AY Honors/Rocks & Minerals/Answer Key - Revision history

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- Category of AYHAB

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Jomegat bot moved page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Rocks & Minerals to AY Honors/Rocks & Minerals/Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

Jomegat at 20:23, 7 November 2020

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 *[[W:Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness|Mohs scale of hardness]]
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 <!-- 1. Distinguish between rocks and minerals. -->
-A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure formed by geological processes.  A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. (A rock may also include organic remains and mineraloids.) Some rocks are predominantly composed of just one mineral. For example, limestone is a sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of the mineral calcite. Other rocks contain many minerals, and the specific minerals in a rock can vary widely. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only one or two locations worldwide.
+A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure formed by geological processes. A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. (A rock may also include organic remains and mineraloids.) Some rocks are predominantly composed of just one mineral. For example, limestone is a sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of the mineral calcite. Other rocks contain many minerals, and the specific minerals in a rock can vary widely. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only one or two locations worldwide.
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 <!-- 2. Have a collection of at least fifteen specimens correctly named. Label each specimen with collector's name, date, and locality in which it was found. -->
-Identifying rocks and minerals is best done with a Field Guide.  The following properties are very useful for identification purposes:
+Identifying rocks and minerals is best done with a Field Guide. The following properties are very useful for identification purposes:
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-You will need a few tools for measuring various aspects of rocks.  Not all of them are required, but the more of them that are available to you, the more successful you will be in identifying specimens.
+You will need a few tools for measuring various aspects of rocks. Not all of them are required, but the more of them that are available to you, the more successful you will be in identifying specimens.
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-<!-- 3. Define and name two examples each (from specimens or pictures) of:  -->
+<!-- 3. Define and name two examples each (from specimens or pictures) of: -->
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-<!-- 4. What is meant by Mohs' scale of hardness? Name the minerals in order in Mohs' scale.  -->
+<!-- 4. What is meant by Mohs' scale of hardness? Name the minerals in order in Mohs' scale. -->
 The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. It was created in 1812 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs and is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science.
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 <!-- 5. Define cleavage, specific gravity, luster, color, streak, texture, crystal. -->
-The terms that follow have specific meaning in mineralogy, and are useful for identifying the type of a specimen of rock or mineral.  To the uneducated eye, a rock is a rock is a rock.  But if the following terms are understood, noted, and cross-checked against known values for various specimens, a positive identification can be made.
+The terms that follow have specific meaning in mineralogy, and are useful for identifying the type of a specimen of rock or mineral. To the uneducated eye, a rock is a rock is a rock. But if the following terms are understood, noted, and cross-checked against known values for various specimens, a positive identification can be made.
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-*Basal cleavage: cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes.  This occurs quite easily in graphite, making the material feel slippery.
+*Basal cleavage: cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. This occurs quite easily in graphite, making the material feel slippery.
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-*Cubic cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube.  This is the source of the cubic shape seen in crystals of ground table salt.
+*Cubic cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. This is the source of the cubic shape seen in crystals of ground table salt.
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-*Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron (respectively).  Octahedral cleavage is seen in common semiconductors used in electronics.
+*Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral cleavage: cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron (respectively). Octahedral cleavage is seen in common semiconductors used in electronics.
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-Cleavage is of technical importance in the electronics industry and in the cutting of gemstones.  While precious stones are generally cleaved by impact, man-made single crystals of semiconductor materials are generally sold as thin wafers which are much easier to cleave.  Simply pressing a silicon wafer against a soft surface and scratching its edge with a diamond scribe is usually enough to cause cleavage.
+Cleavage is of technical importance in the electronics industry and in the cutting of gemstones. While precious stones are generally cleaved by impact, man-made single crystals of semiconductor materials are generally sold as thin wafers which are much easier to cleave. Simply pressing a silicon wafer against a soft surface and scratching its edge with a diamond scribe is usually enough to cause cleavage.
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-Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a material relative to the density of water.  Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume.  For instance, we know that 1 cm^3 of water weighs 1 gram.  Therefore, the density of water is:
+Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a material relative to the density of water. Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. For instance, we know that 1 cm^3 of water weighs 1 gram. Therefore, the density of water is:
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-What this really boils down to is that any given volume of diamond will weigh 3.52 times more than an equal volume of water.  If you know the specific gravity, <math>G</math> of any material, you will know that it weighs <math>G</math> times an equal volume of water.
+What this really boils down to is that any given volume of diamond will weigh 3.52 times more than an equal volume of water. If you know the specific gravity, <math>G</math> of any material, you will know that it weighs <math>G</math> times an equal volume of water.
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-But what use is specific gravity?  It helps us identify a mineral.  We can measure a sample's specific gravity and compare it to the specific gravities of known specimens.  To do this, we will need to make two measurements: the weight of the specimen, and its volume.  Weight is easy (assuming you have a scale or a balance that can measure grams), but how do you measure the volume of an irregularly shaped specimen?  All you need is some water, a drop of dish soap, and a graduated  cylinder marked in metric units (note that 1 milliliter equals 1 cubic centimeter).  Put some water in the cylinder, adding enough until the level comes to a convenient, well-marked level (such as 100 ml).  Add a drop of dish soap to break the surface tension (you won't need more than a tiny drop).  Then drop the specimen into the water and note the new water level.  Subtracting the new level from the old will give you the volume of the specimen.  Now all you need to do is divide the weight in grams by the volume in milliliters.
+But what use is specific gravity? It helps us identify a mineral. We can measure a sample's specific gravity and compare it to the specific gravities of known specimens. To do this, we will need to make two measurements: the weight of the specimen, and its volume. Weight is easy (assuming you have a scale or a balance that can measure grams), but how do you measure the volume of an irregularly shaped specimen? All you need is some water, a drop of dish soap, and a graduated cylinder marked in metric units (note that 1 milliliter equals 1 cubic centimeter). Put some water in the cylinder, adding enough until the level comes to a convenient, well-marked level (such as 100 ml). Add a drop of dish soap to break the surface tension (you won't need more than a tiny drop). Then drop the specimen into the water and note the new water level. Subtracting the new level from the old will give you the volume of the specimen. Now all you need to do is divide the weight in grams by the volume in milliliters.
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-'''Color''' indicates the appearance of the mineral in reflected light (for opaque specimens) or transmitted light (for translucent specimens).  In other words, it means just what you would think it means -  what it looks like to the naked eye.  Before noting the color of a specimen, it is important to clean it off.
+'''Color''' indicates the appearance of the mineral in reflected light (for opaque specimens) or transmitted light (for translucent specimens). In other words, it means just what you would think it means - what it looks like to the naked eye. Before noting the color of a specimen, it is important to clean it off.
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 [[Image:Quartz Crystal.jpg|thumb|Quartz crystal]]
-A crystal is a solid whose atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.  Snowflakes, diamonds, and common salt are common examples of crystals.
+A crystal is a solid whose atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Snowflakes, diamonds, and common salt are common examples of crystals.
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-<!-- 6. Name four uses for rocks and four uses for minerals.  -->
+<!-- 6. Name four uses for rocks and four uses for minerals. -->
 ===Uses for Rock=== <!--T:80-->
 * Building material
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-The wall has twelve foundation stones, and on these are written the names of the Twelve Apostles.  Revelation lacks a list of the names of the Twelve Apostles, and does not describe which name is inscribed on which foundation stone, or if all of the names are inscribed on all of the foundation stones, so that aspect of the arrangement is open to speculation.  One scholar hold that Judas Iscariot's name is absent from the foundations, replaced by that of another Apostle.
+The wall has twelve foundation stones, and on these are written the names of the Twelve Apostles. Revelation lacks a list of the names of the Twelve Apostles, and does not describe which name is inscribed on which foundation stone, or if all of the names are inscribed on all of the foundation stones, so that aspect of the arrangement is open to speculation. One scholar hold that Judas Iscariot's name is absent from the foundations, replaced by that of another Apostle.
 <!--T:37-->
-These foundation stones are adorned with twelve types of precious stones.  In modern times, the precise identification of all these precious stones is not certain, as several of the ancient names  may refer to several different types of stones, or may no longer refer to the same kinds of stones that they did at the time of Revelation's writing.  Also, the layout of the precious stones is contested.  All of the precious stones could adorn each foundation stone, either in layers or mixed together some other way, or just one unique type of stone could adorn each separate foundation stone.
+These foundation stones are adorned with twelve types of precious stones. In modern times, the precise identification of all these precious stones is not certain, as several of the ancient names may refer to several different types of stones, or may no longer refer to the same kinds of stones that they did at the time of Revelation's writing. Also, the layout of the precious stones is contested. All of the precious stones could adorn each foundation stone, either in layers or mixed together some other way, or just one unique type of stone could adorn each separate foundation stone.
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-Some mnemonics traditionally taught to geology students to remember this table are "The Girls Can Flirt And Other Queer Things Can Do" or "To Get Candy From Aunt Fanny, Quit Teasing Cousin Danny". Another Mnemonic is "Two Gypsies Called Flo And Fred Queued To Cut Diamonds."
+One mnemonic traditionally taught to geology students to remember this table is "To Get Candy From Aunt Fanny, Quit Teasing Cousin Danny".
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AY Honors/Rocks & Minerals/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep: - Category of AYHAB

W126jep at 15:33, 22 April 2021

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Jomegat at 03:49, 20 February 2021

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Jomegat at 20:23, 7 November 2020

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