AY Honors/Blood and the Body's Defenses/Answer Key/es

Sangre y defensas del cuerpo
Asociación General Salud y Ciencia	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 2000

Requisitos

1

Tener la especialidad de Vida Microscópica.

Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Vida microscópica.

2

Nombrar los dos componentes principales de la sangre. ¿Cuál es el porcentaje normal de cada uno en la sangre?

Human blood consists of about 45% blood cells, and 55% plasma.

3

Ser capaz de dibujar y nombrar las siete clases de células sanguíneas e indicar qué hacen cada uno de ellos.

4

Observar alguna sangre humana bajo el microscopio. Contar 100 glóbulos blancos de la sangre y dibujar un gráfico que muestra el número de cada uno de las cinco clases de glóbulos blancos que ha encontrado. ¿Cuál es la clase más común? ¿Cuál es menos común?

5

Hacer al menos una de las siguientes actividades e informar sobre lo que observó:

5a

Observar como un profesional toma sangre del brazo de una persona.

5b

Con la ayuda de una persona con experiencia, observar la sangre que fluye a través de algunos capilares (ya sea en cinta de video o en un organismo, como la mejilla de un hámster, la piel de una rana o la cola de un pez de colores).

5c

Visitar un laboratorio médico, donde se realizan análisis de sangre.

5d

Visitar un banco de sangre.

6

¿Qué dos gases son transportados por los glóbulos rojos? Explicar por qué la sangre aparece de color azul/verde en sus venas, pero si se corta, la sangre que sale es de color rojo. Explicar por qué la falta de hierro en su dieta puede hacer que tenga sangre de color amarillento.

Red blood cells transport oxygen to the rest of the body and carry the carbon dioxide away. Blood carrying oxygen appears bright red. When you cut yourself, your blood is exposed to oxygen in the air, and this is sufficient to cause it to turn color. When little oxygen is present is the blood, it is still red, but it is much darker, tending more towards black. Blood is neither blue nor green inside your veins, but it looks this way sometimes because the veins themselves and pigment in your skin impart a bluish tint.

7

Explicar cómo la sangre se coagula cuando se lesiona. ¿Cómo los típicos «primeros auxilios» ayuda en este proceso?

Blood clotting occurs in two stages called primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis. Primary hemostasis begins immediately after the wall of a blood vessel is broken. Platelets in the blood bind to a protein called collagen which is found in the vessel wall. Normally the collagen is hidden from the platelets, but when the blood vessel is broken, it becomes exposed. When the platelets bind with the collagen, it forms a plug which slows the flow of blood through the break in the blood vessel.

8

¿Qué significa ser un donante de sangre? Si es posible, conocer su propio tipo de sangre. ¿Qué tipos de sangre puede recibir usted? ¿Qué tipos de sangre no puede recibir usted? ¿Por qué?

9

Mencionar dos historias de la Biblia en la que se involucra la sangre. A partir de lo que sabe sobre la sangre, ¿por qué cree que la Biblia utiliza la sangre como un símbolo del poder salvador de Dios?

10

Hacer una lista de 10 hábitos de salud específicos que pueden ayudar al cuerpo a mantenerse sano y luchar contra la infección. Encontrar una referencia del Espíritu de Profecía que apoya cada uno de estos principios. Mantener un registro durante tres semanas de la frecuencia con la que repite estos 10 hábitos.

• 4. Avoid Caffeine. Caffeine interferes with your ability to get to sleep, so it should be avoided - especially after noon.

"The stimulating diet and drink of this day are not conducive to the best state of health. Tea, coffee, and tobacco are all stimulating, and contain poisons. They are not only unnecessary, but harmful, and should be discarded if we would add to knowledge, temperance."--Review and Herald, Feb. 21, 1888.

• 5. Do Not Drink Alcohol. "Alcohol and tobacco pollute the blood of men, and thousands of lives are yearly sacrificed to these poisons."--Health Reformer, November, 1871.

• 6. Do Not Use Tobacco. See above.

• 7. Be Happy. A cheerful heart does good, like a medicine.

"Let the sunshine of love, cheer, and happy content enter your own hearts, and let its sweet influence pervade the home. . . . The atmosphere thus created will be to the children what air and sunshine are to the vegetable world, promoting health and vigor of mind and body."--Sons and Daughters of God, pg 168.

• 8. Regular Exercise. "In many cases the sickness of children can be traced to errors in management. Irregularities in eating, insufficient clothing in the chilly evening, lack of vigorous exercise to keep the blood in healthy circulation, or lack of abundance of air for its purification, may be the cause of the trouble. Let the parents study to find the causes of the sickness and then remedy the wrong conditions as soon as possible."--Adventist Home, pg 263.

• 9. Regular Bathing. Taking a bath or a shower regularly washes pathogens from your skin and thus, away from your body.

"Persons in health should . . . by all means bathe as often as twice a week. Those who are not in health have impurities of the blood. . . . The skin needs to be carefully and thoroughly cleansed, that the pores may do their work in freeing the body from impurities; therefore feeble persons who are diseased surely need the advantages and blessings of bathing as often as twice a week, and frequently even more than this is positively necessary."-- Testimonies to the Church, Volume III, p. 70.

• 10. Wear Clean Clothing. Clothes that are worn day after day accumulate dirt and bacteria. Change into clean clothing every day and keep the "nasties" away.

"It is important also that the clothing be kept clean. The garments worn absorb the waste matter that passes off through the pores; if they are not frequently changed and washed, the impurities will be reabsorbed."--Child Guidance pg 109.

• 11. Keep Your Home Clean. Bacteria love dirt. Keep it out of your house. Allow plenty of sunshine to enter your house during the day, and allow fresh air in as often as possible. Sunshine kills many forms of bacteria, and stale air harbors it.

"I have often seen children's beds in such a condition that the foul, poisonous odor constantly rising from them was to me unendurable. Keep everything the eyes of the children rest upon and that comes in contact with the body, night or day, clean and wholesome. This will be one means of educating them to choose the cleanly and the pure. Let the sleeping room of your children be neat, however destitute it may be of expensive furniture."--Child Guidance pg 109.

11

Definir los siguientes términos relativos a las defensas del organismo:

11a

La inmunología

A broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.

11b

Patógena

A biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.

11c

La inflamación

A pathological condition of any part of the body. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain.

11d

Anticuerpos

A protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.

11e

Células de memoria

A type of lymphocte (also known as memory B cells) that are formed following primary infection. When a B cell is activated by recognizing a specific antigen, it quickly reproduces to form antibody producing plasma cells and long-lived memory cells. The memory B cells are specific for the antigen that first stimulated their production.

11f

Inmunidad

A state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.

11g

Vacuna

A medication given to stimulate the body's production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease, prepared from the agent that causes the disease, or a synthetic substitute.

11h

Alergia

An immune malfunction whereby a person's body is over-sensitive to a substance that is harmless to most people, causing the immune system to attack it.

11i

La histamina

A chemical released by basophils and mast cells (which are very simlar to basophils) and causing an immune response. In some cases, the response is unwarranted because the invading substance is harmless. In this case, the response is known as an allergic reaction. Histamines cause inflammation of the tissue, watery eyes, itching, runny nose, and sneezing.

11j

El antihistamínico

A drug that suppresses the release of histamine. Examples include the prescription drugs Clarinex, Allegra, and Zyrtec, and the over-the-counter drugs Claratin and Benadryl.

12

La hiedra y veneno de roble son plantas comúnmente encontradas por los Conquistadores. Ser capaz de identificarlas. Saber cómo evitar tener reacciones alérgicas a ellas. Explicar qué hacer si tiene una reacción alérgica con alguna de ellas.

• 

  Poison Ivy

• 

  Poison Oak

Poison ivy is shown in the picture on the left. Poison Oak is on the right. Learn to identify these by sight. Poison ivy most often grows on "disturbed" ground, including stream banks, roadsides, and the edge of woods. Both these plants contain an oil called urushiol which causes allergic reactions if it comes into contact with your skin. Contact can be made directly (by touching the plant) or indirectly (by touching something that has touched the plant, such as a clothing, a friend, or a pet).

The best way to avoid having an allergic reaction to either of these is to avoid them. In order to avoid them, you must be able to recognize them. If you do come into contact with either of these, wash the affected areas with hot soapy water as soon as possible. Wash clothes in hot water too. If your pet has contacted poison ivy or poison oak, wash him in hot soapy water to remove the oil from his fur. The oil will not harm your pet (most animals are not allergic to urushiol), but your pet can easily transfer the oil to you.

If you still get an allergic reaction, treatment depends on the severity of the reaction.

Seek emergency medical treatment under the following conditions:

1. Swelling of the throat.
2. Difficulty breathing.
3. Weakness or dizziness.
4. Bluish lips.
5. Unconsciousness.

You should see a doctor if any of the following apply:

1. A large area of the body is affected.
2. Rash on the face.
3. Rash around the eyes, mouth, or genitals.
4. A rash with pus.

You may otherwise self-treat:

1. For minor rashes, apply Calamine lotion (not Caladryl), zinc oxide, or a mix of 3 teaspoons of baking soda with one teaspoon of water.
2. Take an over-the-counter antihistamine such as Benadryl.
3. Do not scratch

13

Hacer una lista del mayor número posible de las enfermedades infecciosas que usted ha tenido. ¿A cuáles está usted inmune? Explicar por qué o por qué no.

A person acquires immunity to diseases he is exposed to either by contracting the disease or by receiving a vaccination. Vaccinations are weakened forms of the disease-causing pathogen, and they stimulate the immune system to develop a defense against that particular pathogen.

Some diseases, such as influenza, mutate frequently, and the immune system having developed a defense against one strain is not prepared for the new, mutated strain. This is why flu shots are given annually. The vaccine is developed to combat this years version of the flu.

Other diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria require booster shots every 10 years to maintain the body's immunity.

14

A partir de su registro personal médico, hacer una lista de todas las vacunas que usted ha tenido y determinar junto con su médico cuando debe ser su próxima vacunación.

Encourage your Pathfinders to ask their parents about their immunization records. These days pediatricians usually send immunization records home with the parents, so they should have them somewhere at home.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that vaccinations be given according to the schedule below. For a more up-to-date schedule, visit the CDC's website.

15

Escribir o contar acerca de una enfermedad infecciosa (por lo menos 250 palabras).

An infectious disease is any sickness caused by a biological agent (such as a virus, bacteria, or parasite) as opposed to being caused by a physical agent (such as a burn or a cut).

Here is a list of infectious diseases common today: AIDS, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, meningitis, chicken pox, influenza (the flu), and hepatitis.

Other infectious diseases have been largely eliminated through the use of vaccines, including polio, smallpox, and diphtheria.

16

¿Qué es el SIDA? ¿Cómo se propaga? ¿Existe una cura? ¿Por qué es tan devastador?

AIDS is an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV. Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure.

AIDS is the most severe manifestation of infection with HIV. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as certain T cells and macrophages. It also destroys T cells. As T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system, when enough T cells have been destroyed by HIV, the immune system barely works, leading to AIDS.

The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in people with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Nearly every organ system is affected.

Three main transmission routes of HIV have been identified:

1. Sexual route. The majority of HIV infections have been, and still are, acquired through unprotected sexual relations. Sexual transmission occurs when there is contact between sexual secretions of one partner with the rectal, genital or mouth mucous membranes of another.
2. Blood or blood product route. This transmission route is particularly important for intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products. Health care workers (nurses, laboratory workers, doctors etc.) are also concerned, although more rarely. Also concerned by this route are people who give and receive tattoos and piercings.
3. Mother-to-child route (vertical transmission). The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur in utero during the last weeks of pregnancy and at childbirth. Breast feeding also presents a risk of infection for the baby. In the absence of treatment, the transmission rate between the mother and child was 20%. However, where treatment is available, combined with the availability of Cesarean section, this has been reduced to 1%.

17

Encontrar tres referencias bíblicas que tienen que ver con la limpieza y el control o la propagación de enfermedad.

Leviticus 11:36-38

Leviticus 13:6

Leviticus 11:25

Leviticus 13:45-47

Deuteronomy 23:12

References

• Much of the information (and in some cases the text) of this chapter were drawn from the Wikipedia articles on Blood, Blood Type, AIDS, Histamine, Antihistamine, Basolphils, Eosinophils, Nuetrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and others.