AY Honors/Navigation/Answer Key

Navigation

Skill Level

2

Year

1953

Version

24.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

1

Have the Weather honor.

For tips and instruction see Weather.

2

Know at least 20 nautical terms used in navigation.

Aboard

on board, or being present on a boat.

Aft of after

toward or near the rear of a boat.

Amidships

halfway between the front and rear of a boat.

Astern

behind the boat or backwards.

Bay

a body of water partially enclosed by land but with a wide mouth, affording access to the sea.

Beacon

a signaling or guiding device, such as a lighthouse, located on a coast.

Binnacle

protective box for a compass.

Bollards

short, heavy posts on a pier for securing boats.

Bow

the front section of a ship or boat.

Buoy

a float moored in water to mark a location, warn of danger, or indicate a navigational channel.

Channel

the deeper part of a river or harbor, especially a deep navigable passage.

Cuddy

small space under the foredeck for storage.

Fathom

a unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.83 meters), used principally in the measurement and specification of marine depths.

Draught

the depth of a loaded vessel in the water, taken from the level of the waterline to the lowest point of the hull.

Galley

marine name for kitchen.

Harbor

a sheltered part of a body of water deep enough to provide anchorage for ships.

Hatch

an opening through the deck through an area below.

Heading

the course or direction in which a ship or aircraft is moving.

Heave

marine name for throw.

Helmsman

pilot of the boat, the person who steers.

Hull

the main body of the boat. The outside surface of the boat.

Keel

the backbone of the boat that extends from bow to stern.

Knot

a unit of speed, one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.85 kilometers (1.15 statute miles) per hour. If traveling due north or due south at one knot, you will cover one minute of latitude in an hour.

Latitude

the distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees along a meridian, as on a map or globe.

Leeward

the direction the wind is blowing.

Longitude

distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds.

Port

left side of a boat when looking toward the bow.

Sounding

A measured depth of water.

Starboard

the right side of a boat when looking toward the bow.

Stern

back end of the boat.

Swab

marine name for a mop.

Underway

when a boat is moving through the water.

Waterway

A navigable body of water, such as a river, channel, or canal.

Waypoint

a point between major points on a route, as along a track.

3

Name at least three aids to navigation and their functions. By whom are these maintained?

An aid to navigation is any device external to a craft that is designed to assist in determining the location of the craft, a safe course for the craft, or to warn of dangers. Most aids to navigation are established and maintained by the government. In the U.S., this is done by the Coast Guards.

a. Lighthouse

are located along the seacoast and at important harbor entrances. They operate automatically without a full-time lighthouse keeper.

b. Beacon

miniature, unmanned, lighthouses that are placed along banks and ledges to mark isolated dangers. Horns and mechanical bells are sometimes used in beacons during times when visibility is low.

c. Buoys

floating navigational aids that are divided into 3 categories- unlighted, sound, and lighted.

d. Radio beacons

by use of radio signals, this system is designed to meet at least 3 objectives: to give a nearly continuous 2 position line capability to a distance offshore of at least 50 miles: to give working ranges up to 160 miles at certain key locations for approaching from far offshore and to provide continuous, low-powered guidance for inshore navigation.

4

Name six types of buoys. What do they mean and how are they used? Give the colors of the six you named. How are buoys numbered? How do they mark channels?

Buoys used to mark the edges of channels:

a. Nun buoys

painted red with even numbers.

b. Can buoys

painted green with odd numbers.

c. Spar buoys

are painted red with even numbers and black with odd numbers. When entering a harbor, keep red buoys to starboard, and black buoys to port.

Buoys used to mark obstructions, anchorage, fishing nets, and fairways:

a. Mid-channel buoys

have a white light and have white and black vertical stripes. They show the direction to the harbor.

b. Fairway buoys

may be of any shape. They are painted black and white vertical stripes. These buoys mark the center of a channel or fairway and should be passed close aboard on either hand.

c. Anchorage buoys

are always white and mark where an anchorage may be made.

5

Box a compass with eight cardinal points. Why is it so important in navigation? Where is it mounted in the vessel, and why?

8 cardinal points of the compass

"Boxing a compass" means to name the points on the compass in a clockwise order starting with north. With eight cardinal points, this would be:

1. north
2. northeast
3. east
4. southeast
5. south
6. southwest
7. west
8. northwest.

The compass is used along with a geometry compass, dividers, parallel rules, a straightedge, and a protractor to find the boat’s position on charts. When the sky is overcast and there is no land in sight, it is very easy to get disoriented. The compass will keep you on course and help you find your way back to port. Compasses are meant to be mounted on bulkheads, atop consoles, gimbals, or brackets. Some are flushed and mounted. Flush mounts are better because they transmit less vibration than a bracket-mount compass. The compass should have a guard to protect it from damage and a hood to eliminate sun glare.

6

Name four of the most useful knots in seamanship. Know how to tie them and give their principal uses.

Square Knot

Use: Also known as a Reef knot, the Square Knot is easily learned and useful for many situations. It is most commonly used to tie two lines together at the ends. This knot is used at sea in reefing and furling sails. It is used in first aid to tie off a bandage or a sling because the knot lies flat. How to tie: Pass left end over and under right end. Curve what is now the left end toward the right and cross what is now the right end over and under the left. Draw up tight by pulling one end and line away from the other end and line. WARNING: Do not rely on this knot to hold weight in a life or death situation. It has been known to fail.

Two half hitches
Use: This reliable knot is quickly tied and is the hitch most often used in mooring. How to tie: Pass end of rope around post or other object. Wrap short end of rope under and over long part of rope, pushing the end down through the loop. This is a half hitch. Repeat on long rope below first half hitch and draw up tight.

Bowline

Use: This knot doesn't jam or slip when tied properly. It can be tied around a person's waist and used to lift him, because the loop will not tighten under load. In sailing, the bowline is used to tie a halyard to a sail head. How to tie: Make the overhand loop with the end held toward you, then pass end through loop. Now pass end up behind the standing part, then down through the loop again. Draw up tight.

Figure Eight
Use: This knot is ideal for keeping the end of a rope from running out of tackle or pulley. How to tie: Make underhand loop, bringing end around and over the standing part. Pass end under, then up through the loop. Draw up tight.

Mooring Hitch

Clove hitch

Use: This knot is the "general utility" hitch for when you need a quick, simple method of fastening a rope around a post, spar or stake (like tying wicks to sticks in Candle Making) or another rope (as in Macramé) How to tie: Make a turn with the rope around the object and over itself. Take a second turn with the rope around the object. Pull the end up under the second turn so it is between the rope and the object. Tighten by pulling on both ends.

Sheetbend

Use: The sheet bend knot is excellent for joining two ropes together, especially if the two ropes are not the same size. When tied properly, it will not come undone, and it is easy to untie. It is very similar to the bowline. How to tie: Make a bight at the end of the larger rope (if they are not the same size). Run the end of the smaller rope through the bight, entering from the bottom. Wrap the end of small rope around the back of the large rope, crossing the short end of the large rope first. Tuck the end of the short rope under itself, on top of the bight.

7

Familiarize yourself with reading and interpreting a "chart." Why is a chart so invaluable in unknown waters? Give some of the things a chart shows. Give the symbols used on a chart, or two of the most used buoys.

8

When you are taking an active part in navigation, what are three of the best safety rules to follow?

1. Stay alert to nearby vessels, hazards and changing weather conditions. Refrain from substances or practices that could impair judgment or alertness (e.g. alcohol, lack of sleep).
2. Travel at safe and appropriate speeds.
3. Follow the "rules of the road."

9

What does it mean to be properly equipped? Illustrate.

A properly equipped boat has on it:

Appropriate sized life preservers for all aboard. Button, zip and strap up all of the closures of the lifejacket. The jacket should be snug but not so tight that you can’t breathe. Lift your arms in the air. Make an eleven with your arms, the universal football touchdown sign, and put your hands straight up in the air. If the life jacket does not rise, it’s a good fit. Follow this rule for adults and children. (Could draw a person with their arms raised up and the lifejacket fitting snuggly to body, not moving upward.)

A fire extinguisher classified for the type of fire its designed to extinguish. A 'Class B' Fire Extinguisher will be needed on the vessel. This type of extinguisher is for gasoline, oil, paint and other flammable liquids. The extinguisher will contain foam, ABC powder or carbon dioxide to put out the fire.

A properly ventilated fuel tank and engine room At least 2 ventilator ducts fitted with cowls of for the purpose of properly and efficiently ventilating the bilges of every inboard engine and fuel tank compartment of boats constructed or decked over after April 25, 1940, using gasoline or other fuel having a flashpoint less than 110 F. Boats built after 31 July 1980 must have operable power blowers.

A whistle, bell or horn. Any Device capable or making an "efficient sound signal" audible for 1/2 mile.

Visual distress signals. Required only when operating at night (N). Some night equipment choices as for larger boats including: Orange Flag with Black Square-and-disc (day); and an S-O-S electric light (night); or 3 orange smoke signals, hand held or floating (day); or 3 red flares of handheld, meteor, or parachute type (day/night).

Navigational lights to be displayed between dusk and dawn. Recreational boats operating at night are required to display navigation lights between sunset and sunrise.

10

What is meant by "rules of the road" and by "proper water etiquette?"

For the purposes of the sailing honor we will focus in the rules of the road that apply to small sailing boats.

It is important to note here that you are responsible for learning the rules and regulations that apply to whichever boat you are operating in the country and state or province where you are operating the boat.

There are five basic rules of the road for small sailing boats to decide who has the "Right-of-Way" so that each boat's skipper (driver) will know what to do to avoid a collision.

When sailing the words "left" and "right" in reference are replaced with "port" and "starboard". It is important to remember which is which since the rules of the road for sailing rely on using these words to assign right-of-way.

You might be able to remember this by noticing that the letter "R" appears twice in the word "starboard", and only once in "port". Then since "right" begins with "R", you will know that the right hand side of the boat when facing forward is the starboard side.

The next item to remember is the word "tack" and how it is used to describe which side of the boat the wind is blowing from. As seen in the illustration below, if the wind is coming from the right hand side of the boat, and the sail is on the left side, the boat is on a starboard tack. When the wind and sail are reveresed, the boat is on a port tack.

Rule Number 1:

When two sailboats are approaching each other and are on different tacks, the boat on the starboard tack has the right-of-way over the boat which is in the port tack. An easy way to remember this is to think about power boat lights. At the front the boat has red on the port (left side) and green to the starboard (right). If you are approaching a boat and can "see" the red light, then the other boat has the right of way. (small sail boats rarely have the actual lights, but you can imagine them)

In the illustration below, boat "A" on the port tack, must turn to avoid boat "B" on the starboard tack.

Rule Number 2:

When two sailboats are approaching each other and are on the same tack, the leeward boat has the right-of-way over the windward boat. Another way to say this is to say that the boat closer to the wind source must keep clear. The boat further from the wind source has the right-of-way.

In the illustration below, boat "B" is the windward boat and must turn to avoid boat "A" which is leeward.

Rule Number 3

A sailboat that is staying on a tack has the right-of-way over a sailboat that is tacking or gybing. A simpler way to say this is to say "make sure you have room to complete a tack or a gybe without interfering with any other boats before doing so". Make sure that you can see clearly in all directions to ensure you have room.

In the illustration below, boat "A" must ensure that it leaves plenty of room to avoid boat "B", who has the right-of-way, since boat "B" is continuing on its tack. However, in the event that boat "A" was unable to tack due to the proximity of "B", remember that "A" is the leeward boat so therefore could tell boat "B" to give room to tack, but would lose this right of way as soon as they actually began to tack.

Rule Number 4

Any sailboat that is overtaking a slower boat from behind must steer clear of the slower boat and give right-of-way. The slower boat should hold its course and allow the faster boat to pass.

In the illustration below, boat "A" is a faster boat, and must steer around the slower boat "B", who should remain on the same course.

Rule Number 5

Most of the time sailboats have the right-of-way over power boats. Since most powerboats are more easily maneuverable than sailboats, they must steer clear. This is not always the case however. Larger power boats are sometimes steering in the deep channel of the area, and cannot leave the channel. In this case the sailboat does not have right-of-way, and must avoid impeding the progress of the larger vessel. Many larger power boats cannot simply stop quickly or easily turn to avoid a small sailboat, so it is in the sailor's best interest to steer well clear of these larger boats.

In the illustration below, the powerboat "A" must turn to avoid the sailboat "B", who has the right-of-way.

References