Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Forestry/Answer Key"

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[[Image:Stanley compass 1.jpg|thumb|Compass with inclinometer]]
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{{HonorSubpage}}
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[[Image:Sitometer Kern 2.jpg|thumb|Military model]]
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<!--{{Honor_Master|honor=Forestry|master=Conservation}}-->
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An '''inclinometer''' or '''clinometer''' is an instrument for measuring angles of [[slope]] (or [[tilt]]), [[elevation]] or [[inclination]] of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a ''tilt meter'', ''tilt indicator'', ''slope alert'', ''slope gauge'', ''gradient meter'', ''gradiometer'', ''level gauge'', ''level meter'', ''declinometer'', and ''pitch & roll indicator''.
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<!--{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Technician}}-->
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Clinometers measure both inclines (positive slopes, as seen by an observer looking upwards) and declines (negative slopes, as seen by an observer looking downward).
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
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<!-- 1. Prerequisite: Tree Honor -->
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{{honor_prerequisite|category=Nature|honor=Trees}}
  
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In aircraft, the "ball" in [[turn coordinator]]s or [[turn and bank indicator]]s is sometimes referred to as an inclinometer.
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<!-- 2. Learn the proper use of the following common forestry tools and practice using them on trees in a forest. Record the information for each tree giving also the common name of each tree: -->
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For this requirement you will need access to a forest and permission from a land owner to bore into the trees.
  
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==History==
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<!--T:3-->
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Early inclinometers include examples such as [[Well's inclinometer]], the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disk just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disk is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The line 0.&mdash;0. being parallel to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the line 90.&mdash;90. being perpendicular to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, with the aid of simple [[conversion tables]], the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.
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You can go as a group, but each person in the group must take several measurements. In addition to the equipment listed below, each participant should bring a notebook and a pen for recording measurements and observations.
  
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==Accuracy==
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<!--T:23-->
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[[File:Vickers Clino R.JPG|thumb|Clinometer designed to enable [[indirect fire]] capability with a [[Vickers machine gun]] circa 1918]]
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Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output resolution to 0.001 degrees - depending on the technology and angle range, it may be limited to 0.01º. An inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error), however, is a combination of initial sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity - electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from .01º to ±2º depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.
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[[Image:Well's Clinometer - Project Gutenberg eText 19465.png|thumb|The Well's clinometer]]
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<!--T:5-->
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[[Image:Clinometerlow.jpg|thumb|A simple clinometer]]
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A DBH-tape is a form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH is measured at a fixed height of {{units|140cm|4.5 feet}} above the ground, where it is most convenient to measure diameter. DBH is measured up high so to avoid measuring a tree's butt swell. Butt swell is where the base of the tree is unconventionally fatter than the rest of the tree. Height and diameter are used to determine the volume of a given tree, measuring above the butt swell is required to provide the most accurate measurement.
  
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==Sensor technology==
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<!--T:6-->
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Diameter is easily measured because the tape is calibrated in units of 3.14 (<math>\pi</math>) inches or centimeters. The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. The only problem with the diameter tape is that the measurements assume the tree's trunk cross-sections are perfectly circular. Thus the diameter tape just gives an approximation, regardless it is the most commonly used dendrometer for DBH.
  
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[[Tilt sensor]]s and inclinometers generate an [[artificial horizon]] and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and speciality switches and are also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, indeed anywhere tilt requires measuring.
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{|
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|[[Image:Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG|350px|thumb|A clinometer used in forestry]]
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|[[File:Clinometerlow.jpg|thumb|350px|Hand made clinometer]]
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|}
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The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights.
  
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Important specifications to consider when searching for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and number of axes (which are usually, but not always, [[orthogonal]]). The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output. <!-- doesn't matter what it's measured in, and last sentence just repeats the back end of the first -->
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<!--T:8-->
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A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic [[trigonometry]].
  
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Common sensor technologies for tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, [[Liquid capacitive inclinometers|Liquid Capacitive]], electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.
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<!--T:9-->
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First the observer measures a straight-line distance ''D'' from some observation point ''O'' to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle ''a'' between ''O'' and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle ''b'' between ''O'' and the bottom of the object. Multiplying ''D'' by the tangent of ''a'' gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of ''b'' the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (''H'') of the object, in the same units as ''D''.
  
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Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games. ''[[Yoshi's Universal Gravitation]]'' and ''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge. The [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Wii]] game controllers also use tilt as a means to play video games.
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<!--T:10-->
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Note that since multiplication is distributive it is equally valid to add the tangents of the angles and ''then'' multiply them by D:
  
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Inclinometers are also used in [[civil engineering]], for example to measure the inclination of land to be built upon.
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<!--T:11-->
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:''A'' = tan ''a''
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:''B'' = tan ''b''
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:''H'' = (''A'' &times; ''D'') + (''B'' &times; ''D'') = (''A'' + B) &times; ''D''
  
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Some inclinometers provide an electronic interface based on [[Controller_area_network|CAN (Controller Area Network)]]. In addition, those inclinometers may support the standardized [[Canopen|CANopen]] profile (CiA 410). In this case, these inclinometers are compatible and partly interchangeable.
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<!--T:12-->
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Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale).
  
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==Uses==
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<!--T:13-->
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If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale.
  
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Inclinometers are used for:  
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<!--T:27-->
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* Determining latitude using [[Polaris]] (in the Northern Hemisphere) or the two stars of the constellation [[Crux]] (in the Southern Hemisphere).
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* Determining the angle of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to the horizontal plane.
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* Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
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* [[Surveying]], to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.
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* Alerting an equipment operator that it may tip over.[http://www.riekerinc.com/TiltIndicators.htm]
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* Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, e.g. of an embankment.
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* Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for [[geophysics]]. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring [[volcano]]es, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.
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* Measuring movements in walls or the ground in civil engineering projects.[http://www.slopeindicator.com/instruments/inclin-intro.html]
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* Determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.
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* Some automotive [[safety]] systems.
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* Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles, nautical craft, and aircraft. See [[turn coordinator]] and [[slip indicator]].[http://www.riekerinc.com/SlipIndicators.htm]
 
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* Monitoring the boom angle of cranes and material handlers.
 
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* Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.
 
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* Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
 
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* Measuring the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing), using [[trigonometry]].
 
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* Measuring the angle of drilling in [[well logging]].
 
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* Measuring the [[List (watercraft)|list]] of a [[ship]] in still water and the roll in rough water.
 
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* Measuring steepness of a [[ski slope]].
 
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* Measuring the orientation of [[plane (mathematics)|plane]]s and [[lineation]]s in rocks, in combination with a [[compass]], in [[structural geology]].
 
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* Measuring [[Range of Motion]] in the joints of the body
 
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* Measuring the angles of elevation to, and ultimately computing the altitudes of, many things otherwise inaccessible for direct measurement. <!-- POV: This is especially useful in a classroom setting with children who will learn a valuable skill that applies directly to many careers. -->
 
  
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== See also ==
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* [[Theodolite]]
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* [[Clinometer (forestry)]]
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* [[Tiltmeter]]
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<!-- 3. Use the information gathered in #2 to determine the board foot volume of the trees in the forest you measured. -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
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<!-- 4. Calculate the basal area of a tree from the diameter (dbh) or circumference measurement. What is basal area per acre or hectare? -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
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<!-- 5. Study five tree species important to forestry in your area and give the following information about each: <br>a. common and scientific name<br> b. range of tree<br> c. height and diameter of tree at maturity<br> d. common use and importance of tree<br> e. habitat of tree, forest zone, and elevation -->
  
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== External links ==
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<!--T:34-->
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*[http://www.inclinometer.blogspot.com Inclinometer Blog - General Inclinometer Information]
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<!-- 6. List the benefits of forest to the environment, water quality, air quality, wildlife, and recreation. -->
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<!-- 7. List the uses of wood produced in the forests in your area, and which tree species are important for each use. -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=8}}
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<!-- 8. Discover & Discuss the following: How are forests managed to reduce the damage from insects and disease? What factors influence fire behavior? Considering that wildfires produce both benefits and destruction, what treatments could reduce wildfire severity? -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9}}
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<!-- 9. Do one of the following in forest regeneration: -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=10}}
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<!-- 10. Explore the biblical stories in Genesis 1-3 and Revelation 22 that talk about the tree of life. In your discussion, discover the role of trees in God’s perfect environment, and our responsibility to take care of our environment. -->
  
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[[Category:Surveying instruments]]
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<!--T:17-->
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[[Category:Dimensional instruments]]
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{{Bible link|Genesis 1-3}}
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[[Category:Inclinometers]]
 
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[[Category:Measuring instruments]]
 
  
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[[ar:مميال]]
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<!--T:18-->
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[[ca:Clinòmetre]]
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{{Bible link|Revelation 22}}
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[[da:Inklinometer]]
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[[de:Neigungsmesser]]
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[[es:Clinómetro]]
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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[[fa:شیب‌سنج]]
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 10 -->
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[[fr:Inclinomètre]]
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<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
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[[hi:नतिमापी]]
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==References== <!--T:19-->
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[[io:Klinometro]]
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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[[it:Clinometro]]
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{{CloseHonorPage}}
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[[ja:クリノメーター]]
 
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[[no:Klinometer]]
 
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[[pl:Inklinometr]]
 
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[[pt:Inclinômetro]]
 
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[[ru:Инклинометр]]
 
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[[sl:Klinometer]]
 
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[[sv:Inklinometer]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:31, 17 May 2021

Other languages:
English • ‎español
Forestry

Skill Level

2

Year

2008

Version

30.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

Forestry AY Honor.png
Forestry
Vocational
Skill Level
123
Approval authority
General Conference
Year of Introduction
2008
See also
Conservation Master Award
Technician Master Award
Forestry - Advanced


1

Have the Trees honor.


For tips and instruction see Trees.


2

Learn the proper use of the following common forestry tools and practice using them on trees in a forest. Record the information for each tree giving also the common name of each tree:


For this requirement you will need access to a forest and permission from a land owner to bore into the trees.

You can go as a group, but each person in the group must take several measurements. In addition to the equipment listed below, each participant should bring a notebook and a pen for recording measurements and observations.


2a

DBH (diameter at breast height) tape – measure the diameter of trees (or measure the tree circumference and calculate the diameter)


A DBH-tape is a form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH is measured at a fixed height of 140cm4.5 feet above the ground, where it is most convenient to measure diameter. DBH is measured up high so to avoid measuring a tree's butt swell. Butt swell is where the base of the tree is unconventionally fatter than the rest of the tree. Height and diameter are used to determine the volume of a given tree, measuring above the butt swell is required to provide the most accurate measurement.

Diameter is easily measured because the tape is calibrated in units of 3.14 ([math]\displaystyle{ \pi }[/math]) inches or centimeters. The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. The only problem with the diameter tape is that the measurements assume the tree's trunk cross-sections are perfectly circular. Thus the diameter tape just gives an approximation, regardless it is the most commonly used dendrometer for DBH.


2b

Clinometer or Tangent height gauge – measure the height of trees


A clinometer used in forestry
Hand made clinometer

The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights.

A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic trigonometry.

First the observer measures a straight-line distance D from some observation point O to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle a between O and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle b between O and the bottom of the object. Multiplying D by the tangent of a gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of b the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (H) of the object, in the same units as D.

Note that since multiplication is distributive it is equally valid to add the tangents of the angles and then multiply them by D:

A = tan a
B = tan b
H = (A × D) + (B × D) = (A + B) × D

Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale).

If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale.


2c

Increment borer – count the growth rings to determine age



2d

Prism – estimate the basal area per acre or hectare




3

Use the information gathered in #2 to determine the board foot volume of the trees in the forest you measured.



4

Calculate the basal area of a tree from the diameter (dbh) or circumference measurement. What is basal area per acre or hectare?



5

Study five tree species important to forestry in your area and give the following information about each:
a. common and scientific name
b. range of tree
c. height and diameter of tree at maturity
d. common use and importance of tree
e. habitat of tree, forest zone, and elevation



6

List the benefits of forest to the environment, water quality, air quality, wildlife, and recreation.



7

List the uses of wood produced in the forests in your area, and which tree species are important for each use.



8

Discover & Discuss the following: How are forests managed to reduce the damage from insects and disease? What factors influence fire behavior? Considering that wildfires produce both benefits and destruction, what treatments could reduce wildfire severity?



9

Do one of the following in forest regeneration:


9a

Tour a forest seedling nursery



9b

Plant forest seedlings or forest seed




10

Explore the biblical stories in Genesis 1-3 and Revelation 22 that talk about the tree of life. In your discussion, discover the role of trees in God’s perfect environment, and our responsibility to take care of our environment.


Genesis 1-3

Revelation 22



References

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