AY Honors/Mountains/Answer Key

1. Define the following terms:

a. Orology

The study of mountains.

b. Mountain

Highest point 1000 feet or more above base (U.S. definition); A natural elevation of the earth surface raising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which, relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable. (Oxford English Dictionary)

c. Mountain range

A chain of mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes of valleys.

d. Magma

Molten rock beneath the surface of the earth.

e. Volcano

A vent in the surface of the earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt; also, the form of structure (usually conical) that is produced by the ejected material.

2. Tell three ways mountains have been formed.

Some mountains are produced by the movement of lithospheric plates several miles down deep in the earth. Compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced upwards. Some mountains are volcanoes while others are shaped by glacial processes.

Block mountains are formed when large areas are vertically displaced upwards by these compression forces deep in the earth, and remain in large chunks of rock or blocks.

Fold mountains occur when the uplifted top portions of earth fold over as the compression forces lift up sections of the earth.

Volcanoes are isolated mountains that were produced by molten rock being forced up through a vent in the surface of the earth. These mountains frequently have a cone shape.

Glacial mountains are shaped by the action of frozen glaciers that move down the sides of high rocky areas, scraping away softer rocks and carrying away loose rocky material.

3. Choose ten mountains, including 2 from near where you live, and tell what each one's name is, what its height is, where it is located, and what mountain range (if any) it is a part of. Try to choose mountains from as many different countries as possible.

Part of this requirement is dependent on where you live-see links in Section 6 for ideas. "Near where you live" could be a long way away if you live in a flatter area. Some of the important and famous mountains dealt with elsewhere in this honor would be good choices for research.

4. Match each description to its correct answer:

Description	Mountain
Underwater mountain range that goes around the world (Ocean Ridge)	Aconcagua
Highest mountains of each continent (Seven Summits)	Mt. Everest
Highest mountain in South America (Aconcagua)	Himalaya
Tallest mountain on earth (Mt Everest)	Mt. Mayon
Worlds longest mountain range (Andes)	Ocean Ridge
Highest mountain in Japan (Mt Fuji)	Damavand
Highest volcano in Asia (Damavand)	Mt. McKinley
Indians call it Denali, “The Great One” (Mt McKinley)	Seven Summits
Mountain known for its “perfect cone” (Mt. Mayon)	Andes
Range with the highest mountains on earth (Himalaya)	Mt. Fuji

=> The official requirements list the answers as shown to the right for matching purposes. The correct matches are supplied in (brackets).

• The world's longest mountain chain is the Andes, about 4,350 miles (7,000 km) long. The chain stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America.

• Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in the province of Albay, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Renowned as the "perfect cone" because of its almost symmetric conical shape, Mayon forms the northern boundary of Legazpi City, the largest city in terms of population in the Bicol Region. The mountain is a national park and a protected landscape in the country proclaimed as Mayon Volcano Natural Park in the year 2000.

• The Himalayas contain the highest mountains on earth, including Everest and K2.
• The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean, making the mid-oceanic ridge system the longest mountain range in the world. The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km (40,400 mi) long (several times longer than the Andes, the longest continental mountain range), and the total length of the oceanic ridge system is 80,000 km (49,700 mi) long.[1]

• Mount Fuji (富士山 Fuji-san), located on Honshu Island, is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft).[1] An active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–08, Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south-west of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on a clear day. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped several months a year, is a well-known symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers.

• Mount McKinley, or Denali (Koyukon Athabaskan for "The High One") is the highest mountain peak in the United States and in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the U.S. state of Alaska, it is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.

• Mount Damāvand (Persian: دماوند ‎), a potentially active volcano and the highest peak in Iran, has a special place in Persian mythology and folklore. It is located in the middle Alborz Range and is the highest volcano in all of Asia. It is a potentially active volcano, since there are fumaroles near the summit crater emitting sulfur, which were known to be active on July 6, 2007. The mountain is located near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, 66 kilometres (41 miles) northeast of Tehran.

• The Seven Summits are the tallest peaks on each continent. Summiting all of them is regarded as a mountaineering challenge, first postulated as such and achieved on April 30, 1985 by Richard Bass. There is some debate over which summits are part of the 7 due to different definitions of what land is included in Europe and Australia/Oceania:

Seven Summits (sorted by continent)

Bass list	Messner list	Summit	Elevation		Continent	Range	Country	First Successful Ascent
			metres	feet
✔	✔	Kilimanjaro (Volcano Kibo: Uhuru Peak)	5,895	19,341	Africa	Kilimanjaro	Tanzania	1889
✔	✔	Vinson Massif	4,892	16,050	Antarctica	Ellsworth Mountains	N/A	1966
✔		Kosciuszko	2,228	7,310	Australia	Great Dividing Range	Australia	1840
	✔	Carstensz Pyramid (Puncak Jaya)	4,884	16,024	Australia	Maoke Mountains	Indonesia	1962
✔	✔	Everest (Chomolungma/Sagarmatha)	8,848	29,029	Asia	Himalaya	China, Nepal	1953
✔	✔	Elbrus (Minghi-Tau)	5,642	18,510	Europe	Caucasus	Russia	1874
✔	✔	Mount McKinley (Denali)	6,194	20,320	North America	Alaska Range	United States	1913
✔	✔	Aconcagua	6,961	22,837	South America	Andes	Argentina	1897

5. List at least four mountains mentioned in the Bible and tell what important events took place there:

a. Ararat

Mount Ararat (Turkish: Ağrı) is a snow-capped, dormant volcanic cone in Turkey. It has two peaks: Greater Ararat (the highest peak in Turkey, and the entire Armenian plateau with an elevation of 5,137 m/16,854 ft) and Lesser Ararat (with an elevation of 3,896 m/12,782 ft).

The Ararat massif is about 40 km (25 mi) in diameter. The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif. It was in this area that, by the Tehran Convention of 1932, a border change was made in Turkey's favour, allowing it to occupy the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat.

Mount Ararat in Judeo-Christian tradition is associated with the "Mountains of Ararat" where, according to the book of Genesis, Noah's ark came to rest. All humans and animals dispersed from the ark at Ararat after the flood. It is also likely where the rainbow promise was given. See Genesis 8:4 The Mountains of Ararat refer to a region, not necessarily a specific peak.[2]

Various expeditions and efforts with overhead photography have been and continue to be mounted to identify Noah's Ark remains in the region, but to date no credible finds have been made.[3]

Mt Ararat also plays a significant role in Armenian culture and nationalism. The mountain can be seen on the Coat of arms of Armenia and on some of the country's banknotes.

b. Mt. Carmel

Elijah offered sacrifices to God in front of King Ahab’s prophets of Baal on this mountain. 1 Kings 18:20

According to the Books of Kings, Elisha traveled to Carmel straight after cursing a group of young men because they had mocked him and the ascension of Elijah by jeering, "Go on up, bald man!" After this, bears came out of the forest and killed 42 of them. This does not necessarily imply that Elisha had sought asylum there from any potential backlash, although the description in the Book of Amos, of the location being a refuge, is dated by textual scholars to be earlier than the accounts of Elisha in the Book of Kings,[11][12] and according to Strabo it had continued to be a place of refuge until at least the first century.

According to Epiphanius, and Josephus, Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the Essenes that came from a place in Galilee named Nazareth; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as Nazareans, they are not to be confused with the "Nazarene" sect, which followed the teachings of Jesus, but associated with the Pharisees. Members of the modern American groups claiming to be Essenes, but viewed by scholars as having no ties to the historical group,[16] treat Mount Carmel as having great religious significance on account of the protection it afforded to the historic Essene group.

During World War I, Mount Carmel played a significant strategic role. The (20th century) Battle of Megiddo took place at the head of a pass through the Carmel Ridge, which overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the south. General Allenby led the British in the battle, which was the turning point in the war against the Ottoman Empire. The Jezreel Valley had played host to many battles before, including the very historically significant Battle of Megiddo between the Egyptians and Canaanites, but it was only in the 20th century battle that the Carmel Ridge itself played a significant part, due to the developments in munitions.

In ancient Canaanite culture, high places were frequently considered to be sacred, and Mount Carmel appears to have been no exception; Thutmose III lists a holy headland among his Canaanite territories, and if this equates to Carmel, as Egyptologists such as Maspero believe, then it would indicate that the mountain headland was considered sacred from at least the 15th century BC. According to the Books of Kings, there was an altar to God on the mountain, which had fallen into ruin by the time of Ahab, but Elijah built a new one. Iamblichus describes Pythagoras visiting the mountain on account of its reputation for sacredness, stating that it was the most holy of all mountains, and access was forbidden to many, while Tacitus states that there was an oracle situated there, which Vespasian visited for a consultation; Tacitus states that there was an altar there, but without any image upon it, and without a temple around it.

In mainstream Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thought, Elijah is indelibly associated with the mountain, and he is regarded as having sometimes resided in a grotto on the mountain. Indeed, one name for Mount Carmel is جبل مار إلياس Jabal Mar Elyas Mount Saint Elias. In the Books of Kings, Elijah challenges 450 prophets of a particular Baal to a contest at the altar on Mount Carmel to determine whose deity was genuinely in control of the Kingdom of Israel; since the narrative is set during the rule of Ahab and his association with the Phoenicians, biblical scholars suspect that the Baal in question was probably Melqart.

According to the Bible in 1 Kings 18, the challenge was to see which deity could light a sacrifice by fire. After the prophets of Baal had failed to achieve this, Elijah had water poured on his sacrifice to saturate the altar and then he prayed; fire fell and consumed the sacrifice, wood, stones, soil, and water which prompted the Israelite witnesses to proclaim, "The LORD, He is God! The LORD, He is God!". In the account, Elijah announced the end to a long drought; clouds gathered, the sky turned black, and it rained heavily.

Though there is no biblical reason to assume that the account of Elijah's victory refers to any particular part of Mount Carmel, Islamic tradition places it at a point known as El-Maharrakah, meaning the burning.

c. Mt. Sinai

God gave the ten commandments to Moses on this mountain. Exodus 19: 23 – 20: 3-17 and the Israelite camped there, offering to the golden calf. Moses also may have encountered the burning bush at or near Mt Sinai before the Exodus.

The location of Mt. Sinai is disputed by some scholars and the location is also called Mount Horeb. The traditional location is toward the southern end of the Sinai peninsula in modern Egypt but some advocate several other possible locations in the Sinai desert or modern Saudi Arabia.

d. Mt. Nebo

Mount Nebo (Arabic: جبل نيبو‎, Jabal Nibu. Hebrew: הַר נְבוֹ‎, Har Nevo, ) is an elevated ridge in Jordan, approximately 817 meters (2680 feet) above sea level, named in the Bible as the place where Moses was granted a view of the Promised Land that he would never enter and where Moses died. The view from the summit provides a panorama of the Holy Land and, to the north, a more limited one of the valley of the River Jordan. The West Bank city of Jericho is usually visible from the summit, as is Jerusalem on a very clear day.

""Then Moses climbed Mount Nebo from the plains of Moab to the top of Pisgah, across from Jericho. There the Lord showed him the whole land—from Gilead to Dan, 2 all of Naphtali, the territory of Ephraim and Manasseh, all the land of Judah as far as the Mediterranean Sea, 3 the Negev and the whole region from the Valley of Jericho, the City of Palms, as far as Zoar. 4 Then the Lord said to him, “This is the land I promised on oath to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob when I said, ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I have let you see it with your eyes, but you will not cross over into it. 5 And Moses the servant of the Lord died there in Moab, as the Lord had said. 6 He buried him[a] in Moab, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, but to this day no one knows where his grave is."" Deut 34:1-6 NIV

According to Christian and Muslim tradition, Moses was buried on the mountain, although his place of burial is not specified. Scholars continue to dispute whether the mountain currently known as Nebo is the same as the mountain referred to in the Torah.

According to 2 Maccabees 2:4–7, the Prophet Jeremiah hid the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant in a cave there. Maccabees is not accepted by Adventists (or most Protestants) as Holy Scripture but it is a historical document.

Planned attacks by Osama bin Laden in the 2000 millennium attack plots included bombing Mount Nebo on 1 January 2000.

The serpentine cross sculpture (the Brazen Serpent Monument) atop Mount Nebo was created by Italian artist Giovanni Fantoni. It is symbolic of the bronze serpent created by Moses in the wilderness (Numbers 21:4–9) and the cross upon which Jesus was crucified (John 3:14).

The remains of a church dating from the second half of the 4th century were found on the summit of Mt Nebo in 1933.

6. Do the following activity:

a. Visit a mountain, and tell about your experience in one of these ways:

A useful list of mountains in the USA and it's territories [4] and for Canada [5] can be found on Wikipedia. Bermuda has no mountains. See the next section for areas without mountains. Another good reason to visit a mountain might be to fulfill requirements for the Skiing Downhill Honor.

i. Tell someone a story about your visit

Consider using this story to fulfill one of the required stories in the Christian Storytelling Honor.

ii. Write a narrative story about your visit

This will require some research for details, and is something that could be put in a blog post.

iii. Make a video or Powerpoint presentation about your visit

Google Docs Presentation is a free alternative tool that is compatible with Powerpoint.

iv. Make a picture scrapbook about your visit (this may be a group project)

An electronic way to fulfill this requirement would be a webpage(s) or blog post. Perhaps this could be sent out as a report in your church or school newsletter, or as part of a Pathfinder Club blog.

Meeting this requirement could do double duty for meeting the major project in the Scrapbooking honor.

b. If there is NOT a mountain in your state/province, you may watch a video about mountains.

There are a number of places in the world with no mountains, though the exact definition of ""what makes a mountain"" drives the exact list. Using the 1000 ft from base standard:

• In Canada there are no true mountains in the Provinces of Saskatchewan or Prince Edward Island.
• In the United States these states lack any land over 1000 ft : Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Rhode Island and the District of Columbia. To this list you could add states that have no local elevation difference of more than 1,000 ft (called a prominence - a rise above the surrounding terrain): Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Wisconsin. (17 total states without mountains)
• The highest elevation in Bermuda is 43m, which is definitely not a mountain!
• The highest point of the Netherlands is only 321m, and that spot is actually the three-country point with Belgium and Germany. As one Dutch person said "So, not only is it barely a hill, we managed to share the thing with two other countries!"
• Highest point in The Gambia is Red Rock (53 m or 175 ft), which is not very much of a hike.
• Kuwait is pretty flat, with the highest point in its desert terrain being Mutla Ridge (306 m or 1,004 ft)
• Guinea-Bissau is a fairly large country but its highest point is an unnamed location on only 300 m or 984 ft above sea level.
• Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia lack mountains, with the hills reaching just over 1000 ft at best.
• An extreme example is The Maldives where the best view is found at 2.4 m or 7.9 ft above sea level. Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Spratly Islands, Tuvalu, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Tokelau, and the Marshall Islands all top out at or under 10 m high for natural land height.

This sortable list shows elevation extremes by country.

NOTE: It is not clear if you need to do one (as in a.) or all three of these things. Perhaps because you don't need to travel, doing all three would be most appropriate.

i. summarize the video

This requirement could be done as part of requirement ii.

ii. Create a multimedia presentation about the video

Microsoft's Powerpoint is a popular program that allows incorporation of visuals, text, video, and audio. Google Docs Presentation is a free alternative tool that is compatible with Powerpoint.

iii. Create a 3-D model of a mountain/volcano and demonstrate its eruption.

This could be the funnest part of the honor. There are many variations on this popular grade school science project. An example video is found here [6]. or search YouTube for alternative methods.

7. Choose one of the following verses about mountains and recite it:

a. Psalm 90:2

Before the mountains were brought forth,

Or ever You had formed the earth and the world,

Even from everlasting to everlasting, You are God.
— Psalm 90:2 (NKJV)

b. Isaiah 52:7

How beautiful upon the mountains

Are the feet of him who brings good news,
Who proclaims peace,
Who brings glad tidings of good things,
Who proclaims salvation,
Who says to Zion,

“Your God reigns!”
— Isaiah 52:7 (NKJV)

c. Isaiah 55:12

“For you shall go out with joy,

And be led out with peace;
The mountains and the hills
Shall break forth into singing before you,

And all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.
— Isaiah 55:12 (NKJV)

8. Create a game or activity based on the terminology and mountains learned about in this honor.

This could be a trivia style game patterned after Trivial Pursuit or Jeopardy! but the idea is to get creative and have fun!

Additional fun facts

Although Mount Everest is the point with the highest elevation above sea level on the Earth, it is not the summit that is farthest from the Earth's center. Because of the equatorial bulge, the summit of Mount Chimborazo in the Andies is the point on the Earth that is farthest from the center, and is about 2168 m farther from the Earth's center than the summit of Everest. The second farthest summit, Huascaran (also in the Andes), is only about 10 meters closer to the Earth's center.

Summit	Distance from Earth's center	Elevation above sea level m	Latitude	Country
Chimborazo	6384.4 km	6267m	1°28'9"S	Ecuador
Huascaran	6384.4 km	6768 m	9°7′17″S	Peru
Yerupajá	6384.3 km	6655 m	10°16′01″S	Peru
Cotopaxi	6,384.1 km	5897 m	0°40′50″S	Ecuador
Huandoy	6384.0 km	6395 m	9°01′38″S	Peru
Kilimanjaro (Kibo Summit)	6384.0 km	5895 m	3°4′33″S	Tanzania