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| − | Put another way, engineering is the art of making what you want from the things you can get.
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| | <!-- 2. Definir las siguientes cuatro ramas de la ingeniería: --> | | <!-- 2. Definir las siguientes cuatro ramas de la ingeniería: --> |
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| − | Focuses on processes from applied sciences (chemistry, physics, biology, microbiology, and biochemistry) that convert raw materials of chemicals into more useful forms.
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| − | Focuses on the study of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism and its uses related to designing, testing, and manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment and products.
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| − | Focuses on sciences that involve the design, construction, and maintenance of structures such as bridges, buildings, and tunnels. It also includes roads and underground utilities like water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, natural gas etc.
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| − | Focuses on the usage of heat and mechanical power as a power source for machines and mechanical systems.
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| | <!-- 3. Identificar y definir por lo menos 15 disciplinas adicionales de ingeniería. --> | | <!-- 3. Identificar y definir por lo menos 15 disciplinas adicionales de ingeniería. --> |
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| − | *'''Aerospace Engineering''': Aerospace Engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.
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| − | *'''Optical Engineering''': Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics. Optical engineers design components of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light.
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| − | *'''Computer Engineering''': a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software.
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| − | *'''Material Engineering''': Materials engineers create and study materials at an atomic level. They use computers to replicate the characteristics of materials and their components. They solve problems in a number of engineering fields, such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, civil, nuclear, and aerospace.
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| − | *'''Process Engineering''': focuses on the design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes.
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| − | *'''Environmental Engineering''': Environmental engineering is the integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites.
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| − | *'''Structural Engineering''': Structural Engineering is a specialty within Civil Engineering. Structural Engineers create drawings and specifications, perform calculations, review the work of other engineers, write reports and evaluations, and observe construction sites.
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| − | *'''Power Engineering''': Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of energy engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers.
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| − | *'''Acoustical Engineering''': study and engineering of sound, to get better sound in a church for example
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| − | *'''Nuclear Engineering''': the branch of engineering concerned with the application of the breakdown (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic nuclei and/or the application of other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. Mainly focused on medical and energy projects.
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| − | *'''Industrial Engineering''': a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. Many other engineering disciples re considered branches of industrial engineering.
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| − | *'''Biological Engineering''': the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to solve real-world problems related to SSBS life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of organisms and to create biotechnology.
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| − | *'''Textile Engineering''': works with textiles, and not just your bedsheets. Textile engineers are involved in many fields from space exploration and developing new biocompatible materials for artificial organs, blood vessels, tendons, or ligaments.
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| − | *'''Energy Engineering''': Energy engineering or Energy systems is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance and alternative energy technologies. Energy engineering is one of the more recent engineering disciplines to emerge.
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| − | *'''Geotechnical Engineering''': the study and design of soils for performance, such as under heavy buildings, bridges, roads and retaining walls
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| − | *'''Traffic Engineering''': study and design of road systems, traffic lanes, lights and signs for improved traffic flow
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| − | *'''Transport Engineering''': application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering.
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| | <!-- 5. Discutir qué clase de estudio es requerido para una carrera en la ingeniería. --> | | <!-- 5. Discutir qué clase de estudio es requerido para una carrera en la ingeniería. --> |
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| − | At minimum, an undergraduate degree is required in order to begin a successful path as an engineer in any field. Due to the number of engineering fields, each discipline focuses on specific coursework. As such, a strong science oriented and mathematical background is required. This may include substantial coursework in biology, physics, advanced math, life sciences, or chemistry, just to name a few.
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| | <!-- 6. ¿De qué manera la disciplina de ingeniería ha contribuido a la sociedad? --> | | <!-- 6. ¿De qué manera la disciplina de ingeniería ha contribuido a la sociedad? --> |
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| − | Engineers are responsible in some way for all of the structures that have been designed and built. Engineers are tasked with finding better ways to make everything work; whether it be electrical, biological, or civil. Buildings, automobile engine blocks, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, dams, and computers are all designed in some way by one or more engineering disciplines.
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| − | "The emphasis in this Hall of Fame is on engineers and experimental scientists who invented patentable devices or who made key discoveries that led to their development. Our Hall of Fame does not cover "scientists" but those who built and tinkered invention. Our list includes Mechanical, Chemical, and Electrical Engineers. Many of them worked for Westinghouse, General Electric, Western Electric and AT&T." http://www.edisontechcenter.org/HallofFame.html
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| | <!-- 8. Leer Génesis 6. Discutir el contexto bíblico de este capítulo, haciendo comparaciones al campo de ingeniería. --> | | <!-- 8. Leer Génesis 6. Discutir el contexto bíblico de este capítulo, haciendo comparaciones al campo de ingeniería. --> |
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| − | The first biblical account of an engineering project is outlined in Genesis 6. Due to the sinful nature of man, the Lord declared that He will bring a flood to cleanse the earth. As a result, Noah was given specific instructions to construct an ark. Similar to any engineering project, the Lord outlined the details of the raw materials, dimensions, and layout to construct the ark.
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| − | Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a technique whereby the design of a system is primarily done using computers. Many CAD systems are complex drawing programs that allow the engineer to create items in 2D or in 3D. Other CAD systems allow for the design of electronic components by enabling the engineer to draw schematic diagrams of the circuitry.
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| − | All CAD systems allow the captured design to be exported directly to another software-based system that can manufacture part or all of the design.
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| − | Simulation allows the engineer to create a model of a system and have the computer evaluate how it will behave under various conditions. These computations are based on the mathematics behind the model. Simulation allows the engineer to easily tweak various parameters of the system and see how it responds to different situations without having to actually construct a physical implementation of the design.
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| − | The ability to "paint" 2D or 3D scenes from CAD designs. A type of software with rendering ability allows engineers and designers to quickly develop 3D scenes using this method.
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| − | When a system enters a "steady state" it basically means its behavior is not changing in relation to time, and that it will not change due solely to the passage of time. For it to change, something ''besides'' time has to change. A marble resting in a the bottom of a bowl is a system that has achieved a steady state. The marble will remain unmoved unless it is disturbed. Time itself will not move the marble.
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| | <!-- 12. Dar un ejemplo del mundo real donde la ingeniería inversa es útil. --> | | <!-- 12. Dar un ejemplo del mundo real donde la ingeniería inversa es útil. --> |
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| − | Reverse engineering has its origins in the analysis of hardware for commercial or military advantage. However, the reverse engineering process in itself is not concerned with creating a copy or changing the artifact in some way; it is only an analysis in order to deduce design features from products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in their original production. In some cases, the goal of the reverse engineering process can simply be a redocumentation of legacy systems. Even when the product reverse engineered is that of a competitor, the goal may not be to copy them, but to perform competitor analysis. Reverse engineering may also be used to create interoperable products.
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| − | 1. In selected industries that use computers extensively, an employee may have a distinct knowledge base of how an application functions. No documentation has ever been written, because that individual was always consistent with the answers.
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| − | If that person for some reason is no longer with the company, another person will be placed in a position to learn the application. This will required reverse engineering tactics in order to uncover the most appropriate functionality of the application. The individual must also document their progress going forward to prevent such an event from happening again.
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| − | 2. Technology Companies acquire competitor's products and reverse engineer them to gain knowledge they can use to better their own products or copy the technology. Chinese companies across many industries are especially famous for reverse engineering.
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| − | 3. Military reverse engineering has been practiced since the dawn of warfare. Captured weapons and defence systems are analyzed both to try and copy the weapon or defence system and find ways to defeat it.
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