Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Waterfalls/Answer Key"

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Some waterfalls form in [[mountain]] environments where [[erosion]] is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as [[thrust fault]]s or [[volcano|volcanic action]].
 
Some waterfalls form in [[mountain]] environments where [[erosion]] is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as [[thrust fault]]s or [[volcano|volcanic action]].
  
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Steven Rothstein sucks monkey balls...
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==Formation ==
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[[Image:Waterfall formation23.png|thumb|350px|right|Formation of a waterfall]]
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Typically, a stream flow across an area of formations strata will form shelves across the streamway, elevated above the further stream bed when the less erosion-resistant rock around it disappears. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily move upstream. Often, the rock [[strata]] just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, and will erode out to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a [[rock shelter]] (also known as a rock house) under and behind the waterfall.
  
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Waterfalls can also form due to glaciation, whereby a stream or river flowing into a [[glacier]] continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted.  The large waterfalls in [[Yosemite Valley]] are examples of this phenomenon.
  
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Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the [[kinetic energy]] of the water hitting the bottom.
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==Types of waterfalls==
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[[Image:waterfall oregon.jpg|thumb|150px|Cascade-style waterfall in Oregon, United States.]]
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; Block : Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
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; Cascade : Water descends a series of rock steps.
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; Cataract : A large waterfall. See [[Cataracts of the Nile]] for a well-known sequence of six.
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; Fan : Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with [[bedrock]].
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; Horsetail : Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.
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; Plunge : Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.
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; Punchbowl : Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool.
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; Segmented : Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
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; Tiered : Water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
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; Multi step : A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.
  
 
==Examples of large waterfalls==
 
==Examples of large waterfalls==
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* [[Jurong Falls]] in [[Singapore]] is said to be the tallest man-made waterfall in the world
 
* [[Jurong Falls]] in [[Singapore]] is said to be the tallest man-made waterfall in the world
  
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==Gallery==
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<gallery>
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Image:Base of Tower Fall with rainbow-750px.JPG|[[Tower Fall]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]], USA
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Image:Iceland_Godafoss 1972.jpg|[[Godafoss]] in [[Iceland]]
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Image:Angel falls.jpg|[[Angel Falls]], [[Venezuela]]
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Image:Iguacu-004.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Iguazu Falls]], between [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]]
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Image:Wailua_Falls_Hawii.JPG|[[Wailua Falls]] in Hawaii, USA
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Image:Staubbach_Falls_Summer.jpg|[[Staubbach Falls]] flows into the town of [[Lauterbrunnen]], [[Switzerland]]
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Image:Iceland Dettifoss 1972-4.jpg|[[Dettifoss]] in Iceland
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Image:National botanical gardens09.jpg|Man-made waterfall at the [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] in [[Canberra]], Australia
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Image:Waterfall_near_Brienzersee.JPG|Waterfall near [[Brienzersee]], Switzerland
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Image:Earthen Dam Waterfall Face.JPG|[[Earthen Dam]] Waterfall in Waverly, New York, USA
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Image:Kaieteur.jpg|[[Kaieteur Falls]] in [[Guyana]]
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Image:Niagara falls aerial.id.jpg|[[Niagara Falls]], on the border between Canada and the USA
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Image:austrian.waterfall.at.krimml.arp.jpg|A small part of the [[Krimml Falls]], Austria. Scale is given by the people on the right
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Image:Burney_Falls_504x402.JPG|Burney Falls, located near [[Burney, California]], USA
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</gallery>
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Revision as of 13:41, 3 June 2006

Template:Otheruses

Hopetoun Falls near Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia

A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a stream, flowing over an erosion-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes created as garden and landscape ornament.

Some waterfalls form in mountain environments where erosion is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as thrust faults or volcanic action.

Formation

Formation of a waterfall

Typically, a stream flow across an area of formations strata will form shelves across the streamway, elevated above the further stream bed when the less erosion-resistant rock around it disappears. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily move upstream. Often, the rock strata just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, and will erode out to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter (also known as a rock house) under and behind the waterfall.

Waterfalls can also form due to glaciation, whereby a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon.

Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom.

Types of waterfalls

Cascade-style waterfall in Oregon, United States.
Block
Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
Cascade
Water descends a series of rock steps.
Cataract
A large waterfall. See Cataracts of the Nile for a well-known sequence of six.
Fan
Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.
Horsetail
Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.
Plunge
Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.
Punchbowl
Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool.
Segmented
Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
Tiered
Water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
Multi step
A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.

Examples of large waterfalls

Template:Main

Gallery

External links

Template:Commons

ca:Cascada cs:Vodopád da:Vandfald de:Wasserfall et:Juga es:Cascada eo:Akvofalo fr:Chute d'eau gu:ધોધ id:Air terjun it:Cascata he:מפל מים la:Cataracta nl:Waterval ja:滝 no:Foss nn:Foss pl:Wodospad pt:Cachoeira simple:Waterfall sl:Slap su:Curug fi:Vesiputous sv:Vattenfall vi:Thác nước uk:Водоспад zh:瀑布

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