Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Trees - Advanced/Answer Key/es"

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< AY Honors‎ | Trees - AdvancedAY Honors/Trees - Advanced/Answer Key/es
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<!-- 2. Recolectar, identificar, prensar y montar hojas de 35 diferentes especies de árboles. -->
 
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The margins of the leaf have large, smooth indentations that do not go all the way to the centerline.  (oaks)
 
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===4a. Describe the advantages in using the Latin or scientific names.===
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[[Image:Maclura pomifera2.jpg|thumb|180px|Osage Orange]]
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<!-- a. Describir las ventajas en el uso del latín o los nombres científicos. -->
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Latin names (such as ''Quercus alba'' which is white oak) are useful because they are absolutely unique for each species. Thus, the Latin name can be used in international settings without ambiguity.  Sometimes a given species will go by one name on one region, and by another name in another region. 
 
  
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For example, the Osage-orange (''Maclura pomifera'') is also known as mock orange, hedge-apple, horse-apple, hedge ball, bois d'arc, bodark (in Texas), and bow wood. A common slang term for it is also monkey brain or monkey ball due to its brainlike appearance. 
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Bows are made from many types of wood, including yew and red elm, so "bow wood" could mean any of these.  However, ''Maclura pomifera'' means only one thing.
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===4b. Of what use are the two parts of a scientific name?===
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The first part of the scientific name is the genus, and the second part is the species.  We have already discussed ''Quercus alba'' - the white oak, so let's expand on that.  There are many, many different species of oak, and they are all in the genus ''Quercus''.  All these trees produce acorns, and they are closely related to one another.  Grouping them into a common genus recognizes their similarities, while separating them by species recognizes their differences.
 
  
 
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<!-- 5. Name six families of trees in the angiosperm class and three families in the gymnosperm class. -->
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<!-- 5. Mencionar seis familias de árboles en la clase angiospermas y tres familias en la clase gimnospermas. -->
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===Angiosperms===
 
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;Beech Family: Beeches, Chestnuts, Chinkapins, and Oaks
 
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;Birch Family: Alders, Birches, Hornbeams, and Hazelnuts
 
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;Cashew Family: Smoketree and Sumacs
 
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;Custard-Apple Family: Pawpaw and Pond apple
 
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;Elm Family: Elms and Hackberries
 
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;Horsechestnut Family: Buckeyes and Horsechestnuts
 
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;Laurel Family: Laurels, Redbay, and Sassafras
 
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;Legume Family: Acacias, Redbuds, and Locusts
 
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;Magnolia Family: Magnolias, and Yellow (Tulip) Poplar
 
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;Maple Family: Maples
 
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;Mulberry Family: Figs, Mulberries, and Osage Oranges
 
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;Palm Family: Coconuts, Dates, Palms, and Palmettos
 
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;Rose Family: Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Plums
 
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;Sycamore Family: Sycamores
 
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;Walnut Family: Hickories, and Walnuts
 
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;Willow Family: Aspens, Poplars, and Willows
 
  
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===Gymnosperms===
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;Cedar or Cypress Family: Cedars, Cypresses, Junipers
 
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;Pine Family: Firs, Hemlocks, Pines, and Spruces
 
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;Redwood Family: Redwood, Giant Sequoia, Baldcypress
 
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;Yew Family: Yews, Torreyas
 
  
 
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A leaf is the part of a plant specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues. Leaves can store food and water.
 
  
 
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<!-- 7. Name the families of trees in your area which have opposite leaves. -->
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<!-- 7. Mencionar las familias de árboles en su área que tienen hojas opuestas. -->
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This is a partial list of trees with opposite leaves.  There may be more in your area.
 
  
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Maples, most Dogwoods, Ashes, Buckeyes, Buckthorn, Redwood, Paulownia, Lilac, Viburnum, Juniper, Black Mangrove, Olive, Piratebush, Boxwood, Southern Catalpa, Eucalyptus (gum), Pomegranate, and Elderberry.
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Outgrowths on either side of the petiole.
 
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A leaf's stem.
 
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The flat portion of a leaf, the blade may simple or be divided into leaflets (compound).
 
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Pitch is the name for any of a number of highly viscous liquids which appear solid. Pitch can be made from petroleum products or plants.  Pitch produced from plants is also known as resin.
 
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Examination of the cross-section of a log will reveal dark wood near the center, and light-colored wood near the bark.  The dark wood near the center is heartwood.  As a tree increases in age and diameter an inner portion of the sapwood becomes inactive and finally ceases to function, as the cells die. This inert or dead portion is called heartwood.
 
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Sapwood is comparatively new wood, comprising living cells in the growing tree. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. Its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the food prepared in the leaves.
 
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The inner portion of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" or "spring wood"
 
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The outer portion of the growth ring is the "late wood" (and has sometimes been termed "summerwood", often being produced in the summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is more dense.
 
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Annual rings can be seen in a horizontal cross section cut through the trunk of a tree. Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year, thus one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. The rings are more visible in temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly.
 
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A layer of cells just under the bark of a tree.  This layer is only one cell deep, and it produces all the new wood in a tree.
 
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A vein in a tree that brings water from the roots into the leaf.
 
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A vein in a tree that moves sap out, the latter containing the glucose (a form of sugar) produced by photosynthesis in the leaf.
 
  
 
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Hawthorn, locust
 
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Oak, birch, willow, alder, poplar
 
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Maple, ash, elm
 
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Oak
 
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Locust (and other legumes), mimosa
 
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Sourwood, paulownia, eucalyptus
 
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Hickory, beech, birch, walnut
 
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Yew, mulberry, elderberry, nannyberry
 
  
 
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<!-- 10. Identify ten deciduous trees by their “winter” characteristics, (features other than leaves) such as twig and bud, characteristic form, and growth habits. -->
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===By bark===
 
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The bark of many trees is easily recognizable, and in some cases, using the bark to identify the tree is easier than using the leaves.
 
  
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[[Image:American_sycamore_bark.jpg|thumb|right|American Sycamore]]
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;Sycamore: The bark of a sycamore tree could best be described as "patchy."  Large scales of the outer brown, gray, and white bark flake off to reveal a green bark beneath.  Sycamores are most often found near streams, rivers, ponds, or other sources of water.
 
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[[Image:Betula papyrifera1.jpg|thumb|right|The bark of a Paper Birch]]
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;Paper Birch: The bark of the paper birch is white, commonly brightly so, flaking in fine horizontal strips, and often with small black marks and scars. It is papery, with thin wisps peeling off.  The tears in the bark run laterally, and there are characteristic "dotted lines" running in the same direction. 
 
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[[Image:IN Hoot Woods.jpg|thumb|right|The bark of a Beech]]
 
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;Beech: Beech trees are similar to birch trees, but the bark does not peel off in paper-thin wisps.  Also, the color is a bit more grey, and it lacks the horizontal "dotted lines" found on the birch.
 
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[[Image:Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida Trunk Bark 3100px.jpg|thumb|right|The bark of a Flowering Dogwood]]
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;Dogwood: The bark of a mature dogwood breaks up into small scales.
 
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;Hackberry: The bark of the hackberry tree is warty.  These warts are typically .25 inches (6 mm) in diameter, and arranged in groups on the tree's trunk.
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;Hornbeam: The bark of the hornbeam (also known as ironwood) looks distinctively muscular.  It is smooth and looks very much like the limb of a muscular human.  Indeed it sometimes goes by the name "musclewood" for this very reason.
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[[Image:Hickory07103.jpg|thumb|right|Shagbark Hickory]]
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;Shagbark Hickory: Mature Shagbarks are easy to recognize because, as their name implies, they have shaggy bark. This character is however only found on mature trees; young specimens have smooth bark.
 
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===By buds and twigs===
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Virginia Tech has a website at http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/DENDROLOGY/syllabus/twigkey/location.htm which will aid you in identifying trees by their twigs.  The arrangement and structure of buds on a twig are unique to many species, and therefore useful as an identification tool.  In some cases, identification by twigs is more accurate than by leaves.  The following trees are among the easiest to identify by their twigs:
 
  
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;Alder:
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;Maple:
 
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;Hawthorn:
 
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;Black Locust:
 
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;Honey Locust:
 
  
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===By Characteristic Form===
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Some trees have a unique shape.  If you learn to recognize trees by their shape, it is possible to identify them even from a great distance.
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:Llandegfan Elm tree.jpg|Elm Tree
 
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Image:Willow1.jpg|Willow
 
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Image:Populus nigra Italica(02).jpg|Lombardy Poplar
 
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</gallery>
 
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;Elm: Elm trees are generally vase shaped
 
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;Willow: Note the dense, thin branches in the top of the tree.
 
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;Lombardy Poplar: Lombardy Poplars are slender, columnar tree with branches pointed sharply upward.
 
  
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===By Growth Habits===
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Some trees have preferred habitats.  The American Sycamore, for example, tends to grow near plentiful water sources. Because of its distinctive bark, it is usually easier to find creeks by finding the sycamore than it is to find the sycamore by finding a creek.
 
  
 
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==References==
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==Referencias==
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Latest revision as of 00:27, 15 July 2022

Other languages:
English • ‎español
Árboles - Avanzado

Nivel de destreza

3

Año

1949

Version

24.11.2024

Autoridad de aprobación

Asociación General

Trees Advanced AY Honor.png
Árboles - Avanzado
Estudio de la naturaleza
Nivel de destreza
123
Autoridad de aprobación
Asociación General
Año de introducción
1949
Vea también
Maestría de Botánica


1

Tener la especialidad de Árboles.


Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Árboles.


2

Recolectar, identificar, prensar y montar hojas de 35 diferentes especies de árboles.


A menos que ya esté muy familiarizado con los árboles en su área, tendrá que obtener una guía de campo sobre los árboles para esta actividad. ¡Ilustrar todas las especies de árboles que pueden surgir es mucho más allá del alcance de un solo capítulo en este libro de respuesta!

Lo mejor es recoger las hojas en la primavera o principios del verano antes de que los insectos y el tiempo hayan tenido la oportunidad de dañarlas. Pero, si lo prefiere, puede tratar de recogerlas en el otoño, cuando los colores cambian.

Cuando salga a recoger hojas, tome la guía de campo. Es importante identificar las hojas a la misma vez que los recoja, porque puede buscar por otras cosas además que las hojas para identificarlas. La corteza, el medio ambiente, brotes y la forma del árbol son todas pistas importantes para saber la especie del árbol. Esto es especialmente importante si quiere diferenciar entre los árboles del mismo género (como el cerezo negro americano, cerezo pin [de fuego], cerezo de Virgina [capulín], etc.). De hecho, la identificación apropiada puede no ser posible solamente por la hoja.

Recoja hojas que son típicas para el árbol, pero recuerde - las hojas más pequeñas van a ser más fáciles para que quepan en un papel de tamaño A4.

Presione las hojas por medio de colocándolas en una clase de papel absorbente - periódico, toallas de papel, pañuelo, etc. Luego, colóquelas bajo varios libros o en una prensa de hojas. Después de dos semanas, las hojas deben ester aplanadas, secas y bien conservadas. Los árboles de hoja perenne como el pícea y el abeto son difíciles de conservar de esta forma porque las acículas se caen. Los Conquistadores que son más ambiciosos tal vez quieran envolver las hojas en epoxi, ya que conserva el color y elimina la necesidad de presionarlas (es decir, las hojas también conservan sus características tridimensionales).

Una vez que las hojas han sido prensadas, se pueden pegar, poner con cinta adhesiva o laminar en papel de cuaderno. Utilice hojas sueltas si desea cambiar sus posiciones después. También puede colocar las hojas prensadas entre dos hojas de papel encerado, cubrir con una toalla y plancharlas.



3

Recolectar por separado, prensar, montar y etiquetar especímenes que demuestran los siguientes términos:


3a

Aserrado


3b

Doble aserrado


3c

Entera


3d

Crenado


3e

Dentado


3f

Lobulada


3g

Inciso


3h

Verticiladas


3i

Opuestas


3j

Alternas


3k

Pinnatisecta compuesta


3l

Triple compuesta (si es posible)




4

Hacer lo siguiente:





5

Mencionar seis familias de árboles en la clase angiospermas y tres familias en la clase gimnospermas.



6

Conocer y describir la función de las hojas en la vida de un árbol.



7

Mencionar las familias de árboles en su área que tienen hojas opuestas.



8

Definir los siguientes términos:


8a

Estípula


8b

Pecíolo


8c

Brizna


8d

Pino


8e

Duramen


8f

Albura


8g

Anillo de primavera


8h

Anillo de verano


8i

Anillo anual


8j

Cámbium


8k

Xilema


8l

Floema




9

¿Qué familias de árboles tiene:


9a

espinas?


9b

amento?


9c

semillas aladas?


9d

bellotas?


9e

las vainas?


9f

cápzulas?


9g

nueces?


9h

bayas?




10

Identificar 10 árboles de hoja caduca por sus características de «invierno» (características que no sean las hojas) como ramas y el capullo, forma características y hábitos de crecimiento.




Referencias

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