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| − | Fishkeeping is a popular [[hobby]] concerned with keeping [[fish]] in the home [[aquarium]] or garden [[pond]].
| + | {{Taxobox | color = pink |
| − | | + | | name = ''Poecilia sphenops'' |
| − | == Types of fishkeeping ==
| + | | image = Molinezje black molly.JPG |
| − | | + | | image_caption = ''Poecilia sphenops'' |
| − | The hobby can be broadly divided into three specific disciplines, [[freshwater]], [[brackish water|brackish]], and [[sea|marine]] (also called saltwater) fishkeeping. '''Freshwater fishkeeping''' is by far the most popular branch of the hobby, with even small pet stores often selling a variety of freshwater fish, such as [[goldfish]], [[guppy|guppies]], and [[freshwater angelfish|angelfish]]. While most freshwater aquaria are set up as [[community tank|'''community tanks''']] containing a variety of peaceful species, many aquarists keep single-species aquaria with a view to breeding. [[Live-bearing aquarium fish|Livebearing]] fish such as mollies and guppies are among the species that are most easily raised in captivity, but aquarists also regularly breed numerous other species, including many types of [[cichlid]], [[catfish]], [[characin]], and [[killifish]].
| + | | regnum = [[Animal|Animalia]] |
| − | | + | | phylum = [[Chordata]] |
| − | [[image:aquarium6.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A freshwater aquarium.]]
| + | | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
| − | | + | | ordo = [[Cyprinodontiformes]] |
| − | '''Marine aquaria''' are generally more difficult to maintain and the livestock is significantly more expensive, and as a result this branch of the hobby tends to attract more experienced fishkeepers. However, marine aquaria can be exceedingly beautiful, due to the attractive colours and shapes of the [[corals]] and [[coral reef]] fish kept in them. Temperate zone marine fish are not as commonly kept in home aquaria, primarily because they do not do well at room temperature. An aquarium containing these coldwater species usually needs to be either located in a cool room (such as an unheated basement) or else chilled using a [[refrigeration]] device known as a 'chiller'.
| + | | familia = [[Poeciliidae]] |
| − | | + | | genus = ''[[Poecilia]]'' |
| − | '''Brackish water aquaria''' combine elements of both marine and freshwater fishkeeping, reflecting the fact that these aquaria contain water with a salinity in between that of freshwater and seawater. Fish kept in brackish water aquaria come from habitats with varying salinity, such as [[mangroves]] and [[estuaries]] and do not do well if permanently kept in freshwater aquaria. Although brackish water aquaria are not overly familiar to newcomers to the hobby, a surprising number of species prefer brackish water conditions, including the [[Poecilia|mollies]], many [[gobies]], some [[pufferfish]], [[Monodactylidae|monos]], [[Scatophagidae|scats]], and virtually all the [[Soleidae|freshwater soles]]. | + | | species = '''''P. sphenops''''' |
| − | | + | | binomial = ''Poecilia sphenops'' |
| − | Fishkeepers are often known as '''aquarists''', since many of them are not solely interested in keeping fish. Many fishkeepers create freshwater aquaria where the focus is on the [[aquatic plants]] rather than on the fish. Though known as the 'Dutch Aquarium' in some circles, in reference to the pioneering work carried out by European aquarists in designing these sorts of aquaria. In recent years, one of the most active advocates of the heavily planted aquarium is the Japanese aquarist [[Takashi Amano]]. Marine aquarists very often attempt to recreate the coral reef in their aquaria using large quantities of [[living rock]], porous calcareous rocks encrusted with algae, sponges, worms, and other small marine organisms. Larger corals as well as shrimps, crabs, echinoderms, and molluscs are added later on, once the aquarium has matured, as well as a variety of small fish. Such aquaria are sometimes called '[[reef tank]]s'.
| + | | binomial_authority = ([[Achille_Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], [[1846]]) |
| − | | + | }} |
| − | Garden ponds are in some ways similar to freshwater aquaria, but are usually much larger and exposed to the ambient climatic conditions. In the tropics, tropical fish can be kept in garden ponds, but in the cooler regions [[temperate zone]] species such as goldfish, [[koi]], and [[orfe]] are kept instead.
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| − | == The origins of fishkeeping == | |
| − | Fish have been raised as food in pools and ponds for thousands of years. In Medieval Europe, [[carp]] pools were a standard feature of estates and monasteries, providing an alternative to meat on [[Calendar of saints|feast days]] when meat could not be eaten for religious reasons. Similarly, throughout Asia there is a long history of stocking [[rice paddies]] with freshwater fish suitable for eating, including various types of catfish and cyprinid. Particularly brightly coloured or tame specimens of fish in these pools have sometimes been valued as pets rather than food, and some of these have given rise to completely domesticated varieties, most notably the goldfish and the koi carp, which have their origins in China and Japan respectively.
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| − | Marine fish have been similarly valued for centuries, and many wealthy [[ancient Rome|Romans]] kept [[lamprey]]s and other fish in salt water pools. [[Cicero]] reports that the [[advocate]] [[Hortensius |Quintus Hortensius]] wept when a favoured specimen died, while [[Tertullian]] reports that Asinius Celer paid 8000 [[sesterces]] for a particularly fine [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]].[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/ram/romanway_20020614.ram]
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| − | == Modern fishkeeping ==
| + | '''''Poecilia sphenops''''' is a species of fish, of the genus ''[[Poecilia]]'', known under the common name '''Molly'''. They inhabit the coastal brackish and marine waters of Mexico. |
| − | Although some tropical fish were kept in gas-heated tanks in [[Victorian times]], tropical fishkeeping only really became popular from the 1930s onwards when devices like electric heaters and inexpensive glass aquaria became available. Air transportation has also made it possible for fish to be imported from many parts of the world rapidly and inexpensively. As a result, aquarists are routinely offered large numbers of freshwater fish collected from South America, South East Asia, and East Africa. However, the majority of freshwater fish sold to aquarists are commercially bred, primarily in South East Asia and Florida.
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| − | Marine fish are not easily bred in captivity, and only a few species, most notably [[seahorses]] and [[clownfish]] are farm-raised. Most are collected from coral reefs, in particular from South East Asia, the Red Sea, and the Caribbean.
| + | This species is one of the ancestors of the Black Dolly, a [[melanism|melanistic]] breed which is black all over. It is one of the most well-known aquarium fishes and nearly as easy to keep and prolific as guppies (for optimal health and breeding success, they demand fresh vegetable food like algae). There are several other popular breeds, like the golden molly nicknamed "24 [[karat]]", or the balloon molly, which however has a deformed spine and a decreased lifespan due to the associated health problems. Also, breeds with altered caudal fin structures like lyretails exist. The wild form is in fact quite rarely kept, as it has a rather plain silvery coloration suffused with brown and green hues. If given good care with ample sunlight, high water temperatures and fresh vegetables, they will, however, prove charming fish who make up for their somewhat plain coloration with their lively behavior. |
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| − | ==The Fishkeeping Industry==
| + | The common molly can produce fertile hybrids with many ''Poecilia'' species, most importantly the [[sailfin molly]]. In the case of black hybrids, they are called Midnight Molly. These are very popular due to their impressive dorsal fins, but require a bit more attention and have a somewhat decreased lifespan. |
| − | Worldwide, the fishkeeping hobby is a multi-million dollar industry, and the [[United States]] is considered the largest market in the world, followed by [[Europe]] and [[Japan]]. In [[1994]], 56% of U.S. households had pets, and 10.6% owned ornamental freshwater or saltwater fish, with an average of 8.8 fish per household. In [[1993]], the retail value of the fish hobby in the United States was [[USD|$]]910 million.
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| − | From [[1989]] to [[1992]], almost 79% of all U.S. ornamental fish imports arrived from [[Southeast Asia]] and Japan. [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Indonesia]] were the top five exporting nations. [[South America]] was the second largest exporting region, accounting for 14% of the total annual value. [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], and [[Peru]] were the major suppliers. The remaining 7% of ornamental fish imports came from other regions of the world.
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| − | Approximately 201 million fish worth $44.7 million were imported into the United States in 1992. These fish comprised 1,539 different [[species]]; 730 [[freshwater]] species, and 809 [[saltwater]] species. The freshwater fish accounted for approximately 96% of the total volume and 80% of the total import value. Of the total of all trade, only 32 species had import values over $10,000. These top species were all of freshwater origin and accounted for 58% of the total imported value of the fish. The top imported species are the [[guppy]], [[neon tetra]], [[Southern platyfish|platy]], [[betta]], [[Gyrinocheilus|Chinese algae eater]], and [[goldfish]].
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| − | Several large companies are focused primarily or extensively on supplying the fishkeeping hobby, producing products such as fish food, medicine, and aquarium hardware. Among the largest of these are [[Eheim]], [[Tetra_Company|Tetra]], [[Sera (company)|Sera]], all based in Germany; [[Hikari flake|Hikari]], a Japanese company; [[Fluval]], part of the Canadian [[Rolf C. Hagen]] group; [[Interpet]], a British company that also owns the Red Sea brand; and the American company [[Aquarian (Waltham brand)|Aquarian]], owned by [[Mars, Incorporated]] but usually trading under the Waltham petfoods brand.
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| − | == Fish breeding ==
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| − | [[Image:DiskuslaichaS.jpg|thumb]]
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| − | Fish breeding is a challenge that many aquarists find attractive. While some species reproduce freely in community tanks, most require special conditions, known as [[spawning triggers]] before they will breed. The majority of fish lay eggs, known as [[spawning]] and the juvenile fish that emerge are very small and need tiny live foods or their substitutes to survive. A fair number of popular aquarium fish are [[livebearers]], and these fish produce small number of relatively large offspring, and these will usually take ground flake food straight away (see article on [[Live-bearing aquarium fish|livebearing aquarium fish]]).
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| − | == Conservation and science ==
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| − | According to the [[FAO]], at least 90% of aquarium fish are captive bred [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/005/x4933e/X4933e10.htm]. The rest of the fish are collected from the wild, and provide an especially valuable source of income for people in regions where other high-value [[exports]] may be lacking [http://www.wetwebmedia.com/AqBizSubWebIndex/marlifeuse.htm].
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| − | In theory, wild fish should be a good example of a [[renewable resource]] that places value on maintaining the integrity and diversity of the natural habitat: more and better fish can be exported from clean, pristine aquatic habitat than one that has been polluted or otherwise degraded. However, this has not been the case with industries such as [[Trapping (Animal)|fur trapping]], [[logging]], or [[Fishing industry|fishing]] where a similar situation existed. Historically, wild resources have tended to be overexploited rather than managed (see [[Tragedy of the commons|Tragedy of the Commons]]). Moreover, in places where collecting for aquaria is very intensive, there is good evidence that collecting can result in a decline in fish populations. A particular notorious example is to be found on the [[Philippines]], where overfishing and the widespread use of [[cyanide]] to stun the fish has caused a drastic decline in the diversity of the coral reef fish considered most desirable by aquarists [http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/features/news.cfm?uNewsID=5563]. | |
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| − | On the other hand, breeding programs by aquarists have helped to preserve species that have become rare or extinct in the wild, most notably among the [[Lake Victoria]] cichlids. Some species of aquarium fish have also become important as laboratory animals, with cichlids and [[Poecilia|poecilids]] being especially important for studies on learning, mating, and social behaviour. Aquarists also observe a large number of fishes not otherwise studied, and thereby provide valuable data on the ecology and behaviour of many species.
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| − | == Animal Welfare ==
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| − | At its best, a properly maintained aquarium allows the fish to socialise with their own kind and in many cases breed successfully. This is in marked contrast to the conditions enjoyed by larger animals like [[cats]] and [[dog]]s, which are often kept alone and [[spay|neutered]], and thus unable to experience anything like a natural lifestyle. However, in many cases fish are maintained in the wrong conditions and therefore live short lives and never breed. Inexperienced aquarists often attempt to keep too many fish in their tanks, or introduce too many fish into an immature aquarium, with the result that large numbers of fish sicken and die. This has given the hobby a bad reputation among some animal welfare groups, such as [[PETA]], for treating aquarium fish as nothing more than cheap toys that are simply replaced when they die [http://www.peta.org/factsheet/files/FactsheetDisplay.asp?ID=30].
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| − | Marine fish in particular tend to be less resilient during transportation than freshwater fish, and relatively large numbers of them die before they are finally sold to the aquarist. Although the trade in marine fish and corals for aquaria probably represents a minor threat to coral reefs when compared with habitat destruction, fishing for food, and climate change, it is a booming trade and may be a serious problem in specific locations such as the Philippines and Indonesia where most of the collecting is done [http://www.ofish.org/data-area.asp?aid=9823&gid=4838], [http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/coralreefs/index.shtml].
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| − | Goldfish and [[Siamese fighting fish|bettas]] in particular have often been kept in cramped bowls or aquaria that are really far too small for their needs [http://www.peta.org/feat/aquab/]. In some cases fish have been installed in all sorts of inappropriate objects such as the '''AquaBabies Micro Aquaria''', '''Bubble Gear Bubble Bag''' and '''Betta in a Vase''', all of which contain live fish housed in unfiltered and entirely too small quantities of water [http://boeing_dude.tripod.com/id27.htm], [http://www.peta.org/feat/aquab/wycd.html]. The '''Betta in a Vase''' is sometimes marketed as a complete ecosystem if a plant is included in the neck of the vase, some sellers claiming the fish will eat the roots of the plant. However, [[betta]]s are [[carnivorous]] and need to be fed live food or pellet foods as they cannot survive on plant roots. Another problem is if the plant blocks the bettas passage to the water surface, as they are [[labyrinth fish]]es, and need to be able to take breaths at the surface of the water or else they will die from suffocation. These types of products are not really aimed at aquarists but rather at people looking for a novelty gift, and in fact most aquarists abhor them. Similarly, the awarding of goldfish as prizes at [[funfair]]s is traditional in many parts of the world, but has been criticised by aquarists and animal welfare charities alike as cruel and irresponsible, and giving away live-animal prizes such as goldfish was made illegal in the UK in 2004 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3893889.stm].
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| − | == Controversy ==
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| − | Modifying fish to make them more attractive as pets is an increasingly divisive issue. Historically, artificially dyeing fish was fairly common, with [[Ambassidae|glassfish]] for example being injected with fluorescent dyes. The major British fishkeeping magazine, [[Practical Fishkeeping]], has been effective in its campaign to remove these fish from the market by educating retailers and aquarists to the cruelty and health risks involved [http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/show_article.php?article_id=72].
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| − | In 2006, [[Practical Fishkeeping]] published an article exposing the techniques for performing [[cosmetic surgery]] on aquarium fish, without anaesthetia, as described by [[Singapore|Singaporean]] fishkeeping magazine ''Fish Love Magazine''. The tail is cut off and dye is injected into the body to make the fish more valuable [http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=957]. The piece also included the first documented evidence to demonstrate that [[parrot cichlids]] are dyed through injections of coloured dye. [[Practical Fishkeeping]] also reported in 2006 that suppliers in Hong Kong were offering a service in which fish could be tattooed with company logos or messages using a [[dye laser]] [http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=850]. Such fishes have been sold in the UK under the name of Kaleidoscope gourami and Striped parrot cichlid.
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| − | Hybrid fish such as [[flowerhorn|flowerhorn cichlids]] and [[parrot cichlid (hybrid)|parrot cichlids]] are highly controversial. Parrot cichlids in particular have a very unnatural shape that prevents them from swimming properly and makes it difficult for them to engage in their normal feeding and social behaviours. The biggest concern with hybrids is that they may be bred back with true species, making it difficult for hobbyists to identify and breed particular species. This is especially important where hobbyists are conserving species that are rare or extinct in the wild [http://www.sydneycichlid.com/content/?page_id=11]. Even within a single species, extreme mutations have been selected for by some breeders; some of the [[fancy goldfish]] varieties in particular have been criticised for having features that prevent the fish from swimming, seeing, or feeding properly. Genetically modified fish like the [[glofish]] are likely to become increasingly available as well, particularly in the United States [http://www.glofish.com/], [http://www.ofish.org/data-area.asp?aid=9820&gid=4839].
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| − | == Invasive Species ==
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| − | Serious problems can occur when fish originally kept in ponds or [[aquaria]] are released into the wild. While [[tropical zone|tropical]] species of fish will not live for long in [[temperate zone]] climates, fish released into places with similar climatic conditions to those that they originally came from can survive and potentially form viable populations. Species that have established themselves in place that they are not native to are called [[exotic species]]. Examples of exotic fish that have become established outside their normal range are the Asian [[snakeheads]] in Hawaii, African [[walking catfish]] in Florida, and goldfish in Australia. Some of these exotic species can become extremely disruptive preying on, or competing with, the native fish (see [[invasive species]]).
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| − | == Further reading ==
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| − | * ''Aquarium Atlas, vol. 1'', by [[Hans A. Baensch]] and [[Rudiger Riehl]] ISBN 1890087122
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| − | * ''Brackish Water Fishes'', by [[Frank Schäfer]] ISBN 393602782X
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| − | * ''The Conscientious Marine Aquarist'', by [[Robert Fenner]] (2001) ISBN 1-890087-02-5
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| − | *{{cite journal
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| − | | author = Chapman, F.
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| − | | coauthors = Sharon A. Fitz-Coy, Eric M. Thunberg, and Charles M. Adams
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| − | | journal = Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
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| − | | title = United States of America Trade in Ornamental Fish
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| − | | volume = 28
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| − | | issue = 1
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| − | | month = March
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| − | | year = 1997
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| − | | pages = 1-10
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| − | }}
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| − | == See also == | + | ==References== |
| − | * [[Aquarium]] | + | * {{ITIS|ID=165904|taxon=Poecilia sphenops|year=2006|date=30 January}} |
| | + | * {{FishBase_species|genus=Poecilia|species=sphenops|year=2005|month=10}} |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | ''General Information''
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| − | *[http://www.deathbydyeing.org/moreau.htm Death by Dyeing] - Information about dyed fish
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| − | *[http://www.ornamentalfish.org/ Ornamental Fish Association] - Trade organisation for the ornamental fish industry
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| − | *[http://www.fishtankguy.com/ Fish Tanks] - Beginning aquarists' guide to freshwater fishkeeping
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| − | *[http://www.wetwebmedia.com/ Wet Web Media] - Large web site covering different aspects of fishkeeping.
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| − | ''Specific Fishkeeping Disciplines''
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| − | *[http://www.angfa.org.au Australia & New Guinea Fishes Association] - Aquarium fish from [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]
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| − | *[http://homepage.mac.com/nmonks/aquaria/brackfaqpart1.html Brackish Water Aquarium FAQ] - [[Brackish]] water fish and aquaria
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| − | *[http://www.planetcatfish.com/ Planet Catfish] - [[Catfish]] in aquaria
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| − | *[http://scotcat.com/home.htm ScotCat] - Catfish in aquaria
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| − | *[http://www.loaches.com/ Loaches Online] - [[Loach|Loaches]] in aquaria
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| − | *[http://homepage.mac.com/nmonks/mudskippers Richard's Mudskipper & Goby Web Site] - [[Mudskippers]] and [[gobies]] in aquaria
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| − | *[http://www.polypterus.info/ Polypterus.info] - [[Polypterus]] in aquaria
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| − | *[http://www.thepufferforum.com/forum/ug.php/v/PufferPedia/ Pufferpedia] [[Pufferfish]] in aquaria
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| − | [[Category:Fishkeeping| ]] | + | {{fish-stub}} |
| | + | [[Category:Live-bearing fish]] |
| | + | [[Category:Ovoviviparous fish]] |
| | + | [[Category:Poeciliidae]] |
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| − | [[de:Aquaristik]] | + | [[de:Spitzmaulkärpfling]] |
| − | [[es:Acuariofilia]]
| + | [[fr:Molly]] |
| − | [[fr:Aquariophilie]] | + | [[pl:Molinezja ostrousta]] |
| − | [[gl:Acuariofilia]]
| + | [[sv:Black Molly (fisk)]] |
| − | [[it:Acquariofilia]]
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| − | [[oc:Aqüariofilia]]
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| − | [[pl:Akwarystyka]] | |
| − | [[pt:Aquarismo]] | |
