Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key"

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| color = lightgreen
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<section begin="Body" />
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| name = Grape
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| image = Close up grapes.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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</noinclude>
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| image_caption = Wine Grapes
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<!-- 1. Know the 10 simple rules of Ultimate and how the game is played. -->
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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;The Field: A rectangular shape with end zones at each end. A regulation field is 70 yards by 40 yards, with end zones 25 yards deep.
−
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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;Initiate Play: Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of their respective end zone line. The defense throws ("pulls") the disc to the offense. A regulation game has seven players per team.
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+
;Scoring: Each time the offense completes a pass in the defense's end zone, the offense scores a point. Play is initiated after each score.
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| ordo = [[Vitales]]
+
;Movement of the Disc: The disc may be advanced in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. Players may not run with the disc. The person with the disc ("thrower") has ten seconds to throw the disc. The defender guarding the thrower ("marker") counts out the stall count.
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| familia = [[Vitaceae]]
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;Change of Possession: When a pass is not completed (e.g. out of bounds, drop, block, interception), the defense immediately takes possession of the disc and becomes the offense.
−
| genus = '''''Vitis'''''
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;Substitutions: Players not in the game may replace players in the game after a score and during an injury timeout.
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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;Non-contact: No physical contact is allowed between players. Picks and screens are also prohibited. A foul occurs when contact is made.
−
| subdivision_ranks = Species
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;Fouls: When a player initiates contact on another player a foul occurs. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
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| subdivision =
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;Self-Officiating: Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes.
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}}
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;Spirit of the Game: Ultimate stresses sportsmanship and fair play. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of respect between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play
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{{wiktionarypar|grape}}
 
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{{For|the computer programming environment|GRAPE}}
 
  
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A '''grape''' is the non-[[Climacteric#In_Botany|climacteric]] [[fruit]] that grows on the [[Perennial plant|perennial]] and [[deciduous]] woody [[vine]]s of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Vitaceae]]. Grapes grow in clusters of 6 to 300, and can be black, blue, golden, green, purple, red, pink, brown, peach or white. They can be eaten raw or used for making [[jam]], [[grape juice]], [[jelly]], [[wine]] and [[grape seed oil]]. Cultivation of grapevines occurs in [[vineyard]]s, and is called [[viticulture]]. One who studies and practises growing grapes for wine is called a viticulturist.
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<!-- 3. Explain why the name “Frisbee” was dropped from the name of the game. -->
 +
The term Frisbee, often used capitalized, to generically describe all flying discs, is a registered trademark of the Wham-O toy company. Though such use is not encouraged by the company, the common use of the trademarked name as a generic term has put the trademark in jeopardy; accordingly, many "Frisbee" games are now known as "ultimate" or "disc" games.
  
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[[Raisin]]s are the dried fruit of the grapevine, and the name actually comes from the French word for "grape". Wild grapevines are often considered a nuisance weed, as they cover other plants with their usually rather aggressive growth.
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<!-- 4. Identify and be able to throw the disk: -->
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<!-- 8. Play six (6) Pathfinder pick-up games to twelve (12) points and demonstrate reasonable understanding of disk handling and throwing, catching, scoring, and defending. -->
  
−
The leaves of the grape vine itself are considered edible and are used in the production of [[dolmades]].
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<!-- 9. Write a one-page report or provide an oral report to the Pathfinder leader on how the concept of “Spirit of the Game” is applied to Ultimate and outside the sport as a Christian role model to others. Discuss why the concept is important in fair play and in reducing the desire to win at any cost. -->
  
−
Grapevines are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on grapevines]]''.
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== Grapevines ==
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[[Image:Palatina.jpg|thumb|right|240px| Palatina a german grape]]
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[[Image:Ornamental grape.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''V. cognitiae'', ornamental grape grown for its scarlet autumn foliage]]
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==References== <!--T:5-->
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Many species of grapevines exist, including:
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*''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the European [[winemaking]] grapevine. Native to virtually all of mainland Europe.
 
−
*''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', the North American table and grape juice grapevines, sometimes used for wine. Native to the [[Eastern U.S.]] and [[Canada]].
 
−
*''[[Vitis riparia]]'', a wild vine of [[North America]], sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire [[Eastern U.S.]] and north to [[Quebec]].
 
−
*''[[Vitis
 
−
*''[[Vitis vulpina]]''  Frost grape. Native to the [[Midwest]] east to the coast up through [[New York]].
 
−
* ''[[Vitis cognitiae]]'' Ornamental Grape from East Asia, grown for its crimson autumn foliage.
 
−
There are many [[List of grape varieties|varieties]] of grapevines; most are cultivars of ''V. vinifera''.
 
−
 
 
−
== Species ==
 
−
{{col-start}}
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
−
''[[Vitis acerifolia]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis aestivalis]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis amurensis]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis arizonica]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis x bourquina]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis californica]]''<br />
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
−
''[[Vitis x champinii]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis cinerea]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis x doaniana]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis girdiana]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis labrusca]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis x labruscana]]''<br />
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
−
''[[Vitis lincecumii]]<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis monticola]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis mustangensis]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis x novae-angliae]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis palmata]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis riparia]]''<br />
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
−
''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis rupestris]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis shuttleworthii]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis tiliifolia]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis vinifera]]''<br />
 
−
''[[Vitis vulpina]]''
 
−
{{col-end}}
 
−
[[Hybrids|Hybrid grapes]] also exist, and these are primarily crosses between ''[[Vitis vinifera|V. vinifera]]'' and one or more varieties of ''[[Vitis labrusca|V. labrusca]]'', ''[[Vitis riparia|V. riparia]]'' or ''[[Vitis aestivalis|V. aestivalis]]''. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably [[phylloxera]]), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" odor of ''[[Vitis labrusca|labrusca]]''.
 
−
 
 
−
The [[sea grape]] ''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]'' is actually a member of the Buckwheat family ''[[Polygonaceae]]'' and is native to the lands of the [[Caribbean Sea]].
 
−
 
 
−
== Distribution ==
 
−
 
 
−
According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. <!-- references needed: Popularity for the purple grape has increased tremendously over the past decade. In March 2006, the purple grape reached its peak in popularity by being preferred 83% of the time over green grapes in a University of Michigan poll. -->
 
−
[[Image:GrapeField.jpg|thumb|250px|Grapevines]]
 
−
The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for wine making:
 
−
*Spain 11,750 km²
 
−
*France 8,640 km²
 
−
*Italy 8,270 km²
 
−
*Turkey 8,120 km²
 
−
*United States 4,150 km²
 
−
*Iran 2,860 km²
 
−
*Romania 2,480 km²
 
−
*Portugal 2,160 km²
 
−
*Argentina 2,080 km²
 
−
*Australia 1,642 km²
 
−
 
 
−
Sources: FAO, [http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2002_def2_EN.pdf Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf)], [https://www.awbc.com.au/winefacts/data/free.asp?subcatid=102 Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation].
 
−
 
 
−
Comparing diets among western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly the incidence of [[heart disease]] remains low in France.[http://www.virginia.edu/bmg/faculty/mayo/mayo.html] This phenomenon has been named the [[French Paradox]]. Many scientists now believe the reason is the greater consumption of red wine in France. Something in the grape helps to lower cholesterol levels in the body and thus slows the build up of deposits in the arteries. Compounds such as [[resveratrol]] (a [[polyphenol antioxidant]]) have been discovered in grapes and these have been positively linked to fighting cancer, [[heart disease]], degenerative [[nerve]] disease and other ailments. Doctors do not recommend excessive consumption of red wine, but three or four glasses a week is beneficial and encouraged.
 
−
 
 
−
Red or not, grapes of all colors offer comparable benefits. Red [[wine]] offers health benefits not found in white wine, because many of the beneficial compounds are found in the skins of the grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skins.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
== White grapes ==
 
−
White grapes are evolutionarily derived from the red grape.  Mutations in two regulatory genes turn off production of [[anthocyanin]], which is responsible for the colour of the red grape.<ref>{{cite journal|title=White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes|author=Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, McDavid DA, Thomas MR, Robinson SP|journal=Plant J|year=2007|volume=49|issue=5|pages=772&ndash;85|pmid=17316172}}</ref>.
 
−
 
 
−
== Raisins, currants, and sultanas ==
 
−
A ''[[raisin]]'' is any dried grape. A ''[[Zante currant|currant]]'' is a dried [[Zakynthos|Zante]] grape, the name being a corruption of the [[French language|French]] ''raisin de Corinthe'' ([[Corinth]] grape). A ''[[sultana (grape)|sultana]]'' was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin, but the word is now applied to raisins made from common North American grapes and chemically treated to resemble the traditional sultana.
 
−
 
 
−
Note that, while ''raisin'' is a French [[loanword]], the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; ''grappe'' (whence the English ''grape'' is derived) refers to the bunch (as in ''une grappe de raisin'').  As ''raisin'' is uncountable in French, a single grape is a ''grain de raisin.''
 
−
 
 
−
Note also that ''currant'' has come to refer also to the [[blackcurrant]] and [[redcurrant]], two berries completely unrelated to grapes.
 
−
 
 
−
== Seedlessness ==
 
−
Seedlessness is a highly desirable trait in table grape selection, and seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]] by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is, however, an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] techniques. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivars get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka. All are members of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''.
 
−
 
 
−
==Resveratrol==
 
−
{{main|Resveratrol}}
 
−
[[Resveratrol]] is produced by several plants, apparently for its [[antifungal drug|antifungal]] properties. It is found in widely varying amounts in grapes, primarily the skins and seeds.  This is particularly true for muscadine grapes, whose skin and seeds have about one hundred times the concentration as the pulp.[http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01202006-082858/] The amount found in grape skins also varies with the grape cultivar, its geographic origin, and exposure to fungal infection.  The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content.[http://www.pbrc.edu/Division_of_Education/pdf/PNS_resveratrol.pdf]
 
−
 
 
−
Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.[http://www.mercola.com/2004/jun/9/grape_skin.htm] Ordinary non-[[muscadine]] [[red wine]] contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L <ref> Gu X, Creasy L, Kester A, et al., Capillary electrophoretic determination of resveratrol in wines.  J Agric Food Chem 47:3323-3277, 1999</ref>, depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less - the reason being that red wine is [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol, whereas [[white wine]] is fermented after the skin has been removed. Wines produced from [[muscadine]] grapes, however, both red and white, may contain more than 40 mg/L.<ref> Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ.  Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines.  http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57</ref>.
 
−
[http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01202006-082858/unrestricted/LeBlanc_dis.pdf]
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
==Diseases==
 
−
{{Main|List of grape diseases}}
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
<references />
 
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
*[[List of grape varieties]]
 
−
*[[Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs]]
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
{{commons|Grape}}
 
−
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28600 Integrated Taxonomic Information System entry for Grape family]
 
−
* [http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/agrista/2004/table_en/4611.pdf Area under vine (pdf)]
 
−
* [http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/wild_grape.htm Wild Grapes]
 
−
* [http://www.twis.info/grapes.php 300 Grape Varieties for Wine]
 
−
* [http://encyclowine.org/index.php/Main_Page Wine Wiki]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Fruit]]
 
−
[[Category:Vitaceae]]
 
−
[[Category:Viticulture]]
 
−
 
 
−
[[als:Weintraube]]
 
−
[[ar:عنب]]
 
−
[[an:Uga]]
 
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[[ca:Vinya]]
 
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[[da:Vinstok]]
 
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[[de:Weintraube]]
 
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[[es:Uva]]
 
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[[eo:Vinbero]]
 
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[[fa:انگور]]
 
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[[fr:Raisin]]
 
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[[ko:포도]]
 
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[[hr:Grožđe]]
 
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[[hu:Szőlő]]
 
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[[io:Vito]]
 
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[[id:Anggur]]
 
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[[it:Vitis]]
 
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[[he:גפן (צמח)]]
 
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[[mg:Voaloboka]]
 
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[[nah:Xocomecatl]]
 
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[[nl:Druif]]
 
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[[ja:ブドウ]]
 
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[[nn:Drue]]
 
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[[pl:Winorośl]]
 
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[[pt:Uva]]
 
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[[qu:Huk wayuq]]
 
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[[ru:Виноград]]
 
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[[simple:Grape]]
 
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[[sl:Grozdje]]
 
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[[sr:Грожђе]]
 
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[[fi:Viinirypäle]]
 
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[[sv:Vinrankor]]
 
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[[th:องุ่น]]
 
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[[vi:Nho]]
 
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[[zh:葡萄]]
 

Latest revision as of 04:08, 19 March 2021

Other languages:
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Ultimate Disc

Skill Level

1

Year

2011

Version

25.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

Ultimate Disc AY Honor.png
Ultimate Disc
Recreation
Skill Level
123
Approval authority
General Conference
Year of Introduction
2011
See also
Sportsman Master Award
Ultimate Disc - Advanced


1

Know the 10 simple rules of Ultimate and how the game is played.


The Field
A rectangular shape with end zones at each end. A regulation field is 70 yards by 40 yards, with end zones 25 yards deep.
Initiate Play
Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of their respective end zone line. The defense throws ("pulls") the disc to the offense. A regulation game has seven players per team.
Scoring
Each time the offense completes a pass in the defense's end zone, the offense scores a point. Play is initiated after each score.
Movement of the Disc
The disc may be advanced in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. Players may not run with the disc. The person with the disc ("thrower") has ten seconds to throw the disc. The defender guarding the thrower ("marker") counts out the stall count.
Change of Possession
When a pass is not completed (e.g. out of bounds, drop, block, interception), the defense immediately takes possession of the disc and becomes the offense.
Substitutions
Players not in the game may replace players in the game after a score and during an injury timeout.
Non-contact
No physical contact is allowed between players. Picks and screens are also prohibited. A foul occurs when contact is made.
Fouls
When a player initiates contact on another player a foul occurs. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
Self-Officiating
Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes.
Spirit of the Game
Ultimate stresses sportsmanship and fair play. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of respect between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play


2

Define and explain “Spirit of the Game”.



3

Explain why the name “Frisbee” was dropped from the name of the game.


The term Frisbee, often used capitalized, to generically describe all flying discs, is a registered trademark of the Wham-O toy company. Though such use is not encouraged by the company, the common use of the trademarked name as a generic term has put the trademark in jeopardy; accordingly, many "Frisbee" games are now known as "ultimate" or "disc" games.


4

Identify and be able to throw the disk:


4a

Forehand



4b

Backhand




5

Define or explain the following game terms:


5a

Stacking & Cutting



5b

Clearing Out



5c

Stall Count



5d

Non-Contact



5e

Violation vs. Foul



5f

Hold the line




6

Explain the following calls or rules:


6a

No referees/player resolution



6b

Foul calls at the disk



6c

Foul calls away from the disk



6d

Traveling



6e

Pivot




7

As a team or individual, develop a plan to practice outreach while completing the requirements for this honor. Possible options could include the following:


7a

Invite at least one friend not from your church to play a game.



7b

Have prayer before or after each game.



7c

Exhibit “Spirit of the Game” both on and off the field.




8

Play six (6) Pathfinder pick-up games to twelve (12) points and demonstrate reasonable understanding of disk handling and throwing, catching, scoring, and defending.



9

Write a one-page report or provide an oral report to the Pathfinder leader on how the concept of “Spirit of the Game” is applied to Ultimate and outside the sport as a Christian role model to others. Discuss why the concept is important in fair play and in reducing the desire to win at any cost.




References

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