Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Temperate forest leadership skills"

Latest revision as of 03:49, 27 July 2022

Fire

Small fires are better than large ones as they require less fuel and make less smoke. Sit close. Less fuel means less work in gathering fuel. Review the answers in Camping Skills IV to refresh yourself on how to build a fire in wet weather.

Water

When travelling for extended periods of time in the wilderness, it is not practical to carry all the water you will need. Happily, it is not necessary to do that either if you know how to make the water that is available suitable for drinking. There are generally three ways to purify water: chemically, by boiling, or by filtering. The most reliable method of purifying water is by pumping it through a filter. Chemically treating the water is also easy and convenient until you run out of purification tablets. Boiling water requires that you stop long enough to build a fire and bring the water to a boil. Then you are faced with the problem of carrying boiling water. For these reasons, filtering is the preferred solution. Be sure to refill when water is available, and think ahead to when water may not be plentiful (such as near the summit of a large hill or mountain), and make adequate preparations.

Bear Danger

Bear danger is the risk encountered by humans while interacting with wild bears.

Although some bears are alpha predators in their own habitat, they do not, under normal circumstances, hunt and feed on animals of their own size (including humans). Therefore, the most important cases of bear attack occur when the animal is defending itself against any possible threat. For instance, bear sows can become extremely aggressive if they feel their cubs are threatened. Any solitary bear is also likely to become agitated if surprised or cornered by a threat maker, especially while eating.

Dealing with bear encounters

Before backpackers are allowed to enter an area with bears, they may be required to watch a video that teaches how to avoid encountering or agitating bears. Experts emphasize keeping your distance and making noise to avoid startling a bear as the best ways to avoid a bear attack. If a bear does become confrontational, the usual advice is to raise the arms above the head so as to appear larger, and to yell at the bear. Running away can activate the bear's hunting instincts and lead to it perceiving the human as prey. If a bear does charge, persons are advised to hold their ground, as most bear charges are bluffs. Finally, if a bear does attack, the usual advice is to curl into a fetal position so as to shield vital organs and appear non-threatening. If this is not effective in stopping the attack, the only option left is to fight the bear in any way you can. The ideal place to punch a bear is the snout or eyes. This advice applies to omnivores such as brown and black bears; the best way to avoid being attacked by the completely carnivorous polar bear is not to enter any area where polar bears live, or at least remain inside a hard-shell vehicle or building.

Food storage and garbage disposal

Bears have an excellent sense of smell, and are attracted to human and pet foods as well as refuse. Improper storage of these items can allow bears to eat human food and become dependent on it, increasing the probability of encounters with humans. Most brown and black bear encounters in human-populated areas involve so-called "trouble bears", usually young males who have just left their mothers and do not yet have a territory of their own. If they wander close to human settlements, the smells of cooking and garbage can cause them to ignore their usual instinct to avoid humans. Many parks and persons in areas with bears utilize bear-resistant garbage cans and dumpsters for this reason, and many areas have laws prohibiting the feeding of bears, even if unintentional. Campers can access bear-proof containers from many parks to store their food and trash. The containers are then buried or strung on a rope between two tall trees, out of bears' reach. They are also instructed to put their containers, campfire, and tenting 90 meters away from each other, forming a triangle.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Bearsaver.JPG|thumb|right|Bear resistant garbage can. The label gives instructions on how to open.]]
+<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
-'''Bear danger''' is the risk encountered when humans interact with wild [[bear]]s. It is a threat to many hikers and campers that visit [[national park]]s as well as anyone living near bear populations. Bear [[sow]]s  can become extremely aggressive if they feel their cubs are threatened, and any bear is likely to become agitated if surprised by a human, especially while eating.<ref>"Bear Attacks Their Causes and Avoidance" by Stephen Herrero, pg 126 ISBN 0-941130-82-7</ref>
+====Fire==== <!--T:1-->
+Small fires are better than large ones as they require less fuel and make less smoke. Sit close. Less fuel means less work in gathering fuel. Review the answers in [[AY Honors/Camping Skills IV|Camping Skills IV]] to refresh yourself on how to build a fire in wet weather.
-Separation is a key to conventional measures to minimize aggression and property damage by bears. Places such as [[Denali National Park]] in [[Alaska]], [[U.S.]],  emphasize proper techniques of [[food storage]] and garbage disposal, closures of park areas, training videos, and occasionally [[firearms]] on [[aggression|aggressive]] bears to prevent bear danger from claiming the lives of campers.
+====Water==== <!--T:2-->
+When travelling for extended periods of time in the wilderness, it is not practical to carry all the water you will need. Happily, it is not necessary to do that either if you know how to make the water that is available suitable for drinking. There are generally three ways to purify water: chemically, by boiling, or by filtering. The most reliable method of purifying water is by pumping it through a filter. Chemically treating the water is also easy and convenient until you run out of purification tablets. Boiling water requires that you stop long enough to build a fire and bring the water to a boil. Then you are faced with the problem of carrying boiling water. For these reasons, filtering is the preferred solution. Be sure to refill when water is available, and think ahead to when water may ''not'' be plentiful (such as near the summit of a large hill or mountain), and make adequate preparations.
-==Dealing with bear encounters==
+====Bear Danger==== <!--T:3-->
-[[Image:Bearcan.JPG|thumb|left|Bear resistant public refuse barrel]]
+'''Bear danger''' is the risk encountered by humans while interacting with wild bears.
-Before [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpackers]] are allowed to enter an area with bears, they may be required to watch a video that teaches how to avoid encountering or agitating bears. Experts emphasize keeping your distance and making noise to avoid startling a bear as the best ways to avoid a bear attack. If a bear does become confrontational, the usual advice is to raise the arms above the head so as to appear larger, and to yell at the bear. Recent research has shown that yelling "BEARS!!!" is especially effective, more so if it done in a flat or montone voice.<ref>"Bear Attacks Their Causes and Avoidance" by Stephen Herrero, pg 126 ISBN 0-941130-82-7</ref> Running away can activate the bears hunting instincts and lead to it perceiving the human as prey. If a bear does charge, persons are advised to hold their ground, as most bear charges are bluffs. Finally, if a bear does attack, the usual advice is to curl into a [[fetal position]] so as to shield vital organs and appear non-threatening. If this is not effective in stopping the attack, the only option left is to fight the bear in any way you can.
-The ideal place to punch a bear is the snout or eyes. This advice applies to omnivores such as [[Brown bear|brown]] and [[Black bear|black]] bears; the best way to avoid being attacked by the completely carnivorous [[polar bear]] is not to enter any area where polar bears live, or at least remain inside a hard-shell vehicle or building.
-==Food storage and garbage disposal==
+<!--T:4-->
-[[Image:Ironsilo.JPG|thumb|right|This bear resistant bird feeder cannot be opened while hanging.]]
+Although some bears are alpha predators in their own habitat, they do not, under normal circumstances, hunt and feed on animals of their own size (including humans). Therefore, the most important cases of bear attack occur when the animal is defending itself against any possible threat. For instance, bear sows can become extremely aggressive if they feel their cubs are threatened. Any solitary bear is also likely to become agitated if surprised or cornered by a threat maker, especially while eating.
-Bears have an excellent sense of smell, and are attracted to human and pet foods as well as refuse. Improper storage of these items can allow bears to eat human food and become dependent on it, increasing the probability of encounters with humans. Most brown and black bear encounters in human-populated areas involve so-called "trouble bears", usually young males who have just left their mothers and do not yet have a territory of their own. If they wander close to human settlements, the smells of cooking and garbage can cause them to ignore their usual instinct to avoid humans. Many parks and persons in areas with bears utilize bear-resistant garbage cans and [[dumpster]]s for this reason, and many areas have laws prohibiting the feeding of bears, even if  unintentional<ref>[http://homernews.com/stories/070506/news_11a001.shtml Article on problem bears in Alaska]</ref>. Campers can access bear-proof containers from many  parks to store their food and trash. The containers are then buried or strung on a rope between two tall trees, out of bears' reach. They are also instructed to put their containers, [[campfire]], and tenting {{convert|100|yd|-2}} away from each other, forming a triangle.
-==Closure of park areas==
+<!--T:5-->
-[[Image:Beardanger.JPG|thumb|left|Bear danger closure sign of the type used in Denali National Park, Alaska]]
+;Dealing with bear encounters:
-After a bear has been identified by park rangers or campers, the park may close off that area to humans. Signs are posted on the borders of the closed area to prevent unaware campers from entering. Fines and/or [[imprisonment]] of $500 or 6 months are added on as deterrent for humans to stay away. Some campgrounds will temporarily suspend tent camping and allow only camping in hard-shell vehicles.
+Before backpackers are allowed to enter an area with bears, they may be required to watch a video that teaches how to avoid encountering or agitating bears. Experts emphasize keeping your distance and making noise to avoid startling a bear as the best ways to avoid a bear attack. If a bear does become confrontational, the usual advice is to raise the arms above the head so as to appear larger, and to yell at the bear. Running away can activate the bear's hunting instincts and lead to it perceiving the human as prey. If a bear does charge, persons are advised to hold their ground, as most bear charges are bluffs. Finally, if a bear does attack, the usual advice is to curl into a fetal position so as to shield vital organs and appear non-threatening. If this is not effective in stopping the attack, the only option left is to fight the bear in any way you can.
+The ideal place to punch a bear is the snout or eyes. This advice applies to omnivores such as brown and black bears; the best way to avoid being attacked by the completely carnivorous polar bear is not to enter any area where polar bears live, or at least remain inside a hard-shell vehicle or building.
-==Firearms==
+<!--T:6-->
-When a bear attacks humans or becomes habituated to human food, it becomes a threat to people, its [[habitat]], and itself, which can cause police, park rangers, or citizens to find and kill it. Many U.S. states with large bear populations, such as [[Alaska]], have laws permitting the killing of bears if done in the defense of human life or property, however these laws do not apply to bears that have been attracted by pet food, garbage, or other bear attractants. The previously utilized technique of relocating bears often proved ineffective, as the bears would either find new sources of human food or simply return to their old territory. Bears have been known to wander into farms, cattle and sheep ranches, and other populated areas, especially if they are very hungry, and these incidents often end with the bear being shot. This prevention technique is used in parks only as an absolute last resort after other techniques have failed or are ignored by campers.
+;Food storage and garbage disposal:
+Bears have an excellent sense of smell, and are attracted to human and pet foods as well as refuse. Improper storage of these items can allow bears to eat human food and become dependent on it, increasing the probability of encounters with humans. Most brown and black bear encounters in human-populated areas involve so-called "trouble bears", usually young males who have just left their mothers and do not yet have a territory of their own. If they wander close to human settlements, the smells of cooking and garbage can cause them to ignore their usual instinct to avoid humans. Many parks and persons in areas with bears utilize bear-resistant garbage cans and dumpsters for this reason, and many areas have laws prohibiting the feeding of bears, even if unintentional. Campers can access bear-proof containers from many parks to store their food and trash. The containers are then buried or strung on a rope between two tall trees, out of bears' reach. They are also instructed to put their containers, campfire, and tenting {{units|90 meters |100 yards}} away from each other, forming a triangle.
-==Bear spray==
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
-[[Image:Bear attack deterrent spray.jpg|thumb|right|Bear attack deterrent spray]]
-Bear spray, a form of [[pepper spray]], is sometimes an effective defense against attacking bears.<ref>[http://www.adn.com/bearattacks/story/381252.html Spray proves its worth in bear encounters: Bear Attacks | adn.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Smith, Tom S. et al. [http://www.wildlifejournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.2193%2F2006-452&ct=1 "Efficacy of Bear Deterrent Spray in Alaska"]. ''Journal of Wildlife Management'' vol. 73 no. 3 (April 2008): 640–645.</ref>
-==See also==
-* [[Bear attacks]]
-* [[Sloth bear of Mysore]]
-* [[Sankebetsu brown bear incident]]
-* [[Binky (polar bear)]]
-== References ==
-<references/>
-[[Category:Bears]]
-[[Category:Animal attacks]]