Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Waterfalls/Answer Key"
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{{otheruses}} | {{otheruses}} | ||
| − | [[Image:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right| | + | [[Image:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Hopetoun Falls near [[Otway National Park]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Australia]]]] |
| − | A '''waterfall''' is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a [[stream]] flowing over an [[erosion]]-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes | + | A '''waterfall''' is usually a [[geology|geological]] [[geologic formation|formation]] resulting from water, often in the form of a [[stream]], flowing over an [[erosion]]-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes created as [[garden]] and [[landscape]] ornament. |
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| + | Some waterfalls form in [[mountain]] environments where [[erosion]] is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as [[thrust fault]]s or [[volcano|volcanic action]]. | ||
==Formation == | ==Formation == | ||
[[Image:Waterfall formation23.png|thumb|350px|right|Formation of a waterfall]] | [[Image:Waterfall formation23.png|thumb|350px|right|Formation of a waterfall]] | ||
| − | Some waterfalls are the result of the underlying strata. Typically, a stream | + | Some waterfalls are the result of the underlying [[stratum|strata]]. Typically, a stream flow across an area of formations strata will form shelves across the streamway, elevated above the further stream bed when the less erosion-resistant rock around it disappears. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily move upstream. Often, the rock strata just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, and will erode out to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a [[rock shelter]] (also known as a rock house) under and behind the waterfall. |
Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the [[kinetic energy]] of the water hitting the bottom. | Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the [[kinetic energy]] of the water hitting the bottom. | ||
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; Cataract : A large waterfall. See [[Cataracts of the Nile]] for a well-known sequence of six. | ; Cataract : A large waterfall. See [[Cataracts of the Nile]] for a well-known sequence of six. | ||
; Fan : Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with [[bedrock]]. | ; Fan : Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with [[bedrock]]. | ||
| − | ; Horsetail : Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock | + | ; Horsetail : Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock. |
| − | ; Plunge : Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface | + | ; Plunge : Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface. |
; Punchbowl : Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool. | ; Punchbowl : Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool. | ||
; Segmented : Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends. | ; Segmented : Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends. | ||
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* [[Angel Falls]], the world's highest at 979 m (3230 ft), in [[Venezuela]] | * [[Angel Falls]], the world's highest at 979 m (3230 ft), in [[Venezuela]] | ||
| − | * [[Ramnefjellsfossen]], the world's third highest, and highest on the | + | * [[Ramnefjellsfossen]], the world's third highest, and highest on the [[Europea]]n continent, at 808 m, located at Stryn, Nesdalen, [[Norway]] |
* [[Victoria Falls]], the world's widest, on the [[Zambezi River]], on the border between [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] | * [[Victoria Falls]], the world's widest, on the [[Zambezi River]], on the border between [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] | ||
* [[Boyoma Falls]], with the world's highest volume, 17,000 m³/s (600,000 ft³/s), on the [[Congo River]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | * [[Boyoma Falls]], with the world's highest volume, 17,000 m³/s (600,000 ft³/s), on the [[Congo River]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | ||
* [[Gocta]], the fifth highest in the world at 771 m, located in the province [[Chachapoyas Province|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]] | * [[Gocta]], the fifth highest in the world at 771 m, located in the province [[Chachapoyas Province|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]] | ||
| − | * [[Yosemite Falls]], the tallest in North America, located in [[Yosemite National Park]], [[United States]] | + | * [[Yosemite Falls]], the tallest in [[North America]], located in [[Yosemite National Park]], [[United States]] |
| − | * [[Niagara Falls]], most voluminous in North America, on the border between the United States and Canada | + | * [[Niagara Falls]], most voluminous in North America, on the border between the United States and [[Canada]] |
| − | * [[Rhine Falls]], | + | * [[Rhine Falls]], Europe's largest, located in [[Switzerland]] |
* [[Iguazu Falls]], a tall and extremely wide fall located in [[South America]] on the [[Argentina]]/[[Brazil]] border | * [[Iguazu Falls]], a tall and extremely wide fall located in [[South America]] on the [[Argentina]]/[[Brazil]] border | ||
| − | * [[Jog Falls]], India's highest and second highest in Asia, located in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]] | + | * [[Jog Falls]], India's highest and second highest in [[Asia]], located in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]] |
* [[Jurong Falls]] in [[Singapore]] is said to be the tallest man-made waterfall in the world | * [[Jurong Falls]] in [[Singapore]] is said to be the tallest man-made waterfall in the world | ||
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Image:Kaieteur.jpg|[[Kaieteur Falls]] in [[Guyana]] | Image:Kaieteur.jpg|[[Kaieteur Falls]] in [[Guyana]] | ||
Image:Niagara falls aerial.id.jpg|[[Niagara Falls]], on the border between Canada and the USA | Image:Niagara falls aerial.id.jpg|[[Niagara Falls]], on the border between Canada and the USA | ||
| − | Image:austrian.waterfall.at.krimml.arp.jpg|A small part of the Krimml Falls, Austria. Scale is given by the people on the right | + | Image:austrian.waterfall.at.krimml.arp.jpg|A small part of the [[Krimml Falls]], Austria. Scale is given by the people on the right |
| + | Image:Burney_Falls_504x402.JPG|Burney Falls, located near [[Burney, California]], USA | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Revision as of 13:08, 2 April 2006
A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a stream, flowing over an erosion-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes created as garden and landscape ornament.
Some waterfalls form in mountain environments where erosion is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as thrust faults or volcanic action.
Formation
Some waterfalls are the result of the underlying strata. Typically, a stream flow across an area of formations strata will form shelves across the streamway, elevated above the further stream bed when the less erosion-resistant rock around it disappears. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily move upstream. Often, the rock strata just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, and will erode out to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter (also known as a rock house) under and behind the waterfall.
Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom.
Types of waterfalls
- Block
- Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
- Cascade
- Water descends a series of rock steps.
- Cataract
- A large waterfall. See Cataracts of the Nile for a well-known sequence of six.
- Fan
- Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.
- Horsetail
- Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.
- Plunge
- Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.
- Punchbowl
- Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool.
- Segmented
- Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
- Tiered
- Water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
- Multi step
- A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.
Examples of large waterfalls
- Angel Falls, the world's highest at 979 m (3230 ft), in Venezuela
- Ramnefjellsfossen, the world's third highest, and highest on the European continent, at 808 m, located at Stryn, Nesdalen, Norway
- Victoria Falls, the world's widest, on the Zambezi River, on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe
- Boyoma Falls, with the world's highest volume, 17,000 m³/s (600,000 ft³/s), on the Congo River, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Gocta, the fifth highest in the world at 771 m, located in the province Chachapoyas, Peru
- Yosemite Falls, the tallest in North America, located in Yosemite National Park, United States
- Niagara Falls, most voluminous in North America, on the border between the United States and Canada
- Rhine Falls, Europe's largest, located in Switzerland
- Iguazu Falls, a tall and extremely wide fall located in South America on the Argentina/Brazil border
- Jog Falls, India's highest and second highest in Asia, located in Karnataka state, India
- Jurong Falls in Singapore is said to be the tallest man-made waterfall in the world
Gallery
- Base of Tower Fall with rainbow-750px.JPG
Tower Fall in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Wailua Falls in Hawaii, USA
Dettifoss in Iceland
Man-made waterfall at the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra, Australia
Waterfall near Brienzersee, Switzerland
Earthen Dam Waterfall in Waverly, New York, USA
- Kaieteur.jpg
Niagara Falls, on the border between Canada and the USA
A small part of the Krimml Falls, Austria. Scale is given by the people on the right
Burney Falls, located near Burney, California, USA
External links
- World Waterfall Database
- World Waterfalls - Stock Waterfall Photos and Waterfall Information
- Niagara Falls - Fullscreen QTVR Panorama
- Waterfalls of Victoria (Australia)
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