Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Fossils/Answer Key 2/es"

From Pathfinder Wiki
< AY Honors‎ | FossilsAY Honors/Fossils/Answer Key 2/es
(Created page with "</noinclude>")
(Updating to match new version of source page)
 
(54 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<languages /><br />
+
{{HonorSubpage}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
  
{{honor_desc/es
+
{{#vardefine:reqpage|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Requirements 2}}
|stage=00
 
|honorname=Fósiles
 
|skill=2
 
|year=1944
 
|category=Naturaleza
 
|authority=División Norteamericana
 
|insignia=Fossils_Honor.png
 
}}
 
  
{{Division variant/es|division = Asociación General}}
+
<section begin="Body" />
  
{{Honor_Master/es|honor=Fósiles|master=Conservación}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=1}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 1. Proporcionar una breve definición de cada uno de los siguientes términos: -->
  
{{IAConnection/es|[[Investiture_Achievement/Explorer/Nature_Study/es|EXPLORADOR Estudio de la naturaleza]]|estudiar artículos que complementan esta especialidad|Esta especialidad es una elección popular para la especialidad de la categoría de Estudio de la naturaleza de nivel de destreza 2 o 3 requerido para los EXPLORADORES DE CAMPO Y BOSQUE.}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
  
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=1a}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- a. Geología -->
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<section begin="Body" />
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1a -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=1b}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 1. Draw, photograph, or collect at least ten different kinds of fossils, and label each with its name and where it is found. -->
+
<!-- b. Fósiles -->
Fossils are found in many places where sedimentary rocks, such as claystones, shales, limestones, and sandstones, are exposed. Only certain sedimentary rocks harbored the appropriate environmental conditions to preserve and yield fossils, which are often concentrated along particular bedding planes within the rocks.
 
===Finding Fossils===
 
Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock with differentiated strata representing a succession of deposited material.
 
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1b -->
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=1c}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- c. Catastrofismo -->
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1c -->
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=1d}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- d. Paleobotánica, paleontología -->
  
 
{{clear}}
 
{{clear}}
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1d -->
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1 -->
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 2. Dibujar, hacer una maqueta o incluir una fotografía de lo siguiente: -->
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2a}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- a. Radiolaria -->
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2a -->
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2b}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- b. Crinoidea, graptolito -->
  
 
{{clear}}
 
{{clear}}
  
{{clear}}
+
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2b -->
  
{{clear}}
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2c}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- c. Trilobite -->
 +
[[File:Trilobite.jpg|thumb|200px|Trilobite]]
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1 -->
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2c -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2d}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 2. Have a brief definition of each of the following in your notebook:  -->
+
<!-- d. Dinosaurio -->
 +
 
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2a}}
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2d -->
 +
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2e}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- e. Mastodonte, mamut -->
 +
 +
[[File:Mammoth tusks.jpg|thumb|200px|Colmillos de mamut]]
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2a -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2b}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2b -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2c}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2c -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2d}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2d -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2e}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2e -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2e -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2f}}
+
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2f}}
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2f -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2g}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2g -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2h}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2h -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2i}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2i -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2j}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2j -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2k}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2k -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2l}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2l -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2m}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2m -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2n}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2n -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2o}}
 
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- f. Braquiópodo, pelecípodo (bivalvos) -->
 +
 +
[[File:Shell Limestone.jpg|thumb|200px|Piedra caliza de concha]]
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2o -->
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2f -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2p}}
+
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
+
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=2g}}
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2p -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2q}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2q -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2r}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2r -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2s}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2s -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2t}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude><noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2t -->
 
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2u}}
 
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- g. Lingula -->
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2u -->
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2g -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2 -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2 -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=3}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 3. Visit a museum where fossils are on display and make a written or oral report of your trip. -->
+
<!-- 3. Explicar las características de las eras Paleozoica, Cenozoica, Mesozoica y Pleistoceno. Colocarlos en orden cronológico. Explicar por qué los creacionistas usan estos términos. -->
[[File:Tyrannosaurus rex Stan.jpg|thumb|300px|Tyranasaurus rex]]
+
 
Most museums of natural history will have a fossil collection, and even small museums are likely to have a few. If you do not know of such a museum in your area, the Internet is your friend. Try searching for "fossil," "museum," and the name of your locality. If you are still unsure, get a list of local museums and call them. They will be happy to tell you if they have fossils on display, and if they do not, they may be able to direct you to a museum that does. Also not all museums are called a museum. The T Rex and some other fossils shown here were photographed at Science World in Vancouver.
+
{{clear}}
After the visit, have your Pathfinders either write their reports or present one orally. This would be a great topic for worship during your club's opening exercises, or during a campout.
+
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 
{{clear}}
 
{{clear}}
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3 -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3 -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=4}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 4. Describe the process of the proper removal of delicate specimens. Tell how a skeleton of a dinosaur or other gigantic fossil would be removed. Why should beginners not remove such specimens? What should be done by the beginner when he finds what is obviously a valuable fossil? -->
+
<!-- 4. Describir el proceso de la correcta extracción de los especímenes delicados. Decir cómo un esqueleto de un dinosaurio gigantesco u otros fósiles serían extraídos. ¿Por qué no deberían los principiantes extraer esos especímenes? ¿Qué debe hacer el principiante cuando encuentra un fósil de evidente valor? -->
===Removal of delicate specimens===
 
For extracting fossils from harder rocks, a sturdy mallet and cold steel chisels may also be required. Usually one needs a range of chisels in size from small ones with a sharp edge of about 1 cm (quarter of an inch), to much larger and heavier chisels. A broad-bladed chisel is often very useful for splitting rocks along their bedding plane.
 
  
Different types of rocks will break differently and a beginner should put in a little practice, getting the feel for a particular type of rock before he or she starts hammering out fossils. It is all too easy to ruin a specimen with one ill-placed blow of a hammer.
+
{{clear}}
  
Extracting a specimen that is embedded in solid rock may prove to be a long and difficult process. Before attempting to extract a specimen, the collector should make sure that it is feasible to remove it without destroying or damaging it. Leaving sufficient rock beneath the specimen to protect it from fracturing; excess matrix can be trimmed at a later time.
+
{{clear}}
  
For soft sediments and unconsolidated deposits, such as sands, silts and clays, a spade and a flat-bladed trowel or stout bladed knife may be the most useful tools for clearing the area around a fossil. Brushes are also useful for removing loose sediment from around fossils.
+
{{clear}}
  
A sieve is used to separate fossils from sands and gravels. A smaller mesh is required in order to avoid losing small fossils. One practical difficulty with using sieves in the field is that they easily become clogged, especially when the material sieved has a high moisture content. However, under dry weather conditions the more durable fossils, such as teeth and bones, can be quickly and easily sieved out of loose sands. Shaking the sieve is always liable to damage or destroy fragile fossils.
+
{{clear}}
  
If there is water available, such as on a beach or next to a stream, the material containing the fossils can be sieved wet and the matrix gradually washed away. Wet sieving is a technique that is frequently used for the collection of small mammalian fossils, and by using this technique even the smallest specimens may be recovered.
+
{{clear}}
  
===Removing gigantic fossils===
+
{{clear}}
Occasionally, large fragile specimens may need to be surrounded and supported using a jacket of plaster before their removal from the rock: This protects the fossil, protecting it from shattering. If a fossil is to be left in situ, a cast may be produced, using plaster of paris or latex - while not preserving every detail, such a cast is inexpensive, easier to transport, causes less damage to the environment, and leaves the fossil in place for others to enjoy. Subtle fossils which are preserved solely as impressions in sandy layers, such as the Ediacaran fossils, are usually sampled by means of a cast, which shows up detail more clearly than the rock itself.
 
  
===Valuable fossils===
+
{{clear}}
If you find an obviously valuable fossil, you should contact a professional. It is too easy to ruin a fossil by attempting to remove it yourself. Leave the extraction in the hands of an experienced collector. If you find such a fossil on public land, contact the authority responsible for the land. The fossil belongs to them, and they have the right to decide what to do with it. To find a professional, contact a museum or a local university. If they do not have one on staff, they will be able to refer you to one.
 
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4 -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4 -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=5}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 5. Explain the difference in the account scientists give for the presence of fossils as related by evolutionists and creationists. -->
+
<!-- 5. Explicar la diferencia que los científicos dan de la presencia de fósiles en relación a los evolucionistas y creacionistas. -->
Evolutionists and creationists both agree that fossils are formed when a creature is quickly buried in sediment. They disagree on how long ago this happened. Evolutionists believe most fossils were made millions of years ago. Creationists believe that nearly all fossils were made during Noah's flood less than 10,000 years ago.
 
  
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 5 -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 5 -->
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}}
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=6}}
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<!-- 6. De la Biblia y los escritos de Elena G. de White, citar declaraciones para explicar el origen de los siguientes materiales: <br>a. Carbón <br>b. Petróleo <br>c. Fósiles <br>d. Caliza-->
+
<!-- 6. De la Biblia y los escritos de Elena G. de White, citar declaraciones para explicar el origen de los fósiles. -->
  
 
{| border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=5  width=75% align="center"
 
{| border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=5  width=75% align="center"
Line 189: Line 166:
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 6 -->
 
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 6 -->
 +
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=7}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 7. Investigar cinco antepasados fósiles de animales que están vivos hoy. ¿Cómo se comparan y contrastan los antepasados fósiles con los animales modernos? -->
 +
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 7 -->
 +
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=8}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 8. Realizar dos de las siguientes actividades: -->
 +
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
==Referencias==
+
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=8a}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- a. Dedicar tiempo a buscar fósiles e intentar identificarlos. Traerlos para mostrar a su club de Conquistadores. -->
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 8a -->
 +
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=8b}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- b. Hacer un modelo de fósil de planta o animal con yeso, arcilla u otro medio. -->
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 8b -->
 +
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=8c}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- c. Visitar un museo donde se exhiban fósiles y dar un informe escrito u oral de su viaje. -->
 +
[[File:Tyrannosaurus rex Stan.jpg|thumb|300px|Tiranosaurio rex]]
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 8c -->
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 8 -->
 +
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=9}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 9. Hacer una colección de al menos diez tipos diferentes de fósiles y etiquetar cada uno con su nombre y ubicación geográfica. Clasificarlos como material orgánico de impresión, mineralizado, traza o preservado. -->
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
 +
 
 +
{{clear}}
  
 
{{clear}}
 
{{clear}}
  
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/es]]
 
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
 
<noinclude></noinclude>
<section end="Body" />
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 9 -->
 +
 
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#var:reqpage}}|num=10}}
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
<!-- 10. Preparar una parábola o una breve lección espiritual basada en fósiles utilizando lo aprendido en esta especialidad. -->
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 10 -->
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
==Referencias==
 +
 
 +
<noinclude></noinclude>
 +
 
 +
{{CloseHonorPage}}

Latest revision as of 15:56, 27 March 2024

Other languages:
English • ‎español
Fósiles

Nivel de destreza

2

Año

1944

Version

30.11.2024

Autoridad de aprobación

División Norteamericana

Fossils AY Honor.png
Fósiles
Estudio de la naturaleza
Nivel de destreza
123
Autoridad de aprobación
División Norteamericana
Año de introducción
1944
Vea también




1

Proporcionar una breve definición de cada uno de los siguientes términos:



1a

Geología




1b

Fósiles




1c

Catastrofismo




1d

Paleobotánica, paleontología





2

Dibujar, hacer una maqueta o incluir una fotografía de lo siguiente:



2a

Radiolaria




2b

Crinoidea, graptolito




2c

Trilobite


Trilobite



2d

Dinosaurio




2e

Mastodonte, mamut


Colmillos de mamut



2f

Braquiópodo, pelecípodo (bivalvos)


Piedra caliza de concha



2g

Lingula





3

Explicar las características de las eras Paleozoica, Cenozoica, Mesozoica y Pleistoceno. Colocarlos en orden cronológico. Explicar por qué los creacionistas usan estos términos.




4

Describir el proceso de la correcta extracción de los especímenes delicados. Decir cómo un esqueleto de un dinosaurio gigantesco u otros fósiles serían extraídos. ¿Por qué no deberían los principiantes extraer esos especímenes? ¿Qué debe hacer el principiante cuando encuentra un fósil de evidente valor?




5

Explicar la diferencia que los científicos dan de la presencia de fósiles en relación a los evolucionistas y creacionistas.




6

De la Biblia y los escritos de Elena G. de White, citar declaraciones para explicar el origen de los fósiles.


De Historia de Patriarcas y Profetas, p. 98, 99
Por doquiera yacían cadáveres de hombres y animales. El Señor no iba a permitir que permaneciesen allí para infectar el aire por su descomposición, y por lo tanto, hizo de la tierra un vasto cementerio. Un viento violento enviado para secar las aguas, las agitó con gran fuerza, de modo que en algunos casos derribaron las cumbres de las montañas y amontonaron árboles, rocas y tierra sobre los cadáveres.

En ese tiempo inmensos bosques fueron sepultados. Desde entonces se han transformado en el carbón de piedra de las extensas capas de hulla que existen hoy día, y han producido también enormes cantidades de petróleo. Con frecuencia la hulla y el petróleo se encienden y arden bajo la superficie de la tierra. Esto calienta las rocas, quema la piedra caliza, y derrite el hierro.



7

Investigar cinco antepasados fósiles de animales que están vivos hoy. ¿Cómo se comparan y contrastan los antepasados fósiles con los animales modernos?




8

Realizar dos de las siguientes actividades:



8a

Dedicar tiempo a buscar fósiles e intentar identificarlos. Traerlos para mostrar a su club de Conquistadores.




8b

Hacer un modelo de fósil de planta o animal con yeso, arcilla u otro medio.




8c

Visitar un museo donde se exhiban fósiles y dar un informe escrito u oral de su viaje.


Tiranosaurio rex




9

Hacer una colección de al menos diez tipos diferentes de fósiles y etiquetar cada uno con su nombre y ubicación geográfica. Clasificarlos como material orgánico de impresión, mineralizado, traza o preservado.




10

Preparar una parábola o una breve lección espiritual basada en fósiles utilizando lo aprendido en esta especialidad.




Referencias