw. The less popular commercial mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, winter mushrooms aka enoki and shiitake) are grown on dead wood.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2010-10-19T05:12:24Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Cattail Pollen Pancakes */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least two approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!''')

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous. '''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg|thumb|CattailPollenS]]
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. Then sift the fiber and bugs out.

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, dandelion, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2010-10-19T02:42:00Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Cattail Pollen Pancakes */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least two approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!''')

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was ''years'' before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous. '''Be careful.'''

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. Then sift the fiber and bugs out.[[File:CattailPollenS.jpg]]

====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, dandelion, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|This requirement should be removed from the honor as it presents a significant danger of accidental lethal poisoning.
|
}}

I (John Goude) as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.
:Some examples:
*''Boletus satanas'', is reported not to kill you but will make you so sick that you think you will die.
*False morels, (''Gyromitra caroliniana'', ''G. esculenta'', ''Helvella spp.'', ''Verpa bohemica'', ''Disciotis spp.'', etc.), can be fatal.

For mushroom poisoning reports
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/index.html
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

NAMA (North American Mycologcal Association) poster.
*http://namyco.org/images/pictures/warning_poster.jpg
*http://www.namyco.org/toxicology/tox_report_2007.html

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.
Actually, it's not enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what ''part'' of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. For example, pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') leaves are edible when they are young and cooked in 2 or more changes of water, but the older leaves, stems, and seeds in the berries are all toxic. Also Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') are toxic until they are ripe.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-15T22:28:08Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Introduction */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least two approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identifty, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!''')

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but I ''still'' have never seen either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. Just because one part is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat.

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vaccinium macrocarpon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it.
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot

2007-11-15T21:33:23Z

Mtmanjohn:

{{EWP
|name = Wild Carrot (Queen Anne's Lace)
|image = Daucus carota inflorescence kz.jpg
|description = It is a biennial plant growing up to 1 m tall, bearing an umbel of bright white flowers that turn into a "bird's nest" seed case after blooming. Very similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, it is distinguished by a mix of bi-pinnate and tri-pinnate leaves, fine hairs on its stems and leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in its center.
|seasons = Fall to Early Spring
|range = Waste ground, fields, throughout
|use = The '''roots''' of the wild carrot can be cleaned and used as regular carrots. They are quite a bit smaller than domestic carrots, but the flavor is unmistakable. It is best to use the roots of the plant during its first year.
|warning = Do not confuse the wild carrot with poison hemlock. The root of the wild carrot smells like carrots. Also the bracts beneath the flower heads are three-forked. Poison hemlock has a smooth, hollow, jointed stem and often has purple spots. Queen Anne's Lace has none of these characteristics.
}}

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-15T20:36:35Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Wilderness}}

==Introduction==
There are at least two approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identifty, and ''then'' find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide ('''not by tasting them!''')

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but I ''still'' have never seen either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a ''struggle''. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into [http://www.realtimerendering.com/flowers/flowers.html this online key] - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps ''half'' - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - '''it is not'''.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the [[../Flowers|Flowers]], [[../Flowers - Advanced|Flowers - Advanced]], [[../Seeds|Seeds]], and [[../Seeds - Advanced|Seeds - Advanced]] honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==

Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}
Poison hemlock hollow stems and often has purple spots. Queen Anne's Lace has nether of these characteristics.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vaccinium macrocarpon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Cattail Pollen Pancakes====
Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.

A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it.
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail?)

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T19:46:46Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Fritters */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Elderberry''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant steams and leaves contain cyanide.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T18:46:43Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Greens */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle,

===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

:"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

:"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous. Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T03:35:22Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Tubers or Roots */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Garlic, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify,
Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T03:24:19Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Salad Plants */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify,
Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T03:15:28Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify,
Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Blackberry, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Pears, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T03:00:55Z

Mtmanjohn: /* Fruits and Berries */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T02:19:35Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==

This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly.

===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T02:12:30Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D. 
Director 
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living 
Cleveland OH 
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T01:41:03Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T01:39:23Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

False Morels can be fatal.
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T01:34:02Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T01:31:40Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, Raspberry, Blackberry, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T01:25:28Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Rose hips, Choke cherries, Hawthorn, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Dandelion, Wild sun flower, Jerusalem artichoke, Asters, Wild lettuce, Prickly lettuce, Sow thistle, Golden rod, Balsam root, Thistle, Burdock, Chicory, Salsify, etc.) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Day lily, Wild onion, Wild garlic, Leek, Tiger lily, Avalanche lily, Yellow bells, Desert lily, Camas, Indian cucumber, Dogtooth violet, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T00:30:25Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - hemlock, fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) - cherry (leaves)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than Day lily, wild onion, wild garlic, leek, tiger lily, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many (not a plant)
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T00:22:03Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants '''strongly object''' to this requirement!

Is it '''ethical''' to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in '''mycology''' have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - hemlock, fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) - cherry (leaves)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than Day lily) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-07T00:10:53Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

I as a teacher about wild edible plants strongly object to this requirement!

Is it ethical to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that even experts in mycology have died from eating mushrooms they collected? Where ever I go teaching about wild edible plants I hear heart wrenching stories of whole families that have been wiped out by eating wild mushrooms. Do you want to lead your Pathfinders to be part of one of these stories?

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas contrary to what this requirement suggests.

Further, mushrooms are no longer classified as plants.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - hemlock, fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) - cherry (leaves)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than Day lily) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key

2007-11-06T23:58:44Z

Mtmanjohn: /* 6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. */

{{honor_header|2|1970|Nature|General Conference}}

==1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild. ==
Several wild edible plants are presented here in alphabetic order. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

<nowiki>{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}</nowiki>

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the [[Template:EWP|EWP]] template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Grape}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel}}

 

==2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible. ==
===Trees===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac}}
===Shrubs===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}

==3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots. ==
===Fruits and Berries===
See above on Blackberry, Blueberry, Cherry, Grape, Persimmon, Strawberry, and Wintergreen.
===Beverages===
See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

===Salad Plants===
See above on Dandelion, Greenbriar, Plantain, Sheep Sorrel, Wood Sorrel

===Greens===
See above on Dandelion, Plantain, Milkweed
===Tubers or Roots===
See above on Carrot, Cattail, Garlic, Onion, and Sassafras

==4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways: ==
===a. Boiling ===
Any of the greens are prepared by boiling.
===b. Frying ===
====Clover Pancakes====
Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

====Fritters====
*'''Dandelion''' flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
*'''Milkweed''' flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.

===c. Roasting ===
See above for acorns, chicory, pickerel weed, and pine nuts.

===d. Baking ===
====Pie====
Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.
====Bread====
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.

==5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food. ==
===Milkweed===
{|
|[[Image:Asclepias syriaca.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Common Milkweed in flower]]
|[[Image:Milkweed4043.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Milkweed pods]]
|}
The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. All are prepared essentially the same way, which is by boiling them in several changes of water. Boiling eliminates the bitter, milky sap from which the milkweed derives its name.

Prepare the milkweed by filling a large pot with water and bringing it to a boil. When the water is close to boiling, fill a small pot with water and bring it to a boil as well. When ''both'' pots are boiling, place the milkweed in the smaller of the two and let it boil for about a minute. Pour the water off and then refill the small pot from the large pot. You may wish to use a ladle to dip the boiling water from the large pot into the smaller one. You do not want to cover the milkweed with cold water as this will set the bitterness. Boil the second batch of water for a minute also, drain it off, and refill. Subsequent changes of water should remain in the pot for a few minutes. After no fewer than six changes of water, the milkweed should be ready to eat. Add a little butter if desired and prepare to treat your taste buds.
 

===Day Lily===
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.

==6. Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas. ==

Is it ethical to teach Pathfinders to eat wild mushrooms being that experts in mycology have died from eating mushrooms they collected? There are highly poisonous mushrooms outside of the Amanitas.

Following is a quote from Dr. Peter Gail Ph.D. one of Euell Gibbons literary assistants.

"I have spent 55 years as a forager and at least 43 of them teaching others
to forage, and I don't do mushrooms other than puffballs. Reason? When I was
a wet behind the ears Masters degree student in Plant Systematics at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont California, my mycology professor, the
very prominent Dr. Richard Benjamin, went out one weekend on a mushroom hunting
expedition with one of his buddies, an equally prominent mycologist who was a
specialist in mushrooms. On Monday, he was badly shaken, and reported to us
at morning coffee break that there had been a mishap--his buddy had eaten a
poisonous mushroom and had died from it.

"You can imagine the impact THAT had on me. Even the best, most knowledgeable
botanists make mistakes. So, with mushrooms, it evidently doesn't matter how
much you know. I don't use anything but the Agarics I get at the store and
puffballs. There are others which are not mistakable for anything poisonous.
Morels vs. false morels are a good example of the problem you can have. I
leave mushrooms to other, more adventurous types than myself.

"Peter A. Gail, Ph.D.
Director
Goosefoot Acres Center for Resourceful Living
Cleveland OH
www.edibleweeds.com"

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sulphur shelf}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Puffball Mushrooms}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Poisonous plants/Amanitas}}

 

==7. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal? ==
* Cattail
* Greenbriars
* Kudzu

==8. Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants. ==
*Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
*Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry
*Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - hemlock, fool's parsley
*Cherry family (Rosaceae) - cherry (leaves)
*Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) - white snake root
*Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
*Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
*Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
*Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
*Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than Day lily) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem
*Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae) - monkshood
*Mushrooms - many
*Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
*Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
*Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
*Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew

==9. What is the cardinal edibility rule? ==
Never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible.

==References==
*'''A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants, A Peterson Field Guide''' by Lee Allen Peterson
* [http://www.edibleplants.com Dining on the Wilds], by Miriam Darnall-Kramer, and John Goude

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]