Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Digestion/Answer Key/es"

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< AY Honors‎ | DigestionAY Honors/Digestion/Answer Key/es
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Food enters the body through the '''mouth''' where it is manipulated by the '''tongue''' and chewed with the '''teeth'''.  '''Salivary glands''' secrete saliva which is used to soften and lubricate the food.  The tongue then pushes the food down the '''esophagus''' and it enters the stomach.  The main job of the '''stomach''' is to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones, so that they can be absorbed into the intestines more easily.  Food remains in the stomach for a few hours before it is passed into the upper part of the small initestine - the '''duodenum'''.  The '''small intestine''' is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed.  There are microscopic finger-like projections called '''villi''' covering the small intestinal walls which increase surface area for absorption. 
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The '''large intestine''' comes after the small intestine in the digestive tract. It is mainly responsible for storing waste, reclaiming water, maintaining the water balance, and absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K.
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By the time the chyme has reached this tube, almost all nutrients and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body. The '''rectum''' comes after the large intestine and acts as a temporary storage facility for feces.  Feces are expelled from the body through the '''anus''' during the act of defecation, which is the primary function of the anus.
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'''Related Organs'''
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The '''liver''' secretes bile into the small intestine, employing the '''gallbladder''' as a reservoir. The '''pancreas''' secretes a fluid containing several enzymes into the small intestine. Both these secretory organs aid in digestion.
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<!-- 7. Know the difference between food bolus and chyme. -->
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<!-- 7. Conocer la diferencia entre el bolo alimenticio y quimo. -->  
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'''Bolus''' is any fairly large quantity of matter, usually food, making its way through the digestive tract.
 
  
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'''Chyme''' is the liquid substance found in the stomach before entering the duodenum. It is made of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.
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<!-- 8. Where does bile come from? Where is it stored? What does it do in the duodenum? -->
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<!-- 8. ¿De dónde proviene la bilis? ¿Dónde se almacena? ¿Cuál es su función en el duodeno? -->
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Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver. It is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
 
  
 
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<!-- 9. What are villi? What makes them absorb the nutrients so quickly? At what point are all the nutrients removed from the food/chyme? Compare the amount of water absorbed by plain paper compared to a similar sized paper towel using an 1/8 cup (17.2 ml) of water. -->
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<!-- 9. ¿Cuáles son las vellosidades? ¿Qué les hace absorber los nutrientes tan rápidamente? ¿En qué punto están todos los nutrientes removidos de los alimentos/quimo? Comparar la cantidad de agua absorbida por el papel normal en comparación con una toalla de papel similar, usando 1/8 (17 ml) de una taza de agua. -->
  
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Villi are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine. In all humans, the villi increase intestinal absorptive surface area 9000-fold, providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients. This increases the surface area of the intestine to an area about the same size as a tennis court. There are also enzymes on the surface of the villi for digestion.
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Plain paper is smooth, but a paper towel is bumpy.  The bumps in the paper towel are similar to the villi, as they increase the surface area of the paper towel, and thus increase its absorption capacity.  You should see most of the water run off the surface of the plain paper, while most of it is absorbed by the paper towel.
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<!-- 10. What happens if too much water is present in the large intestine? What happens if not enough water is present? -->
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<!-- 10. ¿Qué sucede si demasiada agua está presente en el intestino grueso? ¿Qué sucede si no hay suficiente agua? -->
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Too much water in the colon results in diarrhea.  This occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.
 
  
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Too little water in the large intestine results in constipation.  Constipation or Irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate; it may be extremely painful.
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<!-- 11. How does fiber in your diet aid in digestion? How long should food remain in the digestive tract? What happens if food stays in the digestive system too long? -->
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<!-- 11. ¿Cómo la fibra en la dieta ayuda a la digestión? ¿Cuánto tiempo debería permanecer los alimentos en el tracto digestivo? ¿Qué ocurre si la comida se queda en el aparato digestivo demasiado tiempo? -->
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Increased fiber consumption appears to lower the risk of developing type II diabetes and heart disease. It may also help prevent high cholesterol and help fight obesity. High-fiber foods help move waste through the digestive tract faster and easier, so possibly harmful substances do not have as much contact with the gastrointestinal tract and reduce straining.
 
  
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Food stays in the stomach between 30 minutes and two hours.  It takes another two to six hours for it to pass through the small intestine, and between six and 72 hours in the large intestine.
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Since the large intestine absorbs water from the food, any food that stays there for too long has too much water removed from it resulting in constipation. 
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But that is not the worst of it.  Without proper digestion, food stays in the stomach for prolonged periods, ''fermenting'' and producing increasing amounts of gas and building up ''toxins''.
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If some type of antacid is taken at this point, the stomach contents will become alkaline, which will then cause this undigested food to drop into the small intestine where it continues to ferment and produce even more gas.
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At this stage, nothing has happened to improve digestion because the antacid has now effectively been made worse by halting any further digestion and merely relocating the symptom by exchanging stomach gas for intestinal gas.
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If the emptying time of the stomach is delayed for too long, bile is regurgitated backward into the stomach. Bile is caustic and very irritating to the stomach lining.
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So in short, what happens if food stays in the digestive system too long is: #1 Toxicity. Extras: fermentation, constipation, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), and heartburn.
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<!-- 12. Demonstrate the digestion of starch into simple sugar using the iodine test. -->
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<!-- 12. Demostrar la digestión del almidón en azúcar simple usando la prueba de yodo. -->  
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Starch is converted into sugar by saliva, and when iodine comes into contact with starch, it turns from brown to a dark purple or black.  These two facts can be used in a simple experiment.
 
  
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First, have a Pathfinder volunteer to generate some saliva, and collect it in a test tube.  You will need about 1.5 inches of saliva in the test tube.  To aid in salivation, the Pathfinder may find it advantageous to chew on some clean rubber bands.  Do not use gum, as this will put sugar into the saliva and ruin the experiment.  You will need a second test tube with an equal amount of water (1.5 inches).
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Second, take a single saltine cracker and wrap it in wax paper.  Then pulverize it into a fine powder.  Add half the "powdered" cracker to a test tube of saliva, and add the rest to the test tube of water.  Allow them to sit for 30 minutes.
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Finally, add a drop of iodine to each test tube.  The iodine in the cracker/water test tube should turn purple, showing the presence of starch.  The iodine in the cracker/saliva test tube should not change color (it should remain brown) showing that the starch has been converted to something else (sugar in this case). 
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To ensure success, do not allow the Pathfinder to mix the saliva and cracker in his mouth.  You need a LOT of saliva and only a little cracker so that all of the starch is converted to sugar before the iodine is added.
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<!-- 13. What are the six basic nutrients that are essential for life and where does the bulk of their digestion/absorption take place? -->
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<!-- 13. ¿Cuáles son los seis nutrientes básicos que son esenciales para la vida y dónde la mayor parte de la digestión y absorción se llevan a cabo? -->
  
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*'''Carbohydrates''' are compounds made of sugars.  Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.
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*'''Proteins''' are made of amino acids.  Most protein digestion takes place in the duodenum with the overall contribution from the stomach being small.
 
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*'''Fats''' consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached.  Fats are completely digested in the small intestine.
 
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*'''Vitamins''' are organic compounds essential to the body.  Vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine.
 
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*'''Minerals''' are trace elements such as iron, copper, and salts essential to metabolism.  Minerals are absorbed in the small intestine.
 
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*'''Water''' is an essential nutrient and is directly involved in all the chemical reactions of life.  It is primarily absorbed in the large intestine.
 
  
 
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<!-- 14. Know the difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. What is the most important carbohydrate? -->
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<!-- 14. Conocer la diferencia entre monosacárido, disacárido y polisacáridos. ¿Qué es lo más importante de los hidratos de carbono? -->  
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*'''Monosaccharides''' are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
 
  
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*'''Disaccharides''' are sugars (carbohydrates) composed of two monosaccharides.
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*'''Polysaccharides''' are relatively complex carbohydrates.  They are made up of many monosaccharides joined together. They are therefore very large, often branched, molecules.
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The most important carbohydrate is the one that they are all made from: monosaccharide.
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<!-- 15. What are amino acids? How many are needed to make all the proteins in the body? What is meant by essential amino acids? How many of them are essential? Where can you get all the essential amino acids? -->
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<!-- 15. ¿Cuáles son los aminoácidos? ¿Cuáles son necesarios para fabricar todas las proteínas en el cuerpo? ¿Qué se entiende por aminoácidos esenciales? ¿Cuántos de ellos son esenciales? ¿Dónde puede usted obtener todos los aminoácidos esenciales? -->
  
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Amino acids are the molecules from which proteins are built.  There are twenty standard amino acids used by cells in protein biosynthesis.
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Essential amino acids are the nine amino acids required for protein synthesis that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained in the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
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Only some foods contain all the essential amino acids. These include milk and dairy products, eggs, fish, meat and poultry. If you don't eat animal products, the only way you can get all the essential amino acids is by combining plant foods. For example: corn plus peas or beans, rice plus beans, lentils plus bread. [http://www.dietitian.com/protein.html]
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<!-- 16. What is ATP? What is it used for? What does your body make ATP from? What three sets of chemical reactions make ATP in your body? Why do we need to breathe oxygen? -->
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<!-- 16. ¿Qué es ATP? ¿Para qué se utiliza? ¿Qué hace que el cuerpo produzca ATP? ¿Qué tres series de reacciones químicas hacen ATP en el cuerpo? ¿Por qué necesitamos respirar oxígeno? -->
  
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ATP stands for '''a'''denosine '''t'''ri'''p'''hosphate.  ATP is used for transporting energy around in your body.  All the energy your body uses is supplied by ATP.  ATP is made by three chemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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*'''Glycolysis''' is a pathway that takes place within the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen.  The reaction produces four ATP molecules, but consumes two of them during the process.
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*The '''Krebs Cycle''' is a pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy.  The Krebs cycle produces ATP and another chemical called NADH.
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*'''Oxidative phosphorylation''' converts the leftover NADH produced by the Krebs cycle into more ATP.
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While glycolysis does not require oxygen, the other two ATP-producing reactions do.  We need to breathe oxygen to supply it to these processes.
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<!-- 17. Know the difference between water and fat soluble vitamins. What are two common vitamins that are fat soluble? What are two vitamins that are water soluble? -->
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<!-- 17. Conocer la diferencia entre vitaminas hidrosolubles y las liposolubles. ¿Cuáles son dos vitaminas comunes que son liposolubles? ¿Cuáles son dos vitaminas que son hidrosolubles? -->
  
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Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in the body and can cause toxicity when taken in excess.  Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, with the exception of Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, which is stored in the liver.
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Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.
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Water-soluble vitamins include the eight B's and C.
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<!-- 18. List four (4) Bible texts that refer to digestion. -->
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<!-- 18. Hacer una lista de cuatro textos de la Biblia que hacen referencia a la digestión. -->
 
{{Bible verse
 
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| book =Ezekiel
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| book =Ezequiel
 
| chapter = 3
 
| chapter = 3
 
| verse = 2
 
| verse = 2
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| version =NIV
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| version = RVR1995
 
| text =<br>
 
| text =<br>
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Then he said to me, "Son of man, eat this scroll I am giving you and fill your stomach with it." So I ate it, and it tasted sweet as honey in my mouth.
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Abrí mi boca y me hizo comer aquel rollo.
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{Bible verse
 
{{Bible verse
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| book =Matthew
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| book =Mateo
 
| chapter = 15
 
| chapter = 15
 
| verse = 17
 
| verse = 17
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| version =NIV
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| version = RVR1995
 
| text =
 
| text =
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Don't you see that whatever enters the mouth goes into the stomach then out of the body?
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¿No entendéis que todo lo que entra en la boca va al vientre, y es echado en la letrina?
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{Bible verse
 
{{Bible verse
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| book = 1 Corinthians
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| book = 1 Corintios
 
| chapter = 6
 
| chapter = 6
 
| verse = 13
 
| verse = 13
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| version =NIV
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| version = RVR1995
 
| text =<br>
 
| text =<br>
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"Food for the stomach and the stomach for the food" - but God will destroy them both. The body is not meant for sexual immorality; but for the Lord and the Lord for the body.
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Los alimentos son para el vientre, y el vientre para los alimentos; pero tanto al uno como a los otros destruirá Dios. Pero el cuerpo no es para la fornicación, sino para el Señor y el Señor para el cuerpo.
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{Bible verse
 
{{Bible verse
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| book = Proverbs
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| book = Proverbios
 
| chapter = 18
 
| chapter = 18
 
| verse = 20
 
| verse = 20
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| version =NIV
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| version = RVR1995
 
| text =<br>
 
| text =<br>
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From the fruit of his mouth a man's stomach is filled; with the harvest from his lips he is satisfied.
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Del fruto de la boca del hombre se llena su vientre;
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se sacia del producto de sus labios.
 
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==Referencias==
 
==Referencias==
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/es]]
 
 
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Latest revision as of 17:00, 3 January 2023

Other languages:
English • ‎español • ‎français
Digestión

Nivel de destreza

2

Año

1999

Version

25.11.2024

Autoridad de aprobación

Asociación General

Digestion AY Honor.png
Digestión
Salud y ciencia
Nivel de destreza
123
Autoridad de aprobación
Asociación General
Año de introducción
1999
Vea también
Maestría de Salud y ciencia



1

Tener la especialidad de Nutrición.


Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Nutrición.


2

Mantener un registro de qué y cuánto alimento usted consume durante dos semanas. Comparar su dieta a la de la pirámide alimenticia.



3

¿Qué es la digestión? ¿Cuál es otro nombre para el sistema digestivo humano?



4

¿De dónde provienen de la saliva? ¿Cuáles son las tres funciones de la saliva?



5

Ser capaz de identificar las siguientes partes del diente. ¿Qué papel desempeñan los dientes en la digestión?



5a

Esmalte



5b

Dentina



5c

Pulpa



5d

Encía



5e

Cemento



5f

Membrana periodontal




6

Ser capaz de etiquetar un diagrama o modelo de todos los órganos que ayudan con la digestión, empezando de cuando el alimento entra en la boca hasta donde es expulsado por el ano.



7

Conocer la diferencia entre el bolo alimenticio y quimo.



8

¿De dónde proviene la bilis? ¿Dónde se almacena? ¿Cuál es su función en el duodeno?



9

¿Cuáles son las vellosidades? ¿Qué les hace absorber los nutrientes tan rápidamente? ¿En qué punto están todos los nutrientes removidos de los alimentos/quimo? Comparar la cantidad de agua absorbida por el papel normal en comparación con una toalla de papel similar, usando 1/8 (17 ml) de una taza de agua.



10

¿Qué sucede si demasiada agua está presente en el intestino grueso? ¿Qué sucede si no hay suficiente agua?



11

¿Cómo la fibra en la dieta ayuda a la digestión? ¿Cuánto tiempo debería permanecer los alimentos en el tracto digestivo? ¿Qué ocurre si la comida se queda en el aparato digestivo demasiado tiempo?



12

Demostrar la digestión del almidón en azúcar simple usando la prueba de yodo.



13

¿Cuáles son los seis nutrientes básicos que son esenciales para la vida y dónde la mayor parte de la digestión y absorción se llevan a cabo?



14

Conocer la diferencia entre monosacárido, disacárido y polisacáridos. ¿Qué es lo más importante de los hidratos de carbono?



15

¿Cuáles son los aminoácidos? ¿Cuáles son necesarios para fabricar todas las proteínas en el cuerpo? ¿Qué se entiende por aminoácidos esenciales? ¿Cuántos de ellos son esenciales? ¿Dónde puede usted obtener todos los aminoácidos esenciales?



16

¿Qué es ATP? ¿Para qué se utiliza? ¿Qué hace que el cuerpo produzca ATP? ¿Qué tres series de reacciones químicas hacen ATP en el cuerpo? ¿Por qué necesitamos respirar oxígeno?



17

Conocer la diferencia entre vitaminas hidrosolubles y las liposolubles. ¿Cuáles son dos vitaminas comunes que son liposolubles? ¿Cuáles son dos vitaminas que son hidrosolubles?



18

Hacer una lista de cuatro textos de la Biblia que hacen referencia a la digestión.




Abrí mi boca y me hizo comer aquel rollo.
-- Ezequiel 3:2 (RVR1995)


¿No entendéis que todo lo que entra en la boca va al vientre, y es echado en la letrina?
-- Mateo 15:17 (RVR1995)



Los alimentos son para el vientre, y el vientre para los alimentos; pero tanto al uno como a los otros destruirá Dios. Pero el cuerpo no es para la fornicación, sino para el Señor y el Señor para el cuerpo.
-- 1 Corintios 6:13 (RVR1995)



Del fruto de la boca del hombre se llena su vientre;

se sacia del producto de sus labios.
-- Proverbios 18:20 (RVR1995)


19

Hacer una lista de cinco textos de la Elena de White que promueven la digestión adecuada. Elegir una variedad de temas.




Notas

  • El requisito 3 de la especialidad de Nutrición - Avanzado también requiere que se mantenga un registro de alimentos, pero solo por una semana. La especialidad de RCP requiere que mantenga un registro de su dieta por un mes.

Referencias

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