Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Parrots and Cockatoos/Answer Key"

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| name = Palm Cockatoo
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| image = Golden-Shouldered-Parrot-3.jpg
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| status = LC
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| name = Golden-shouldered Parrot
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| image = Palm Cockatoo.JPG
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| status = EN
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| image_width = 225px
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| trend = down
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Chordata]]
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| classis = [[Aves]]
 
| classis = [[Aves]]
 
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
 
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
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| familia = [[Cacatuidae]]
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| familia = [[Psittacidae]]
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| subfamilia = '''Microglossinae'''
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| subfamilia = [[Platycercinae]]
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| genus = '''''Probosciger'''''
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| tribus  = [[Platycercini]]
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| genus_authority = [[Heinrich Kuhl|Kuhl]], 1820
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| genus = ''[[Psephotus]]''
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| species = '''''P. aterrimus'''''
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| species = '''''P. chrysopterygius'''''
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| binomial = ''Probosciger aterrimus''
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| binomial = ''Psephotus chrysopterygius''
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| binomial_authority = [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788
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| binomial_authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1858
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| subdivision_ranks = subspecies
 
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| subdivision = ''P. a. aterrimus''<br>
 
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''P. a. goliath''<br>
 
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''P. a. macgillivrayi''<br>
 
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''P. a. stenolophus''
 
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| range_map = Bird range palm cockatoo.png
 
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| range_map_width = 150px
 
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| range_map_caption = Australian Palm Cockatoo range (in red)
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
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The '''Palm Cockatoo''' ''(Probosciger aterrimus)'', also known as the '''Goliath Aratoo''', is a large black [[Psittaciformes|parrot]] of the [[cockatoo]] family and this species is unique in its kind. It is the only member in subfamily Microglossinae and monotypic genus '' Probosciger''. Its unique position within the cockatoo family has been confirmed by molecular studies (Brown & Toft, 1999, Astuti, 2004?).  
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The '''Golden-shouldered Parrot''' (''Psephotus chrysopterygius'') is a rare [[Aves|bird]] of southern [[Cape York Peninsula]], in [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. A small attractive [[parrot]] related to the more common [[Red-rumped Parrot]], it is considered to be a [[superspecies]] with the [[Hooded Parrot]] ''(P. dissimilis)'' of the [[Northern Territory]] and the apparently [[Extinction|extinct]] [[Paradise Parrot]] of [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]]. It measures 26 cm long and weighs between 54-56 g.
  
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The Palm Cockatoo is distributed in rainforests and woodlands of [[New Guinea]] and northern [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. It measures around 55-60 cm in length and weighs between 500-1,000 g. It is a distinctive [[Aves|bird]] with a large [[Crest (bird)|crest]] and has one of the largest bills of any parrots (only the [[Hyacinth Macaw]]'s is larger). The bill is unusual as the lower and higher mandibles do not meet for much of its length, allowing the tongue to hold a nut against the top mandible while the lower mandible works to open it. The Palm Cockatoo also has a distinctive red gape that changes colour when the bird is alarmed or excited.  
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The Golden-shouldered Parrot lives in open forest, where it feeds on small grass [[seed]]s, principally those of [[firegrass]]. An important [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] requirement is the provision of terrestrial [[Termite|termite mounds]], which the bird uses for nesting in. This has led to the parrot also being known as the Antbed Parrot. They will preferentially seek out taller mounds (up to 2 m high), and will dig a burrow into them when the mound has been softened by the rains. A long tunnel is dug down into the mound, and capped off by a nesting chamber. The clutch size is between 3-6 [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s, which are [[incubate]]d for 20 days. The mound regulates the temperature in the chamber, keeping it high enough that the eggs can be left unattended while the parents feed.
  
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The Palm Cockatoo makes four different kinds of vocalisations. It has a unique display where the bird drums a large branch against a dead bough or tree, creating a loud noise that can be heard up to 100 m away.
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The Golden-shouldered Parrot is listed as [[Endangered species|endangered]] ([[CITES]] I). The species has a restricted range and suffers from a variety of threats, including predation by [[feral cat]]s, [[tourist]] disturbance, and a change in burning regime in the grasslands upon whose seeds it depends. The wild population is around 3000 birds, with around 1500 held in captivity in Australia.
  
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This species is in high demand for the pet trade due to its unusual appearance, and does not breed well in captivity, requiring the removal of wild birds. It is still relatively common in [[Cape York]], but is threatened there by [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] loss. The Palm Cockatoo is currently evaluated as Least Concern on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of [[CITES]].
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== References ==
 +
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2006|id=18423|title=Psephotus chrysopterygius|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
 +
''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol 4'' Edited by del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal ISBN 84-87334-22-9
 +
why is it endangered
  
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== Gallery ==
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== Photos ==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Stavenn Probosciger atterrimus 00.jpg
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Image:Golden-Shouldered-Parrot-1.JPG|Male Golden-shouldered Parrot in an aviary at the [[Queensland Museum]] (photo taken during 2004)
 +
Image:Golden-Shouldered-Parrot-2.JPG|Male Golden-shouldered Parrot in an aviary at the [[Queensland Museum]] (photo taken during 2004)
 +
</gallery>
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Golden-Shouldered-Parrots-1.JPG|Male and female Golden-shouldered Parrots in an aviary at the [[Queensland Museum]] (photo taken during 2004)
 +
Image:Golden-Shouldered-Parrots-2.JPG|Male and female Golden-shouldered Parrots in an aviary at the [[Queensland Museum]] (photo taken during 2004)
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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== References ==
 
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* '''Astuti''', Dwi (2004?): A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of nuclear ''β''-fibrinogen gene. Doctoral work, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan. [http://www.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/J/study/17result/dwi.pdf PDF fulltext]
 
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* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''[[BirdLife International]]'''|year=2004|id=18187|title=Probosciger aterrimus|downloaded=08 May 2006}} Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is of least concern
 
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* '''Brown''', D.M. & '''Toft''', C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(1): 141-157.
 
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* '''Flegg''', Jim (2002): ''Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia''. Reed New Holland, Sydney & London. ISBN 1-876334-78-9
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1389&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
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* [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Psephotus_chrysopterygius/ Golden-shouldered parrot &mdash; photos and information]
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* [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=18187 IUCN Red List]
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* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1473&m=0 Golden-shouldered parrot &mdash; BirdLife Species Factsheet]
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* [http://www.palmcockatoo.com/ The Palm Cockatoo Research Project.]
 
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* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/advice/endangeredspecies/threats.asp Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) website - Threats to wild bird populations]
 
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* [http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html CITES website search page]
 
  
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{{commons|Probosciger aterrimus}}
 
  
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[[Category:Cacatuidae]]
 
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[[Category:Subfamilies of birds]]
 
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[[Category:Genera of birds]]
 
 
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
 
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
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[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
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[[Category:Broad-tailed parrots]]
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[[Category:Birds of Indonesia]]
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[[Category:Psephotus]]
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[[Category:Birds of Papua New Guinea]]
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[[Category:Endangered species]]
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[[Category:Birds kept as pets]]
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[[Category:Australian restricted-range endemic bird species]]
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[[Category:Endangered fauna of Australia]]
  
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[[cs:Kakadu arový]]
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[[fr:Psephotus chrysopterygius]]
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[[de:Palmkakadu]]
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[[hu:Aranyosvállú papagáj]]
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[[es:Probosciger aterrimus]]
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[[ru:Златоплечий певчий попугай]]
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[[fr:Probosciger aterrimus]]
 
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[[id:Kakatua Raja]]
 
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[[it:Probosciger aterrimus]]
 
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[[lt:Juodoji palminė kakadu]]
 
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[[hu:Pálmakakadu]]
 
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[[pl:Żałobnica palmowa]]
 
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[[ru:Чёрный пальмовый какаду]]
 
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[[fi:Palmukakadu]]
 
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[[sv:Palmkakadua]]
 
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[[tr:Palmiye kakadusu]]
 
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[[zh:棕树凤头鹦鹉]]
 

Revision as of 08:53, 5 May 2008

Template:Taxobox

The Golden-shouldered Parrot (Psephotus chrysopterygius) is a rare bird of southern Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia. A small attractive parrot related to the more common Red-rumped Parrot, it is considered to be a superspecies with the Hooded Parrot (P. dissimilis) of the Northern Territory and the apparently extinct Paradise Parrot of Queensland and New South Wales. It measures 26 cm long and weighs between 54-56 g.

The Golden-shouldered Parrot lives in open forest, where it feeds on small grass seeds, principally those of firegrass. An important habitat requirement is the provision of terrestrial termite mounds, which the bird uses for nesting in. This has led to the parrot also being known as the Antbed Parrot. They will preferentially seek out taller mounds (up to 2 m high), and will dig a burrow into them when the mound has been softened by the rains. A long tunnel is dug down into the mound, and capped off by a nesting chamber. The clutch size is between 3-6 eggs, which are incubated for 20 days. The mound regulates the temperature in the chamber, keeping it high enough that the eggs can be left unattended while the parents feed.

The Golden-shouldered Parrot is listed as endangered (CITES I). The species has a restricted range and suffers from a variety of threats, including predation by feral cats, tourist disturbance, and a change in burning regime in the grasslands upon whose seeds it depends. The wild population is around 3000 birds, with around 1500 held in captivity in Australia.

References

  • Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered

Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol 4 Edited by del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal ISBN 84-87334-22-9 why is it endangered

Photos

  • Male Golden-shouldered Parrot in an aviary at the Queensland Museum (photo taken during 2004)

  • Male Golden-shouldered Parrot in an aviary at the Queensland Museum (photo taken during 2004)

  • Male and female Golden-shouldered Parrots in an aviary at the Queensland Museum (photo taken during 2004)

  • Golden-Shouldered-Parrots-2.JPG

    Male and female Golden-shouldered Parrots in an aviary at the Queensland Museum (photo taken during 2004)

External links

fr:Psephotus chrysopterygius hu:Aranyosvállú papagáj ru:Златоплечий певчий попугай

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