AY Honors/Home Nursing/Answer Key/es

Enfermería Casera
Asociación General Salud y Ciencia	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 1938	File:Home Nursing Honor.png

Requisitos

1

Tener la especialidad de Primeros auxilios.

Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Primeros auxilios II.

2

¿Cuáles son los alimentos que se incluyen en las siguientes dietas?

2a

Líquido

• Sopa clara o de crema
• Cualquier bebida que tiene los siguientes criterios
• Pudín

Para una comida ser clasificada como líquido, tendría que ser capaz de ser colada cuando se calienta. Por ejemplo, pudines de mandioca no calificarían, pero un batido sin pedazos de fruta u otros alimentos podría calificar.

2b

Suave

Una dieta blanda se recomienda en muchas situaciones, incluyendo algunos tipos de disfagia (dificultad para tragar), cirugía que involucran la mandíbula, la boca o el tracto gastrointestinal, y el dolor de aparatos dentales recién ajustados.

Una dieta blanda puede incluir muchos alimentos en puré, cubiertos o colocados con salsas o en salsa, o colocados en sopas, guisos, o curry.

2c

Ligero

Esta dieta es culturalmente diversa e incluye lo siguiente:

• La comida que es fácil de digerir
• No picante

2d

Completa

Una dieta completa también se refiere a veces como la dieta general. Incluye todos los alimentos y las bebidas.

3

Saber los síntomas de una fiebre. Saber cómo tomar la temperatura de una persona. Saber cómo bajar la temperatura.

4

Conocer la frecuencia normal del pulso, frecuencia respiratoria y temperatura. Practicar obteniendo la frecuencia del pulso, frecuencia respiratoria y la temperatura de un amigo o compañero.

5

¿Qué es una enfermedad contagiosa? ¿Cómo se contagia? ¿Qué precauciones se deben seguir para protegerse contra las enfermedades contagiosas? Hacer una lista de las medidas de seguridad a ser observadas a la hora de cuidar a una persona con una enfermedad contagiosa en el hogar.

Personal protective equipment

Disposable PPE

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. The hazard in a health care setting is exposure to blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids or aerosols that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C, HIV, or other blood borne or bodily fluid pathogen. PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and the healthcare worker.

6

¿Qué síntomas dicen que una persona está físicamente enferma?

7

Conocer cómo ayudar a cuidar de un recién nacido y una persona anciana en su hogar.

8

Saber cuándo y cómo lavarse las manos cuando está cuidando de una persona enferma.

Hands should be washed after contact with any patient, and especially before contact is made with another patient.

9

Saber cómo hacer una cama confortable para el paciente en cama.

Provide an atmosphere conducive to the patient's and families needs if possible. Example, some people do better being in the middle of the daily activities or they may need a quiet place.

Provide adequate nutrition and fluids if applicable.

Keep the patient clean.

Be respective of the patient's dignity.

10

Mostrar cómo alimentar a un paciente desvalido en la cama.

Eating is a basic function of life, and people who are unable to perform this task may feel they have lost their dignity. Therefore, a patient should only be fed if they are unable to feed themselves. It is never appropriate to feed a patient because it is faster than allowing them to do it themselves.

If possible, a patient should be moved to a dining room for mealtimes. The chair should be comfortable, and positioned so the patient can reach all of his food. If the patient must be fed in bed, the bed should be inclined by about 30° to facilitate swallowing.

Before the meal, wash the patient's face and hands.

Allow time for feeding. Do not rush things. The patient must be given time to taste and enjoy his food. Check that the food is at the proper temperature. Cold foods should be cold, and hot foods should be warm (not so hot as to burn the mouth).

Ask the patient what food they would like first, and if they would like to alternate dishes, or eat each to completion before moving to another. If they patient is not communicative, alternate the foods as you would if you were eating the meal. Feed the patient his next bite when he is ready for it. Do not force the patient to eat anything he does not wish to eat. You may encourage the patient to try the food, but under no circumstances should he be forced to eat anything.

At the end of the meal, clean the patient's face and hands, and if necessary, his clothing as well. Clear away the food and remove any crumbs from the bed. Write down the amount of food that was eaten. Leave the bed inclined for at least 30 minutes after the meal to aid in proper digestion.

11

Mostrar cómo dar medicamento líquido y pastillas o cápsulas a los niños y adultos. Conocer cómo aplicar correctamente gotas para los ojos.

Administering Medicines

Pill box with pills

Children do not usually take pills or capsules until they are older. Instead, they should be given liquid medicines. Be careful not to give your child medicine unnecessarily. Just because a child is miserable does not mean that she should be given a drug. Consider this carefully before medicating a child.

Read the warning labels, and understand the proper dosage. A child under the age of two should never be given any medicine (even over-the-counter drugs) without consulting a doctor.

Children who can drink without spilling can use a dosage cup. This is a small cup with markings on the side showing different volumes. Fill the cup to the appropriate line and give it to the child. Watch the child take the medicine so you can be sure it was not poured down the sink, or spilled.

If the child cannot drink liquids without spilling them, you can use a dosing spoon. A dosing spoon looks a bit like a test tube, but the open end is shaped like a spoon. Medicine is poured into the tube which has graduated markings on the side for measuring the dose. The spoon is then inserted into the patient's mouth, and the medicine is poured in. Be sure the patient swallows.

For very small children or for helpless adults, you may need to use a medicine dropper or an oral syringe. Both are marked for measuring the proper dosage. Most syringes have caps covering the tip, and this cap poses a choking hazard. Be sure to remove the cap from the tip of a syringe before using it! Press the plunger so that it is fully engaged in the syringe. Then insert its tip into the liquid medicine and draw the plunger upward until the proper dose has been drawn into the cylinder. Remove the syringe from the medicine and point the tip upwards. Apply slight pressure to the plunger to force the air bubble (if any) out of the tip and recheck the dose level.

Once the syringe is loaded, place it well within the patient's oral cavity. Then depress the plunger so that the medicine is discharged in the rear of the patient's mouth. This will encourage the patient to swallow rather than spit. If a young child holds the medicine in his mouth, quickly blow air into his face (don't spit!). This will frequently cause him to swallow.

The aged will sometimes also resist taking medications. If you are giving them the medicines and expecting them to take it themselves, watch that the patient actually does swallow the pills. It is not uncommon for an aged person to hide or flush pills he does not think he needs.

Applying Eye Drops

Instruct your patient of the procedure as appropriate. The head of your patient should be tipped back. Gently pull down on the skin below the eye and apply the drop in the pocket formed below the eyeball without touching the dropper on the patient. Then gently apply pressure at the tear duct area with your finger when the patient closes their eye. Instruct the patient not the squeeze their eye shut tight.

12

Demostrar el método de dar fomenteras y baño de pies. Explicar el valor de su uso y decir las condiciones en que dichos tratamientos se debe dar.

Fomentations

Fomentations are given by alternating hot and hold. Compressions can be either hot or cold, but no alternation takes place.

Administration

A thick cotton cloth (such as a diaper or a dish towel) is immersed in 4 liters of hot water (the water may be mixed with a decoction). The cloth is then wrung out, and the temperature tested by applying it to the inside of the therapist's arm. If it is too hot, it can be fanned in the air, but it should not be used if it is scalding hot. It should, however, be as hot as the patient can stand. The hot cloth is applied to the effected area and then wrapped with dry cloths so that the heat is retained. The hot compress is them removed, and the area is quickly sponged down with a cold, wet cloth. Then the heat is reapplied as before. This is continued for up to 60 minutes.

Conditions for Use

Fomentations can increase circulation, aid in relieving congestion, warm achy joints, and draw abscesses.

Foot baths

Administration

A small tub (about 8 liters) is filled with hot water. Epsom salt may be dissolved in the water, but this is not strictly necessary. Test the water temperature before taking it to the patient. It should not scald. The basin is placed on the floor at the feet of the seated patient. The patient's bare feet are then placed in the water and allowed to soak for up to an hour. If the water cools, it should be changed. The patient's feet are then towel dried.

Conditions for use

Foot baths may be given to relieve foot pain. This treatment is good for arthritis. Epsom salt, when used through soaking, can soothe muscle pains and help improve rough patches in the skin.

13

Demostrar la aplicación de una compresa caliente y el uso de calor y frío para el tratamiento de la inflamación y moretones.

Demonstrate the application of a heating compress

For a strained muscle or ligament, you should use ice or a cold pack immediately and for the next 36 hours. Do not use heat or a heating pad until swelling and bruising has stopped. Cold is used first to reduce swelling and inflammation. Apply cold (ice or an ice pack) for 20 minutes, remove for 20 minutes. Repeat every 4-6 hours. Put a thin towel to protect the skin. Do not put a cold pack or ice directly on the skin or you may get frostbite. After the bruising that comes along with the inflammation stops (1-3 days), use heat to relieve injury pain. Cold reduces inflammation. Heat improves circulation.

Demonstrate the use of heat and cold for the treatment of inflammation and bruises

Many episodes of pain come from muscle exertion or strain, which creates tension in the muscles and soft tissues. This tension can constrict circulation, sending pain signals to the brain. Heat application eases pain by:

• dilating the blood vessels surrounding the painful area. Increased blood flow provides additional oxygen and nutrients to help heal the damaged muscle tissue.

• stimulating sensation in the skin and therefore decreasing the pain signals being transmitted to the brain

• increasing the flexibility (and decreasing painful stiffness) of soft tissues surrounding the injured area, including muscles and connective tissue.

14

Explicar cómo los siguientes remedios naturales ayudan a prevenir las enfermedades (notar como la primera letra de cada uno deletrea la palabra ADELANTE):

14a

Agua

That's eating. If you feed your body right, you're off to a good start. Just like you don't put sand into your gas tank, you should put the right fuel into your body.

14b

Descanso

If you don't use it, you lose it. Or someone said that or should have said that. Exercise improves the health of a body, of the mind, and of the spirit. This should include outdoor exercise.

14c

Ejercicio

Our body is 70 percent water. We need to drink enough water to keep hydrated. It also flushes out bad stuff.

14d

Luz del sol

The sun is a major source of energy in our world. Sunlight is also important for the body's metabolic balance.

14e

Aire

Too much of one thing is bad. We need to practice using good things in moderation.

14f

Nutrición

What can one say. We need air. Find the best air you can breathe. Do not smoke tobacco (or anything else), and avoid second-hand smoke.

14g

Temperancia

Rest allows the body to renew itself. Rest is important for health.

14h

Esperanza/confianza en Dios

Trust in God to lead you to the right choices.