Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Home Nursing/Answer Key"
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| − | + | '''Hand washing''' is the act of [[cleaning|cleansing]] the [[hand]]s with [[water]] or other [[liquid]], with or without the use of [[soap]] or other [[detergent]]s, for the purpose of removing [[soil]] or [[microorganism]]s. | |
| − | + | ==Purpose== | |
| + | The main purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of [[pathogen]]s (including [[bacterium|bacteria]] or [[virus]]es) and chemicals which can cause disease. This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field. With the emergence of infectious agents ("germs") that are [[antibiotic resistance|resistant to antibiotics]], hand washing is taking on new urgency, as the use of antibiotics and even hand washing with antibiotic soap have favored the [[natural selection]] of more resistant bacteria. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Personal hand washing== |
| − | + | {{Cleanup-verify}} | |
| + | To maintain good [[hygiene]], hands should always be washed after using the toilet, changing a diaper or tending to someone who is sick; before eating; before handling or cooking food and after handling raw meat, fish or poultry. Conventionally, the use of soap and running water and the washing of all surfaces thoroughly, including under fingernails is seen as necessary. One should rub wet, soapy hands together outside the stream of running water for at least 20 seconds, before rinsing thoroughly and then drying with a clean or disposable towel. After drying a dry paper towel should be used to turn off water and open exit door. Moisturizing [[lotion]] is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out, should ones hands require washing more than a few times per day. | ||
| − | + | Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public. However, these soaps (usually containing [[triclosan]] as the antibacterial agent) are rarely necessary in a personal, non-health care setting, and can increase the prevalence of [[antibiotic resistance|antibiotic-resistant bacteria]] just as antibiotics can{{fact}}. These soaps are quite different from the non-water-based hand hygiene agents referred to below, which do not promote [[antibiotic resistance]]. | |
| − | The | + | ==Medical hand washing== |
| + | The purpose of hand washing in the health care setting is to remove or destroy (disinfect) [[pathogens|pathogenic microrganisms]] ("germs" in common parlance) to avoid transmitting them to a patient. Water alone is fairly effective, simply by removing many agents loosely adherent to the skin. Ordinary soap aids in removal and also helps to kill [[pathogens]]. Other "medicated" soaps or hand disinfectants are used in certain settings when higher levels of disinfection are required, e.g. surgery (see below). | ||
| − | + | The proper washing of hands in a [[medicine|medical]] setting generally consists of the use of generous amounts of soap and water to lather and rub each part of ones hands systematically. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush is often used to remove it. Finally, it is necessary to rinse well and wipe dry with a paper towel. After drying, a dry paper towel should be used to turn off water and open exit door. | |
| − | + | To ''''scrub'''' one's hands for a [[surgery|surgical operation]], one requires a tap that can be turned on and off without touching with the hands, some [[chlorhexidine]] or [[iodine]] wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. All jewellery should be removed. This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbows, and one must in this situation ensure that all parts of the hands and forearms are well scrubbed several times. When rinsing, it is ensured at all times that one does not allow water to drip back from the elbow to your hands. When done hands are dried with the sterile cloth and the surgical gown is donned. | |
| − | + | In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, non-water-based hand hygiene agents began to gain popularity. Most are based on [[isopropyl alcohol]] formulated into a gel or lotion for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol. The increasing use of these agents is based on speed and ease of use—it's easier to do a good job quickly with these agents than with soap and water. Used properly, soap and water are as good as the non-water-based agents. | |
| + | Of note: the non-water agents don't clean, they simply disinfect. If visible soiling of any sort is present on the hands, they need to be washed with soap and water. The alcohol-based disinfectants are not effective in the presence of large amounts (i.e. visible amounts) of extraneous material. | ||
| − | + | ==Hand washing as compensation== | |
| − | + | Excessive hand washing is commonly seen as a symptom of [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] (OCD). | |
| − | + | It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more. Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.<ref>Benedict Carey. Lady Macbeth Not Alone in Her Quest for Spotlessness. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12 September 2006</ref><ref>Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist. [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/313/5792/1451?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Liljenquist&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing]. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]], 8 September 2006: | |
| + | Vol. 313. no. 5792, pp. 1451 - 1452</ref> | ||
| − | * | + | ==Symbolic hand washing== |
| + | {{main|ablution}} | ||
| + | *[[Ablution]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] | ||
| + | *[[Ablution in Judaism]] | ||
| + | *[[Wudu]] in [[Islam]] | ||
| + | *[[Ablution]] in the [[Bahá'í Faith]] | ||
| + | *[[Ablution]] in [[Hinduism]] | ||
| + | *[[Misogi]] in [[Shintoism]] | ||
| − | + | ==Idioms== | |
| − | + | When someone "washes their hands of" something, this means that they are declaring their unwillingness to take responsibility for it or share complicity in it. [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 27:24 gives an account of [[Pontius Pilate]] washing his hands of the decision to crucify [[Jesus]]: "When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it." | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | *[[ | + | * [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|E. coli O157:H7]] |
| − | + | * [[Antibiotic resistance]] | |
| − | + | * [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] | |
| + | * [[Soap dispenser]] | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | <references/> | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | * [http://www. | + | * [http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/Patients/handwashing.html Alliance for Prudent Use of Antibiotics on hand washing] |
| − | *[http://www. | + | * [http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/ Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings] |
| − | + | *[http://www.healthrattle.com/cleanhands/ Washing your hands proceedure video] | |
| − | + | * [http://www.handwashingfacts.com Handwashingfacts.com] | |
| − | [ | + | *[http://www.washyourhands.tv Videos examining people washing their hands in public restrooms] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Hygiene]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Medical hygiene]] |
| − | |||
| − | [[de: | + | [[de:Händedesinfektion]] |
| − | [[ | + | [[simple:Hand washing]] |
Revision as of 17:48, 8 October 2006
Hand washing is the act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the use of soap or other detergents, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms.
Purpose
The main purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (including bacteria or viruses) and chemicals which can cause disease. This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field. With the emergence of infectious agents ("germs") that are resistant to antibiotics, hand washing is taking on new urgency, as the use of antibiotics and even hand washing with antibiotic soap have favored the natural selection of more resistant bacteria.
Personal hand washing
Template:Cleanup-verify To maintain good hygiene, hands should always be washed after using the toilet, changing a diaper or tending to someone who is sick; before eating; before handling or cooking food and after handling raw meat, fish or poultry. Conventionally, the use of soap and running water and the washing of all surfaces thoroughly, including under fingernails is seen as necessary. One should rub wet, soapy hands together outside the stream of running water for at least 20 seconds, before rinsing thoroughly and then drying with a clean or disposable towel. After drying a dry paper towel should be used to turn off water and open exit door. Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out, should ones hands require washing more than a few times per day.
Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public. However, these soaps (usually containing triclosan as the antibacterial agent) are rarely necessary in a personal, non-health care setting, and can increase the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria just as antibiotics canTemplate:Fact. These soaps are quite different from the non-water-based hand hygiene agents referred to below, which do not promote antibiotic resistance.
Medical hand washing
The purpose of hand washing in the health care setting is to remove or destroy (disinfect) pathogenic microrganisms ("germs" in common parlance) to avoid transmitting them to a patient. Water alone is fairly effective, simply by removing many agents loosely adherent to the skin. Ordinary soap aids in removal and also helps to kill pathogens. Other "medicated" soaps or hand disinfectants are used in certain settings when higher levels of disinfection are required, e.g. surgery (see below).
The proper washing of hands in a medical setting generally consists of the use of generous amounts of soap and water to lather and rub each part of ones hands systematically. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush is often used to remove it. Finally, it is necessary to rinse well and wipe dry with a paper towel. After drying, a dry paper towel should be used to turn off water and open exit door.
To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, one requires a tap that can be turned on and off without touching with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. All jewellery should be removed. This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbows, and one must in this situation ensure that all parts of the hands and forearms are well scrubbed several times. When rinsing, it is ensured at all times that one does not allow water to drip back from the elbow to your hands. When done hands are dried with the sterile cloth and the surgical gown is donned.
In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, non-water-based hand hygiene agents began to gain popularity. Most are based on isopropyl alcohol formulated into a gel or lotion for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol. The increasing use of these agents is based on speed and ease of use—it's easier to do a good job quickly with these agents than with soap and water. Used properly, soap and water are as good as the non-water-based agents. Of note: the non-water agents don't clean, they simply disinfect. If visible soiling of any sort is present on the hands, they need to be washed with soap and water. The alcohol-based disinfectants are not effective in the presence of large amounts (i.e. visible amounts) of extraneous material.
Hand washing as compensation
Excessive hand washing is commonly seen as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more. Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other "cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.&&
Symbolic hand washing
- Ablution in the Hebrew Bible
- Ablution in Judaism
- Wudu in Islam
- Ablution in the Bahá'í Faith
- Ablution in Hinduism
- Misogi in Shintoism
Idioms
When someone "washes their hands of" something, this means that they are declaring their unwillingness to take responsibility for it or share complicity in it. Matthew 27:24 gives an account of Pontius Pilate washing his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus: "When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it."
See also
References
- ↑ Benedict Carey. Lady Macbeth Not Alone in Her Quest for Spotlessness. The New York Times, 12 September 2006
- ↑ Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist. Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing. Science, 8 September 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5792, pp. 1451 - 1452
