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| | + | {{honor_header|Unknown|2008|Recreation|North American Division}} |
| | + | {{New honor warning|2008}} |
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| − | [[Media:== '''''[[GOATES]]''''' ==]] GOtes were apart of the gold rush ]
| + | ==1. Create a list of equipment used for gold panning. Describe each item and tell what it is used for. The list should include at least the following.== |
| − | It was gold that created the growth and power of Melbourne over its rivals; this is witnessed in the rail networks radiating out of Melbourne to its regional towns and ports. Politically, Victoria's goldminers led the world with the introduction of male franchise and secret ballots, based on Chartist principles. As gold dwindled, pressures for land reform, protectionism and political reform grew and generated social struggles. <ref> Antony O'Brien, ''Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 Election'' (2005)</ref>.
| + | ===a. Gold Pan=== |
| − | McNaughton wrote that the landed elite perceived any move to unlock the lands as 'a declaration of war'. <ref> I.D. McNaughton, 'Colonial Liberalism, 1851-92', in Gordon Greenwood (ed.) ''Australia: A social and political history'' (1955)</ref> A Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 demanded land reform. Melbourne, or "Smellbourne" (due to the stench of the tanneries along the river) became one of the great cities of the British Empire and the world. Following the huge gold rushes were the Chinese in 1854. Their presence on the goldfields of Bendigo, Beechworth and the Bright district resulted in riots, entry taxes, killings and segeration in the short term and became the foundations of the White Australia policy. <ref> Katherine Cronin, ''Colonial Casualties: Chinese in Early Victoria'' (1982); and ''Cf'' O'Brien, Ch. 3.</ref> In short, gold was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics.
| + | ===b. Classifier=== |
| | + | ===c. Snuffer Bottle=== |
| | + | ===d. Shovel=== |
| | + | ===e. Pick=== |
| | + | ===f. Bucket=== |
| | + | ===g. Trowel=== |
| | + | ===h. Pry bar=== |
| | + | ===i. Rock hammer=== |
| | + | ===j. Crevice Tool=== |
| | + | ===k. Drinking Water=== |
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| − | == Background == | + | ==2. Define the following:== |
| − | By [[1840]] the city of [[Melbourne]], in the far south of Victoria, was nearly five years old. Population growth in Melbourne and the surrounding countryside had been steady, and the population was around 10,000.
| + | ===a. Pay Dirt=== |
| | + | ===b. Quartz=== |
| | + | ===c. Pyrite=== |
| | + | ===d. Blond Sand=== |
| | + | ===e. Black Sand=== |
| | + | ===f. Placer=== |
| | + | ===g. Lode=== |
| | + | ===h. Nugget=== |
| | + | ===i. Flake=== |
| | + | ===j. Dust=== |
| | + | ===k. Specific Gravity=== |
| | + | ===l. Wet and Dry Panning=== |
| | + | ===m. Mercury=== |
| | + | ===n. Troy Pound=== |
| | + | ===o. Troy Ounce=== |
| | + | ===p. Penny weight (dwt)=== |
| | + | ===q. Grain=== |
| | + | ===r. Gold Fever=== |
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| − | In July [[1851 in Australia|1851]], Melbourne's 29,000 residents celebrated as they broke away from New South Wales and the Colony of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] was born. Weeks later [[gold]] was found in Victoria. The discovery by Louis Michel, William McKay Aberdeen and ???? at Anderson's Creek, near [[Warrandyte, Victoria|Warrandyte]] 30 [[kilometres]] north-east of Melbourne was awarded a prize by the new Victorian Government, with other discoveries by [[James Esmond]] at [[Clunes, Victoria|Clunes]] in July 1851, and [[Thomas Hiscock]] at Buninyong, near Ballarat, on [[2 August]] [[1851]].
| + | ==3. What are the following identifying characteristics of Gold.== |
| | + | ===a. Specific Gravity=== |
| | + | ===b. Color of streak=== |
| | + | ===c. Color=== |
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| − | On [[20 July]] [[1851]] [[Thomas Peters, gold-finder|Thomas Peters]], a hut-keeper on William Barker’s ''Mount Alexander'' station, found specks of gold at what is now known as Specimen Gully. This find was published in the Melbourne ''[[The Argus (Australia)|Argus]]'' on [[8 September]] [[1851]], leading to a rush to the [[Mount Alexander]] or Forest Creek diggings, centred on present-day [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], claimed as the richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world.
| + | ==4. Where are some good places on a river or stream to look for gold.== |
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| − | These discoveries were soon surpassed by [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]]. Further discoveries including Beechworth in 1852, Bright, Omeo Chiltern 1858-9 and Walhalla followed.
| + | ==5. Make a timeline containing at least 15 items about the history of gold prospecting from 1600 until the present day.== |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="prettytable" style="float:right"
| + | ==6. Learn about gold panning by doing one of the following:== |
| − | !Year
| + | ===a. Do some gold panning. (preferred).=== |
| − | !Population of Melbourne
| + | ===b. Practice panning using flattened lead or tungsten shot mixed with sand (preferably from a river bank).=== |
| − | |-
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| − | |1835||0
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| − | |-
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| − | |1840||10,000
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| − | |-
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| − | |1851||29,000
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| − | |-
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| − | |1854||123,000
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| − | |}
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| − | The population of Melbourne grew swiftly as the gold fever took hold. The total number of people in Victoria also rose. By 1851 it was 75,000 people. Ten years later this rose to over 500,000.
| + | ==7. Look up the following verses in the Bible and discuss them in relation to prospecting for gold.== |
| − | | + | ===a. Matthew 13:44-46=== |
| − | First obtained was the 'easy' gold(alluvial);found on the surface. It is reported that miners when first arrived on the Mt Tarrengower fields nuggets were picked up without digging. This was followed by exploitation of [[alluvial]] gold usually in creeks and rivers. The seekers used gold pans, puddling boxes and cradles to separate this gold from the dirt and water.
| + | ===b. Matthew 6:19-21=== |
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| − | As alluvial gold ran out, underground or deep lead [[mining]] began. This was harder and dangerous. Locales such as Bendigo and Ballarat saw great concentrations of miners as teams and syndicates sank shafts. Coupled with erratic and vexatious policing and licence checks, tensions flared around Beechworth Bendigo and Ballarat. These tensions culminated in the Eureka Rebellion of 1854. Following the rebellion, a range of reforms gave miners a greater democratic say in resolving disputes via Mining Courts and an extended electoral franchise.
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| − | | |
| − | At [[Walhalla, Victoria|Walhalla]] alone, Cohens Reef produced over 50 tonnes (1.6 million tr oz) of gold in 40 years of mining. As of February 2004, that would be worth $800 million.
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| − | == Major and long lasting impact ==
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| − | [[Image:ProspectorsHut Dargo.jpg|right|thumb|Prospector's Hut, Upper [[Dargo, Victoria]] ([[Gippsland]]), [[1870 in Australia|1870]].]]
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| − | Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the rushes. In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a seven-fold increase. In some small country towns where gold was found aboundant, the population could grow of over 1000% in a decade (e.g. Rutherglen had a population of ~2'000. Ten years later, it had ~60'000 which is a 3000% increase). The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Caldwell | first = J. C. | authorlink = | editor = Wray Vamplew (ed.) | title = Australians: Historical Statistics | date = 1987 | publisher = Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates | location = Broadway, New South Wales, Australia | id = ISBN 0-949288-29-2 | pages = pages 23 and 26 | chapter = Chapter 2: Population}}</ref>
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| − | The gold rush is reflected in the architecture of Victorian gold-boom cities like Melbourne, [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and [[Ararat, Victoria|Ararat]]. Ballarat has [[Sovereign Hill]] — a 60 acre (240,000 m²) recreation of a gold rush town — as well as the Gold Museum, while Bendigo has a large operating gold mine system which also functions as a tourist attraction.
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| − | The rushes left the legacy of quaint Victorian towns in the Goldfields tourist region like [[Maldon, Victoria|Maldon]], [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]], [[Clunes, Victoria|Clunes]], [[Maryborough, Victoria|Maryborough]], [[Daylesford, Victoria|Daylesford]], [[Stawell, Victoria|Stawell]], [[Beaufort, Victoria|Beaufort]], [[Creswick, Victoria|Creswick]], [[St Arnaud, Victoria|St Arnaud]], [[Dunolly, Victoria|Dunolly]], [[Inglewood, Victoria|Inglewood]] and [[Buninyong, Victoria|Buninyong]]. With the exception of Ballarat and Bendigo, many of these towns were substantially larger than they are today. Most populations moved to other districts when gold played out in a given locality. <ref> O'Brien</ref>
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| − | At the other end of the spectrum ghost towns, such as [[Walhalla, Victoria|Walhalla]], [[Mafeking, Victoria|Mafeking]] and [[Steiglitz, Victoria|Steiglitz]] still exist.
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| − | [[Image:Cassilis historical area.jpg|thumb|right|As with many gold towns, after deposits of gold had been exploited, the town of [[Cassilis, Victoria|Cassilis]] ceased to exist. This picture shows the remains of part of King Cassilis Mine]]
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| − | The last major gold rush in Victoria was at [[Berringa, Victoria|Berringa]], south of Ballarat, in the first decade of the [[20th century]]. Gold mining ceased in Victoria, not because there was no more gold but in part because of the depth and cost of pumping. The [[First World War]] also drained Australia of the labour needed to work the mines, but worse the prohibition on the export of gold from Australia in 1915, the abolition of the gold standard throughout the Empire, saw many goldtowns in Victoria die.<ref>Marnie Hague-Muir, "The economy at war" ,Joan Beaumont (ed.) Australia's War 1914-18</ref>. The slump in gold production never recovered. However, as of 2005 the recent increase in the gold price has seen a resurgence in commercial mining activity; mining has yet to be resumed in [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]], whilst some is occurring in [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], and exploration proceeds elsewhere, for example, in [[Glen Wills, Victoria|Glen Wills]], an isolated mountain area near [[Mitta Mitta, Victoria|Mitta Mitta]] in north-eastern Victoria.
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| − | == See also == | |
| − | *[[Gold rush]]
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| − | *[[Welcome Stranger]]
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| − | *[[California Gold Rush]] ([[1848]]-[[1855]])
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| − | == References == | |
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| − | ==Further readings== | |
| − | * Robyn Annear,''Nothing but Gold'' Robyn Annear ISBN 1-876485-07-8
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| − | * G.F. James & C.G. Lee,''Walhalla Heyday'' G.F. James & C.G. Lee ISBN 0-9596311-3-5
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| − | * John Aldersea & Barbara Hood,''Walhalla: Valley of Gold'' John Aldersea & Barbara Hood ISBN 0-9750887-0-X
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| − | * James Fleet, ''The history of gold discovery in Victoria,'', 1970.
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| − | * Vivine McWaters, ''Beechworth's little canton'', 2002.
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| − | * Geoffrey Serle, ''The Golden Age: A history of the colony of Victoria, 1851-1861'', 1963.
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| − | * Carole Woods, ''Beechworth: A titan's field'', 1985.
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| − | * John Maloney, ''Eureka'', 1984.
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| − | * Dianne Talbot, ''The Buckland Valley Goldfield'', 2004.
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| − | * Frank Cusack (ed.), ''Songs of the goldfields'', 1991.
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/windows/gold/index.asp Victorian Museum]
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| − | *[http://www.walhalla.org.au Walhalla]
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| − | *[http://www.sovereignhill.com.au/ Sovereign Hill]
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| − | *[http://www.sovereignhill.com.au/museum/index.shtml Gold Museum at Ballarat]
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| − | *[http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/stories/s1032324.htm Report on resumed exploration]
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| − | [[Category:Australian gold rushes]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Victoria|Gold rush]]
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| − | [[Category:1850s]]
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| − | [[Category:1860s]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Australia (1851-1900)]]
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