Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key"

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[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]
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{{Mergefrom|Veraison|date=March 2007}}
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{{Taxobox
 +
| color = lightgreen
 +
| name = Grape
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| image = Close up grapes.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption = Wine Grapes
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Vitales]]
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| familia = [[Vitaceae]]
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| genus = '''''Vitis'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 +
| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
 +
}}
 +
{{wiktionarypar|grape}}
 +
{{For|the computer programming environment|GRAPE}}
  
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{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}
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A '''grape''' is the non-[[Climacteric#In_Botany|climacteric]] [[fruit]] that grows on the [[Perennial plant|perennial]] and [[deciduous]] woody [[vine]]s of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Vitaceae]]. Grapes grow in clusters of 6 to 300, and can be black, blue, golden, green, purple, red, pink, brown, peach or white. They can be eaten raw or used for making [[jam]], [[grape juice]], [[jelly]], [[wine]] and [[grape seed oil]]. Cultivation of grapevines occurs in [[vineyard]]s, and is called [[viticulture]]. One who studies and practises growing grapes for wine is called a viticulturist.
  
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'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8&ndash;10&nbsp;inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.  
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[[Raisin]]s are the dried fruit of the grapevine, and the name actually comes from the French word for "grape". Wild grapevines are often considered a nuisance weed, as they cover other plants with their usually rather aggressive growth.
  
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Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury.  Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc.  There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or  battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].
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The leaves of the grape vine itself are considered edible and are used in the production of [[dolmades]].
  
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==History==
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Grapevines are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on grapevines]]''.
  
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People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.
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== Grapevines ==
 +
[[Image:Palatina.jpg|thumb|right|240px| Palatina a german grape]]
 +
[[Image:Ornamental grape.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''V. cognitiae'', ornamental grape grown for its scarlet autumn foliage]]
 +
Many species of grapevines exist, including:
  
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The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' [[Yale College]] has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from them the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.
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*''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the European [[winemaking]] grapevine. Native to virtually all of mainland Europe.
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[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer.
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*''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', the North American table and grape juice grapevines, sometimes used for wine. Native to the [[Eastern U.S.]] and [[Canada]].
 +
*''[[Vitis riparia]]'', a wild vine of [[North America]], sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire [[Eastern U.S.]] and north to [[Quebec]].
 +
*''[[Vitis
 +
*''[[Vitis vulpina]]'' Frost grape. Native to the [[Midwest]] east to the coast up through [[New York]].  
 +
* ''[[Vitis cognitiae]]'' Ornamental Grape from East Asia, grown for its crimson autumn foliage.
 +
There are many [[List of grape varieties|varieties]] of grapevines; most are cultivars of ''V. vinifera''.
  
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An interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Stalag]] [[Oflag_XIII-A|13]]. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950 before their product had achieved any real success.
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== Species ==
 +
{{col-start}}
 +
{{col-break}}
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''[[Vitis acerifolia]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis aestivalis]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis amurensis]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis arizonica]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis x bourquina]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis californica]]''<br />
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
''[[Vitis x champinii]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis cinerea]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis x doaniana]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis girdiana]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis labrusca]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis x labruscana]]''<br />
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
''[[Vitis lincecumii]]<br />
 +
''[[Vitis monticola]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis mustangensis]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis x novae-angliae]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis palmata]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis riparia]]''<br />
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis rupestris]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis shuttleworthii]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis tiliifolia]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis vinifera]]''<br />
 +
''[[Vitis vulpina]]''
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
[[Hybrids|Hybrid grapes]] also exist, and these are primarily crosses between ''[[Vitis vinifera|V. vinifera]]'' and one or more varieties of ''[[Vitis labrusca|V. labrusca]]'', ''[[Vitis riparia|V. riparia]]'' or ''[[Vitis aestivalis|V. aestivalis]]''. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably [[phylloxera]]), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" odor of ''[[Vitis labrusca|labrusca]]''.
  
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In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the [[Pluto Platter]], to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFOs]] with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbees. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a toy company called '[[Wham-O]]'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the [[Hula Hoop]], the [[Super Ball]] and the [[Water Wiggle]]. The pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed (1/23/1957), Wham-O began production of more Pluto Platters. The next year, Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.
+
The [[sea grape]] ''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]'' is actually a member of the Buckwheat family ''[[Polygonaceae]]'' and is native to the lands of the [[Caribbean Sea]].
  
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Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's design for the modern Frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]
+
== Distribution ==
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By allowing the inertia which is found within the context of the rubber. We can perpetuate eternal bliss within the confines of the frisbee.
 
  
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==Games using flying discs==
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According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. <!-- references needed: Popularity for the purple grape has increased tremendously over the past decade. In March 2006, the purple grape reached its peak in popularity by being preferred 83% of the time over green grapes in a University of Michigan poll. -->
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{{main|Flying disc games}}
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[[Image:GrapeField.jpg|thumb|250px|Grapevines]]
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*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
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The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for wine making:
−
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
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*Spain 11,750 km²
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*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
+
*France 8,640 km²
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*[[Durango Boot]]
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*Italy 8,270 km²
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*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
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*Turkey 8,120 km²
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*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
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*United States 4,150 km²
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*[[Flutterguts]]
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*Iran 2,860 km²
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*[[Friskee]]
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*Romania 2,480 km²
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*[[Disc dog]]
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*Portugal 2,160 km²
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*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
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*Argentina 2,080 km²
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*[[Goaltimate]]
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*Australia 1,642 km²
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*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
 
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*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
 
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*[[Hot Box]]
 
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*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
 
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*[[Flyer Frizbee]]
 
  
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==Physics==
+
Sources: FAO, [http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2002_def2_EN.pdf Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf)], [https://www.awbc.com.au/winefacts/data/free.asp?subcatid=102 Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation].
  
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[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.
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Comparing diets among western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly the incidence of [[heart disease]] remains low in France.[http://www.virginia.edu/bmg/faculty/mayo/mayo.html] This phenomenon has been named the [[French Paradox]]. Many scientists now believe the reason is the greater consumption of red wine in France. Something in the grape helps to lower cholesterol levels in the body and thus slows the build up of deposits in the arteries. Compounds such as [[resveratrol]] (a [[polyphenol antioxidant]]) have been discovered in grapes and these have been positively linked to fighting cancer, [[heart disease]], degenerative [[nerve]] disease and other ailments. Doctors do not recommend excessive consumption of red wine, but three or four glasses a week is beneficial and encouraged.
  
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The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude <!-- "attitude" is the correct term here; pls don't change to "altitude". -elf Dec 05 --> [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.
+
Red or not, grapes of all colors offer comparable benefits. Red [[wine]] offers health benefits not found in white wine, because many of the beneficial compounds are found in the skins of the grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skins.
  
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Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," or pussy warping as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.
 
  
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==Trivia==
+
== White grapes ==
−
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
+
White grapes are evolutionarily derived from the red grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes turn off production of [[anthocyanin]], which is responsible for the colour of the red grape.<ref>{{cite journal|title=White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes|author=Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, McDavid DA, Thomas MR, Robinson SP|journal=Plant J|year=2007|volume=49|issue=5|pages=772&ndash;85|pmid=17316172}}</ref>.
−
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company".
 
−
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].
 
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*In the ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' episode "Who Knew?", [[Charles Winchester]] throws a frisby at the end of the episode from two children passing it to teach other. He calls it "mindless recreation." [[Maxwell Klinger]] was trying to convince him to invest in taking the idea to the [[United States]]. Earlier in the episode Klinger was trying to convince him to invest in the ''[[hula hoop]]''.
 
  
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== See also ==
+
== Raisins, currants, and sultanas ==
−
* [[Disc throws]]
+
A ''[[raisin]]'' is any dried grape. A ''[[Zante currant|currant]]'' is a dried [[Zakynthos|Zante]] grape, the name being a corruption of the [[French language|French]] ''raisin de Corinthe'' ([[Corinth]] grape). A ''[[sultana (grape)|sultana]]'' was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin, but the word is now applied to raisins made from common North American grapes and chemically treated to resemble the traditional sultana.
−
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
 
−
* [[Chakram]]
 
−
* [[Aerobie]]
 
  
−
==Further reading==
+
Note that, while ''raisin'' is a French [[loanword]], the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; ''grappe'' (whence the English ''grape'' is derived) refers to the bunch (as in ''une grappe de raisin'').  As ''raisin'' is uncountable in French, a single grape is a ''grain de raisin.''
  
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*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
+
Note also that ''currant'' has come to refer also to the [[blackcurrant]] and [[redcurrant]], two berries completely unrelated to grapes.
−
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
+
 
−
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
+
== Seedlessness ==
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*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
+
Seedlessness is a highly desirable trait in table grape selection, and seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]] by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is, however, an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] techniques. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivars get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka. All are members of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''.
−
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
+
 
−
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
+
==Resveratrol==
−
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamic of Frisbee, Boomerang, Samara and Skipping Stone'', Ralph Lorenz,  Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4
+
{{main|Resveratrol}}
 +
[[Resveratrol]] is produced by several plants, apparently for its [[antifungal drug|antifungal]] properties. It is found in widely varying amounts in grapes, primarily the skins and seeds. This is particularly true for muscadine grapes, whose skin and seeds have about one hundred times the concentration as the pulp.[http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01202006-082858/] The amount found in grape skins also varies with the grape cultivar, its geographic origin, and exposure to fungal infection.  The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content.[http://www.pbrc.edu/Division_of_Education/pdf/PNS_resveratrol.pdf]
 +
 
 +
Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.[http://www.mercola.com/2004/jun/9/grape_skin.htm] Ordinary non-[[muscadine]] [[red wine]] contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L <ref> Gu X, Creasy L, Kester A, et al., Capillary electrophoretic determination of resveratrol in wines.  J Agric Food Chem 47:3323-3277, 1999</ref>, depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less - the reason being that red wine is [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol, whereas [[white wine]] is fermented after the skin has been removed. Wines produced from [[muscadine]] grapes, however, both red and white, may contain more than 40 mg/L.<ref> Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ. Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines.  http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57</ref>.
 +
[http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01202006-082858/unrestricted/LeBlanc_dis.pdf]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Diseases==
 +
{{Main|List of grape diseases}}
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
<references />
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
*[[List of grape varieties]]
 +
*[[Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
+
{{commons|Grape}}
−
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
+
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28600 Integrated Taxonomic Information System entry for Grape family]
−
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
+
* [http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/agrista/2004/table_en/4611.pdf Area under vine (pdf)]
−
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
+
* [http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/wild_grape.htm Wild Grapes]
−
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
+
* [http://www.twis.info/grapes.php 300 Grape Varieties for Wine]
−
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]
+
* [http://encyclowine.org/index.php/Main_Page Wine Wiki]
  
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[[Category:Frisbee]]
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[[Category:Fruit]]
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[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
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[[Category:Vitaceae]]
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[[Category:Toys]]
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[[Category:Viticulture]]
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[[Category:Flying disc games]]
 
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[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
 
  
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[[cs:Frisbee]]
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[[als:Weintraube]]
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[[da:Frisbee]]
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[[ar:عنب]]
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[[de:Frisbee]]
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[[an:Uga]]
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[[es:Frisbee]]
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[[ca:Vinya]]
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[[eo:Flugdisko]]
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[[da:Vinstok]]
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[[fr:Frisbee]]
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[[de:Weintraube]]
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[[it:Frisbee]]
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[[es:Uva]]
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[[nl:Frisbee]]
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[[eo:Vinbero]]
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[[ja:フライングディスク]]
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[[fa:انگور]]
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[[no:Frisbee]]
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[[fr:Raisin]]
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[[pl:Frisbee]]
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[[ko:포도]]
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[[ru:Летающая тарелка (диск)]]
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[[hr:Grožđe]]
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[[sk:Frisbee]]
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[[hu:Szőlő]]
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[[sr:Frizbi]]
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[[io:Vito]]
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[[sv:Frisbee]]
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[[id:Anggur]]
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[[uk:Фрісбі]]
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[[it:Vitis]]
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[[he:גפן (צמח)]]
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[[mg:Voaloboka]]
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[[nah:Xocomecatl]]
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[[nl:Druif]]
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[[ja:ブドウ]]
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[[nn:Drue]]
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[[pl:Winorośl]]
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[[pt:Uva]]
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[[qu:Huk wayuq]]
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[[ru:Виноград]]
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[[simple:Grape]]
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[[sl:Grozdje]]
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[[sr:Грожђе]]
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[[fi:Viinirypäle]]
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[[sv:Vinrankor]]
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[[th:องุ่น]]
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[[vi:Nho]]
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[[zh:葡萄]]

Revision as of 03:33, 25 May 2007

Template:Mergefrom Template:Taxobox Template:Wiktionarypar Template:For

A grape is the non-climacteric fruit that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the family Vitaceae. Grapes grow in clusters of 6 to 300, and can be black, blue, golden, green, purple, red, pink, brown, peach or white. They can be eaten raw or used for making jam, grape juice, jelly, wine and grape seed oil. Cultivation of grapevines occurs in vineyards, and is called viticulture. One who studies and practises growing grapes for wine is called a viticulturist.

Raisins are the dried fruit of the grapevine, and the name actually comes from the French word for "grape". Wild grapevines are often considered a nuisance weed, as they cover other plants with their usually rather aggressive growth.

The leaves of the grape vine itself are considered edible and are used in the production of dolmades.

Grapevines are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera which feed on grapevines.

Grapevines

Palatina a german grape
V. cognitiae, ornamental grape grown for its scarlet autumn foliage

Many species of grapevines exist, including:

There are many varieties of grapevines; most are cultivars of V. vinifera.

Species

Template:Col-start Template:Col-break Vitis acerifolia
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis amurensis
Vitis arizonica
Vitis x bourquina
Vitis californica
Template:Col-break Vitis x champinii
Vitis cinerea
Vitis x doaniana
Vitis girdiana
Vitis labrusca
Vitis x labruscana
Template:Col-break Vitis lincecumii
 Vitis monticola
Vitis mustangensis
Vitis x novae-angliae
Vitis palmata
Vitis riparia
Template:Col-break Vitis rotundifolia
Vitis rupestris
Vitis shuttleworthii
Vitis tiliifolia
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vulpina Template:Col-end Hybrid grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between V. vinifera and one or more varieties of V. labrusca, V. riparia or V. aestivalis. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably phylloxera), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" odor of labrusca.

The sea grape Coccoloba uvifera is actually a member of the Buckwheat family Polygonaceae and is native to the lands of the Caribbean Sea.

Distribution

According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.

Grapevines

The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for wine making:

  • Spain 11,750 km²
  • France 8,640 km²
  • Italy 8,270 km²
  • Turkey 8,120 km²
  • United States 4,150 km²
  • Iran 2,860 km²
  • Romania 2,480 km²
  • Portugal 2,160 km²
  • Argentina 2,080 km²
  • Australia 1,642 km²

Sources: FAO, Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf), Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation.

Comparing diets among western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly the incidence of heart disease remains low in France.[1] This phenomenon has been named the French Paradox. Many scientists now believe the reason is the greater consumption of red wine in France. Something in the grape helps to lower cholesterol levels in the body and thus slows the build up of deposits in the arteries. Compounds such as resveratrol (a polyphenol antioxidant) have been discovered in grapes and these have been positively linked to fighting cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease and other ailments. Doctors do not recommend excessive consumption of red wine, but three or four glasses a week is beneficial and encouraged.

Red or not, grapes of all colors offer comparable benefits. Red wine offers health benefits not found in white wine, because many of the beneficial compounds are found in the skins of the grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skins.


White grapes

White grapes are evolutionarily derived from the red grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes turn off production of anthocyanin, which is responsible for the colour of the red grape.&.

Raisins, currants, and sultanas

A raisin is any dried grape. A currant is a dried Zante grape, the name being a corruption of the French raisin de Corinthe (Corinth grape). A sultana was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin, but the word is now applied to raisins made from common North American grapes and chemically treated to resemble the traditional sultana.

Note that, while raisin is a French loanword, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; grappe (whence the English grape is derived) refers to the bunch (as in une grappe de raisin). As raisin is uncountable in French, a single grape is a grain de raisin.

Note also that currant has come to refer also to the blackcurrant and redcurrant, two berries completely unrelated to grapes.

Seedlessness

Seedlessness is a highly desirable trait in table grape selection, and seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is, however, an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivars get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka. All are members of Vitis vinifera.

Resveratrol

Template:Main Resveratrol is produced by several plants, apparently for its antifungal properties. It is found in widely varying amounts in grapes, primarily the skins and seeds. This is particularly true for muscadine grapes, whose skin and seeds have about one hundred times the concentration as the pulp.[2] The amount found in grape skins also varies with the grape cultivar, its geographic origin, and exposure to fungal infection. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content.[3]

Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.[4] Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L &, depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less - the reason being that red wine is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol, whereas white wine is fermented after the skin has been removed. Wines produced from muscadine grapes, however, both red and white, may contain more than 40 mg/L.&. [5]


Diseases

Template:Main

References

  1. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Gu X, Creasy L, Kester A, et al., Capillary electrophoretic determination of resveratrol in wines. J Agric Food Chem 47:3323-3277, 1999
  3. ↑ Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ. Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines. http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57

See also

External links

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