Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Forestry/Answer Key"

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An '''increment borer''' is a specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree without injuring the tree.  The tool consists of a handle, an auger bit, and a small, half circular, metal tray (core extractor) that fits into the auger bit.  The auger bit is usually manufactured from carbide steel.  It is most often used by [[forester]]s, [[researcher]]s, and [[scientist]]s to determine the age of a tree.  This science is also called [[dendrochronology]].  This enables the user to count the rings in the core sample to determine the age of the tree or the growth rate of the tree.  After use the toll breaks down and the auger but and extractor fit into the handle.  This makes the tool highly compact and easy to carry.
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The '''clinometer''' is a common tool used by foresters to measure standing tree height
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==Use==
 
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Using an increment borer requires specialized training in order to effectively use the tool.  Samples are taken at breast height or stump height of the tree depending on the users intentions.  When increment borers are in use they should be well lubricated with some sort of lubricant.  This makes the auger but easier to use and helps to prevent the increment borer from becoming stuck in the tree.
 
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==Maintenance==
 
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Increment borers should be properly maintained to keep the tool in good working condition.  They should be cleaned after use and not stored wet.  Sharpening kits are also available and should be used when the auger bits become dull.
 
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==Types of Borers==
 
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Increment borers come in different sizes and types of threads.  The most common diameters are the 4, 4.15, and 5.3 millimeter borers.  Borers also come in many lengths for use on smaller to larger diameter trees.  There are two different types of threading: two threading and three threading.  Two threading is more appropriate for hardwoods because it augers slower.  This creates more power when auguring into the tree.  The three threading auger will maneuver into the wood much faster than a two threading auger.
 
  
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==How It works==
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Clinometers work off of basic trigonometric principles. Multiplying the tangents of angles to the base and top of the object and then adding them together gives the observer the total height of the object.
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[[Image:Illustration of the basic trigonometric principles used by a clinometer.JPG|right|thumb]]
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==Usage==
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The [[forester]] stands at a fixed distance from the base of the tree. The most common distances are 50, 66, and 100 feet. To obtain accurate readings it is best to use taped measured distance instead of pacing distances. For the most accurate readings it is best to use a fixed distance that is equal to or greater than the height of the tree you are measuring. The observer then sties to the top of tree, if total height is the desired measurement. If merchantable height is the desried measurement the observer sites to a point on the tree where no more merchantable timber can be used. This point varies from sawmill to sawmill depending if the tree will be used for pulp or timber. The observer then measures to the bottom of the tree and adds the two figures together. This will be the height of the tree. Always measure a leaning tree so that the tree is leaning to the left or right. Measurements should never be taken with the tree leaning toward or away from the observer because this will affect the accuracy of the measurement. The clinometer is also commonly used by foresters to obtain the percent slope of terrain. This measurement is based on the same trigonometric principles described above.
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[[Image:Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG|right|thumb]]
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==Manufacturers==
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Suunto
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Haglöf
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Brunton
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Silva
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==See Also==
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[[Inclinometer]]
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==References==
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Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. “Height Measurement Principles.” Forest
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Measurements 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2002. 154.
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[http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/abney.htm Calvert, J.B. “The Clinometer.” 2003.]
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[[Category:Forestry]]

Revision as of 17:32, 31 March 2008

Template:Confusing Template:Internallinks Template:Refimprove Template:Wikify The clinometer is a common tool used by foresters to measure standing tree height


How It works

Clinometers work off of basic trigonometric principles. Multiplying the tangents of angles to the base and top of the object and then adding them together gives the observer the total height of the object.

File:Illustration of the basic trigonometric principles used by a clinometer.JPG

Usage

The forester stands at a fixed distance from the base of the tree. The most common distances are 50, 66, and 100 feet. To obtain accurate readings it is best to use taped measured distance instead of pacing distances. For the most accurate readings it is best to use a fixed distance that is equal to or greater than the height of the tree you are measuring. The observer then sties to the top of tree, if total height is the desired measurement. If merchantable height is the desried measurement the observer sites to a point on the tree where no more merchantable timber can be used. This point varies from sawmill to sawmill depending if the tree will be used for pulp or timber. The observer then measures to the bottom of the tree and adds the two figures together. This will be the height of the tree. Always measure a leaning tree so that the tree is leaning to the left or right. Measurements should never be taken with the tree leaning toward or away from the observer because this will affect the accuracy of the measurement. The clinometer is also commonly used by foresters to obtain the percent slope of terrain. This measurement is based on the same trigonometric principles described above.

Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG

Manufacturers

Suunto

Haglöf

Brunton

Silva

See Also

Inclinometer

References

Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. “Height Measurement Principles.” Forest Measurements 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2002. 154.

Calvert, J.B. “The Clinometer.” 2003.

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