Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Insect/Strepsiptera"

Revision as of 00:25, 26 August 2006

The Strepsiptera (occasionally known as twisted-winged parasites) are an order of insects with nine families making up about 610 species. They are parasitoids on other insects; their hosts include bees, wasps, leafhoppers, silverfish, and cockroaches.

Male Strepsiptera have wings, legs, eyes, and antennae, and look like flies, though they generally have no useful mouthparts. Females, in all families except the Mengenillidae, never leave their host and are neotenic in form, lacking wings and legs. Males have a very short adult lifetime (usually less than five hours) and do not feed as adults. They search for and mate with a female (whose anterior region extrudes through the host's body). Sperm passes through an opening in the head of the female and from there directly into the body cavity (haemocoel).

Strepsiptera enter their insect hosts as larvae. They undergo hypermetamorphosis and become a less mobile larval form. In this stage they feed within the host's body cavity. The colour and shape of the host's abdomen may be changed and the host usually becomes sterile. The parasites then undergoes holometabolous metamorphosis to become adults. Adult males emerge out of the host body while females stay on inside.

Male Strepsiptera have eyes unlike those of any other insect, resembling the schizochroal eyes found in the trilobite group known as Phacopida. Instead of compound eyes consisting of hundreds of ommatidia, each of which sees one pixel, the strepsipteran eyes consist of a few dozen lenses, each with its own individual retina.

The order, named by Kirby in 1813, is named for the hind wings (twisted wing), which are held at a twisted angle when at rest. The forewings are reduced to halteres.

Strepsiptera are an enigma to taxonomists. Some believe they are the sister group to the beetle families Meloidae and Rhipiphoridae, which have similar parasitic development and forewing reduction; some say they are the sister group to the beetles; some say they are the sister group to the flies, which have hindwings modified into halteres. The earliest strepsipteran is the highly primitive ''Cretostylops engeli'' in middle Cretaceous amber from Myanmar.

References

Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.

External links

de:Fächerflügler fr:Strepsiptera it:Strepsiptera nl:Waaiervleugelige no:Viftevinger

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Strepsipterans}}
+{{Taxobox
-<!-- {{Taxobox_image | image = | caption = }} -->
+| color = pink
-{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
+| name = Strepsiptera
-{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}
+| image = Strepsiptera-halictophagida.gif
-{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Arthropod]]a}}
+| image_width = 250px
-{{Taxobox_subphylum_entry | taxon = [[Hexapoda]]}}
+| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Insect]]a}}
+| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
-{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = '''Strepsiptera'''}}<br/>{{Taxobox authority | author = [[William Kirby|Kirby]] | date = 1813}}
+| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]
-{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
+| classis = [[Insect]]a
-{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families}}
+| ordo = '''Strepsiptera'''
+| ordo_authority = [[William Kirby|Kirby]], 1813
+| subdivision_ranks = Families
+| subdivision =
 [[Mengenillidae]]<br>
 [[Mengeidae]]<br>
@@ Line 18: / Line 21: @@
 [[Elenchidae]]<br>
 [[Myrmecolacidae]]
-{{Taxobox_end}}
+}}
-Species in the nine families of this small (~600 species) order of [[insect|insects]] are [[parasite]]s in other insects; their hosts include [[bee]]s, [[wasp]]s, leafhoppers, [[silverfish]], and [[cockroach]]es.
-Male '''Strepsiptera''' have wings, legs, eyes, and antennae, and look like flies, though they generally have no useful mouthparts. Females, in all families except the Mengenillidae, never leave their host and are [[neoteny|neotenic]] in form, lacking wings and legs. Males have a very short adult lifetime (usually less than five hours) and do not feed as adults. They search for and mate with a female (whose anterior region extrudes through the host's body). Sperm passes through an opening in the head of the female and from there directly into the body cavity (Haemocoel).
+The '''Strepsiptera''' (occasionally  known as ''twisted-winged parasites'') are an order of [[insect]]s with nine families making up about 610 species. They are [[parasitoid]]s on other insects; their hosts include [[bee]]s, [[wasp]]s, [[leafhopper]]s, [[silverfish]], and [[cockroach]]es.
-Male Strepsipteran eyes are unlike those of any other [[insect]], resembling the schizochroal eyes found in the [[trilobite]] group known as [[Phacopida]]. Instead of [[compound eye]]s consisting of hundreds of [[ommatidia]], each of which sees one pixel, the strepsipteran eyes consist of a few dozen lenses, each with its own individual [[retina]].
+Male Strepsiptera have [[insect wing|wings]], [[arthropod leg|legs]], [[eye]]s, and [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], and look like flies, though they generally have no useful [[mouthparts]]. Females, in all families except the Mengenillidae, never leave their host and are [[neoteny|neotenic]] in form, lacking wings and legs. Males have a very short adult lifetime (usually less than five hours) and do not feed as adults. They search for and mate with a female (whose anterior region extrudes through the host's body). Sperm passes through an opening in the head of the female and from there directly into the body cavity ([[haemocoel]]).
-The order, named by Kirby in 1813, is named for the hind wings (twisted wing), which are held at a twisted angle when at rest. The forewings are reduced to [[halteres]].
+Strepsiptera enter their insect hosts as [[larva]]e. They undergo [[hypermetamorphosis]] and become a less mobile larval form. In this stage they feed within the host's body cavity. The colour and shape of the host's abdomen may be changed and the host usually becomes sterile. The parasites then undergoes holometabolous metamorphosis to become adults. Adult males emerge out of the host body while females stay on inside.
-Strepsiptera present an enigma to taxonomists. Some believe they are the sister group to the beetle families [[Meloidae]] and [[Rhipiphoridae]], which have similar parasitic development and forewing reduction; some say they are the sister group to the [[beetle]]s; some say they are the sister group to the [[flies]], which have hindwing halteres.
+Male Strepsiptera have eyes unlike those of any other [[insect]], resembling the schizochroal eyes found in the [[trilobite]] group known as [[Phacopida]]. Instead of [[compound eye]]s consisting of hundreds of [[ommatidia]], each of which sees one pixel, the strepsipteran eyes consist of a few dozen lenses, each with its own individual [[retina]].
+The order, named by [[William Forsell Kirby|Kirby]] in 1813, is named for the [[Hindwing|hind wings]] (twisted wing), which are held at a twisted angle when at rest. The forewings are reduced to [[halteres]].
+Strepsiptera are an enigma to taxonomists. Some believe they are the sister group to the beetle families [[Meloidae]] and [[Rhipiphoridae]], which have similar parasitic development and forewing reduction; some say they are the sister group to the [[beetle]]s; some say they are the sister group to the [[flies]], which have hindwings modified into halteres.  The earliest strepsipteran is the highly primitive [[''Cretostylops engeli'']] in middle Cretaceous amber from Myanmar.
+== References ==
+*{{cite book|author=[[David Grimaldi|Grimaldi, D.]] and [[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title=Evolution of the Insects|year=[[2005]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|id=ISBN 0-521-82149-5}}
-==See also==
-[[Fly's eye lens]]
 ==External links==
@@ Line 37: / Line 44: @@
 * [http://arago.elte.hu/abstracts/abstract_survey.html Survey of Modern Counterparts of Schizochroal Trilobite Eyes: Structural and Functional Similarities and Differences]
-[[category:insects]]
+[[Category:Insects]]
+[[Category:Strepsiptera|*]]
+[[Category:Neoptera]]
+[[Category:Biological pest control agents]]
 [[de:Fächerflügler]]
+[[fr:Strepsiptera]]
+[[it:Strepsiptera]]
 [[nl:Waaiervleugelige]]
 [[no:Viftevinger]]