Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Māori Lore/Answer Key"

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A '''Powhiri''' is a [[Māori]] welcoming [[ceremony]] involving speeches, singing and [[hongi]].
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[[Image:Hawaiiancanoe.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A Hawaiian canoe of the traditional Polynesian type]]Various [[Māori mythology|Māori traditions]] recount how their ancestors set out from a mythical homeland in great ocean-going canoes. Some of these traditions name the homeland as [[Hawaiki]].  
  
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A powhiri is not "performed" for every group of manuhiri (visitor) who go onto a marae. It is often reserved for special visitors or for tupapaku (the arrival of the body of the deceased) for a tangihanga (funeral). On some occasions the powhiri begins before the karanga (the call), at other times it begins after the karanga has started. At some point the karanga and the powhiri will be taking place at the same time. For the powhiri, the kai karanga (female caller) usually stands to the side and slightly to the front of the remander of the tangata whenua (hosts). Those who take part in the powhiri include elders and young people (men/women). After the manuhiri (guests) and tangata whenua are seated both sides will have speakers, beginning with the tangata whenua. The ceremonial tapu (sacred) is lifted when tangata whenua and manuhiri make physical contact (hariru, hongi etc.)
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Among these is the story of [[Kupe]], who had eloped with [[Kuramarotini]], the wife of [[Hoturapa]], the owner of the great canoe [[Matahourua]], whom Kupe had murdered. To escape punishment for the murder, Kupe and Kura fled in Matahourua and discovered a land he called [[Aotearoa]] ('long-white-cloud'). He explored its coast and killed the sea monster [[Te Wheke-a-Muturangi]], finally returning to his home to spread news of his newly discovered land.<ref>However according to K.R. Howe in ''Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand'', "Kupe was not a well-known figure in tradition" and his position as the discover of New Zealand is "a fabrication". See [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/5/en Ideas of Māori origins, 1920s-2000, New Understanding].</ref>
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from Te Marae: a guide to customs and protocol
 
  
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http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/culture/powhiri/powhiri-introduction.cfm
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Other stories of various other tribes report migrations to escape famine, over-population, and warfare. These were made in legendary canoes, the best known of which are [[Aotea (canoe)|Aotea]], [[Arawa]], [[Kurahaupō]], [[Mataatua]], [[Tainui (canoe)|Tainui]], [[Tākitimu]],  and [[Tokomaru (canoe)|Tokomaru]]. Various traditions name numerous other canoes. Some, including the [[Āraiteuru]], are well known; others including the ''Kirauta'' and the sacred [[Arahura]] and [[Mahangaatuamatua]] are little known. Rather than arriving in a single fleet, the journeys may have occurred over several centuries.
  
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[[Category:Māori|Powhiri]]
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==The "great fleet" hypothesis==
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[[Category:New Zealand culture|Powhiri]]
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An important early collector and preserver of Maori traditions was the surveyor and ethnologist [[Stephenson Percy Smith]].  He believed that while the Polynesian traditions may have been flawed in detail, they preserved the threads of truth which could be recovered using a method already well established for Hawaiian traditions by Fornander (1878-1885). This method involved seeking out common elements of tradition from different sources, and aligning these to genealogies to give a time frame for the events. [[Abraham Fornander]], Smith, and others used this method to reconstruct the migrations of the Polynesians, tracing them back to a supposed ancient homeland in India.
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S. Percy Smith used the Fornander method, combining disparate traditions from various parts of New Zealand and other parts of Polynesia, to derive a now discredited version of Māori migration to New Zealand -- the 'Great Fleet' hypothesis. Through an examination of the genealogies of various tribes, he came up with a set of precise dates for his 'Great Fleet' and the explorers that he and others posited as having paved the way for the fleet.
  
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According to Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, "Smith’s account went as follows. In 750 AD the Polynesian explorer Kupe discovered an uninhabited New Zealand. Then in 1000–1100 AD, the Polynesian explorers Toi and Whātonga visited New Zealand, and found it inhabited by a primitive, nomadic people known as the Moriori. Finally, in 1350 AD a ‘great fleet’ of seven canoes – Aotea, Kurahaupō, Mataatua, Tainui, Tokomaru, Te Arawa and Tākitimu – all departed from the Tahitian region at the same time, bringing the people now known as Māori to New Zealand. These were advanced, warlike, agricultural tribes who destroyed the Moriori"<ref> See [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/en Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Ideas of Māori Origins]</ref>
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The great fleet scenario won general acceptance, its adherents even including the famous Māori ethnologist [[Te Rangi Hiroa]] (Sir Peter Buck), and was taught in New Zealand schools. However it was effectively demolished during the 1960s by the ethnologist David Simmons, who showed that it derived from an incomplete and indiscriminate study of Māori tradition as recorded in the 19th Century. Simmons also suggests that some of these 'migrations' may actually have been journeys within New Zealand. <ref>Howe puts it more strongly, stating that Smith's great fleet was "a fabrication", and that Simmons "also demonstrated that Smith manipulated tradition and other evidence to produce the story he wanted" [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/5/en Ideas of Māori origins, 1920s-2000, New Understanding].</ref>
  
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{{culture-stub}}
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???[[Māori]]
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*[[Māori culture]]
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*[[Polynesia#Polynesian navigation|Polynesian navigation]]
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==External links==
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*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/en Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Ideas of Māori Origins]
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*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/CanoeTraditions/1/en Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: The meaning of canoe traditions]
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*[http://www.maori.info/maori_history.htm maori.info] Useful summary of the mythical and historical origin of the Māori of New Zealand
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==Notes==
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<references/>
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==References==
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*R.D. Craig, <i>Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology</i> (Greenwood Press: New York) 1989, 24-26.
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*A. Fornander, <i>An Account of the Polynesian Race</i> 3 volumes. (London: Kegan Paul), 1878-1885.
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*T. R. Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck), <i>The Coming of the Maori</i>. Second Edition. First Published 1949. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs) 1974.
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*K. R. Howe, 'Ideas of Māori origins', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 3-Apr-2006. URL: [http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/en www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/en]
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*G. Irwin, <i>The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific</i>. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) 1992.
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*D.R. Simmons, <i>The Great New Zealand Myth: a study of the discovery and origin traditions of the Maori</i> (Reed: Wellington) 1976.
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*S.P. Smith, <i>History and Traditions of the Maoris of the W. Coast, North Island, New Zealand</i> (New Plymouth: Polynesian Society) 1910.
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*R. Walter, R. Moeka'a, <i> History and Traditions of Rarotonga by Te Ariki Tara 'Are</i>, (Auckland: The Polynesian Society) 2000, viii.
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[[Category:Māori mythology|Maori migration canoes]]

Revision as of 22:48, 17 September 2006

File:Hawaiiancanoe.jpg
A Hawaiian canoe of the traditional Polynesian type

Various Māori traditions recount how their ancestors set out from a mythical homeland in great ocean-going canoes. Some of these traditions name the homeland as Hawaiki.

Among these is the story of Kupe, who had eloped with Kuramarotini, the wife of Hoturapa, the owner of the great canoe Matahourua, whom Kupe had murdered. To escape punishment for the murder, Kupe and Kura fled in Matahourua and discovered a land he called Aotearoa ('long-white-cloud'). He explored its coast and killed the sea monster Te Wheke-a-Muturangi, finally returning to his home to spread news of his newly discovered land.&

Other stories of various other tribes report migrations to escape famine, over-population, and warfare. These were made in legendary canoes, the best known of which are Aotea, Arawa, Kurahaupō, Mataatua, Tainui, Tākitimu, and Tokomaru. Various traditions name numerous other canoes. Some, including the Āraiteuru, are well known; others including the Kirauta and the sacred Arahura and Mahangaatuamatua are little known. Rather than arriving in a single fleet, the journeys may have occurred over several centuries.

The "great fleet" hypothesis

An important early collector and preserver of Maori traditions was the surveyor and ethnologist Stephenson Percy Smith. He believed that while the Polynesian traditions may have been flawed in detail, they preserved the threads of truth which could be recovered using a method already well established for Hawaiian traditions by Fornander (1878-1885). This method involved seeking out common elements of tradition from different sources, and aligning these to genealogies to give a time frame for the events. Abraham Fornander, Smith, and others used this method to reconstruct the migrations of the Polynesians, tracing them back to a supposed ancient homeland in India.

S. Percy Smith used the Fornander method, combining disparate traditions from various parts of New Zealand and other parts of Polynesia, to derive a now discredited version of Māori migration to New Zealand -- the 'Great Fleet' hypothesis. Through an examination of the genealogies of various tribes, he came up with a set of precise dates for his 'Great Fleet' and the explorers that he and others posited as having paved the way for the fleet.

According to Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, "Smith’s account went as follows. In 750 AD the Polynesian explorer Kupe discovered an uninhabited New Zealand. Then in 1000–1100 AD, the Polynesian explorers Toi and Whātonga visited New Zealand, and found it inhabited by a primitive, nomadic people known as the Moriori. Finally, in 1350 AD a ‘great fleet’ of seven canoes – Aotea, Kurahaupō, Mataatua, Tainui, Tokomaru, Te Arawa and Tākitimu – all departed from the Tahitian region at the same time, bringing the people now known as Māori to New Zealand. These were advanced, warlike, agricultural tribes who destroyed the Moriori"& The great fleet scenario won general acceptance, its adherents even including the famous Māori ethnologist Te Rangi Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck), and was taught in New Zealand schools. However it was effectively demolished during the 1960s by the ethnologist David Simmons, who showed that it derived from an incomplete and indiscriminate study of Māori tradition as recorded in the 19th Century. Simmons also suggests that some of these 'migrations' may actually have been journeys within New Zealand. &

???Māori

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ However according to K.R. Howe in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, "Kupe was not a well-known figure in tradition" and his position as the discover of New Zealand is "a fabrication". See Ideas of Māori origins, 1920s-2000, New Understanding.
  2. ↑ See Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Ideas of Māori Origins
  3. ↑ Howe puts it more strongly, stating that Smith's great fleet was "a fabrication", and that Simmons "also demonstrated that Smith manipulated tradition and other evidence to produce the story he wanted" Ideas of Māori origins, 1920s-2000, New Understanding.

References

  • R.D. Craig, Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology (Greenwood Press: New York) 1989, 24-26.
  • A. Fornander, An Account of the Polynesian Race 3 volumes. (London: Kegan Paul), 1878-1885.
  • T. R. Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck), The Coming of the Maori. Second Edition. First Published 1949. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs) 1974.
  • K. R. Howe, 'Ideas of Māori origins', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 3-Apr-2006. URL: www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/IdeasOfMaoriOrigins/en
  • G. Irwin, The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) 1992.
  • D.R. Simmons, The Great New Zealand Myth: a study of the discovery and origin traditions of the Maori (Reed: Wellington) 1976.
  • S.P. Smith, History and Traditions of the Maoris of the W. Coast, North Island, New Zealand (New Plymouth: Polynesian Society) 1910.
  • R. Walter, R. Moeka'a, History and Traditions of Rarotonga by Te Ariki Tara 'Are, (Auckland: The Polynesian Society) 2000, viii.
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