Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Biochemistry/Answer Key/pt-br"

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< AY Honors‎ | BiochemistryAY Honors/Biochemistry/Answer Key/pt-br
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<!-- 1. Definir os seguintes termos: -->
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<!-- 1. Define the following terms: -->
 
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A carbohydrate is a molecule that is present in living organisms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
 
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Lipids are a group of molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. Lipids store energy, used in binding protein targets, and structural components of the cell membrane.
 
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Fatty Acids are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
 
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Proteins consist of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They are large biomolecules. Proteins have a lot of functions in organisms such as DNA replication, catalyzing metabolic reactions, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one to another.
 
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A peptide is a compound consisting of two or more amino acids that are linked in a chain. They are short chains of amino acids.
 
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Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts. They accelerate the chemical reactions.
 
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Amino Acids are used by cells in the body to build proteins.
 
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A triglyceride is an ester which is a formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol. Triglycerides are the main body fat in mammals and vegetable fat.
 
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<!-- 2. Qual a importância da água nos organismos? Quais as principais características físicas e químicas da molécula de água? -->
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It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates; eg protein breakdown products (certain amino acids), glycerol from breakdown of triglycerides (lipids) and from other steps in metabolism including pyruvate and lactate.
 
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Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in both these biochemical pathways, in the production of glucose from pyruvate and the Krebs Cycle . it is also involved in the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
 
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle after its discoverer '''Hans Adolf Krebs''') is a crucial metabolic pathway that takes the breakdown products from the food we eat (proteins, fats and sugars) and produces three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule. the NADH and FADH2 are fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway producing ATP the body's main energy storage molecule. NADH and FADH generate 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules respectively in oxidative phosphorylation. GTP can also be used to form an extra ATP.
 
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Citric acid cycle intermediates also also starting products for many important biosynthetic processes.
 
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Fatty acid synthesis and the production of cholesterol, which in turn, is used to synthesise the steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.
 
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Non-essential amino acids proline, glutamine and arginine the last two are converted to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA, as well as in ATP, AMP, GTP, NAD, FAD and CoA.
 
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Aspartate from oxaloacetate can be converted unto the pyrimidines- thymine, cytosine and uracil, the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA, and are also components of CTP, UMP, UDP and UTP.
 
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Porphyrins from succinyl-CoA are important components of the hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and various cytochromes.
 
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<!-- 11. Por que os lipídeos, e não a glicose, são utilizados para o armazenamento de energia? -->
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The total energy gained from one (six-carbon) molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules. The number of ATP molecules derived from the same number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain is 40. So lipids are more efficient for energy storage.
 
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<b>Essential Amino Acids</B>
 
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There are amino acids that cannot be made by the human body. They only come from food. There are 9 types of Essential Amino Acids. They are isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophan
 
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<b>Non-Essential Amino Acids</B>
 
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Our bodies make these amino acids. There are 4 types: asparagine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid.
 
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Amino Acids forms proteins. They are organic compounds when combined that help build cells. When proteins from the Amino Acids break down they leave Amino Acids. The body uses the amino acids to break down food, grow, repair cells and skin cells. They can be stored and used for energy.
 
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==Referências==
 
==Referências==
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/pt-br]]
 
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Latest revision as of 21:54, 13 July 2022

Other languages:
English • ‎español • ‎français • ‎português do Brasil
Bioquímica

Nível de Habilidade

3

Ano

2012

Version

25.11.2024

Autoridade de Aprovação

Divisão Sul Americana

Biochemistry AY Honor.png
Bioquímica
Ciência e Saúde
Nível de Habilidade
123
Autoridade de Aprovação
Divisão Sul Americana
Ano de Introdução
2012
Veja também
Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia
Bioquímica - Avançado


1

Definir os seguintes termos:



1a

Carboidrato



1b

Lipídio



1c

Ácido graxo



1d

Proteína



1e

Peptídeo



1f

Enzima



1g

Aminoácido



1h

Ácido Nucleico



1i

Hidrofífico e hidrofóbico



1j

Triglicerídeo



1k

Monossacarídeo




2

Qual a importância da água nos organismos? Quais as principais características físicas e químicas da molécula de água?



3

O que significa metabolismo?



4

Bioquimicamente, por que sentimos fome?



5

Explicar como ocorre a via da glicólise. Qual a sua importância para o metabolismo?



6

Quais células humanas são dependentes apenas dessa via para obter energia?



7

Qual molécula une a via da glicólise e o ciclo de Krebs?



8

Qual a importância do ciclo de Krebs?



9

Quais as funções dos lipídeos?



10

Por que os lipídeos são insolúveis em água?



11

Por que os lipídeos, e não a glicose, são utilizados para o armazenamento de energia?



12

O que é beta oxidação? Por que essa via recebe esse nome?



13

O que são aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais?



14

O que são corpos cetônicos, onde são produzidos e quais as consequências do excesso de sua produção?



15

Que compostos são formados pela união dos aminoácidos? Quais as principais funções desses compostos?



16

Qual a importância dos ácidos nucleicos? Como é sua estrutura e quais são seus componentes?



17

Desenhar uma molécula de DNA, com 4 nucleotídeos, nomeando seus componentes.




Referências

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