Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Shells - Advanced/Answer Key"

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The term '''byssus''' (sometimes '''byssal thread''', or '''byssus thread''') denotes strong threads secreted by [[mussel]]s to attach to [[rock (geology)|rock]]s and large, generally heavy objects in the [[intertidal zone]]. They range to 6 [[centimetre|centimeters]] in length.  
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The '''mantle''' is an organ found in [[mollusk]]s. It is the dorsal body wall covering the main body, or visceral mass. The [[epidermis]] of this organ secretes [[calcium carbonate]] to create a shell.  
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== Shell formation ==
  
The term that entered [[English (language) | English]] via [[Greek (language) | Greek]] ''bussos'', meaning ''linen, flax'', from an ultimate [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] root meaning ''linen''.
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[[Nacre]] is secreted by the [[germ layer|ectodermic]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] of the mantle tissue of most mollusks. Mollusk [[blood]] is rich in a liquid form of [[calcium]]. In these mollusks the calcium is concentrated out from the blood where it can crystallize as calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>). The individual crystals of each layer differ in shape and orientation. Nacre is continually deposited onto the inner surface of the animal's [[animal shell|shell]] (the [[iridescent]] ''nacreous layer'', also known as ''[[Nacre|mother of pearl]]''), both as a means to smoothen the shell itself and as a defense against [[parasite|parasitic organisms]] and damaging detritus.
  
Royalty of ancient times favored textiles spun from byssal threads; they called such threads ''sea silk.'' The [[coat|cloak]] of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Centurion]], the raiment of the [[Egypt|Egyptian]] King [[Tutankhamun]], and the [[golden fleece]] sought by [[Jason and the Argonauts]] have been reputed to have been spun from byssal threads.
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The calcium carbonate layers are generally of two types: an outer, chalk-like prismatic layer and an inner pearly, lamellar or nacreous layer. The layers may incorporate a substance called [[conchiolin]], often in order to help bind the calcium carbonate crystals together. Conchiolin is composed largely of [[quinone]]-tanned [[protein]]s.
  
It is of scientific interest what enables byssal threads to adhere so strongly to surfaces, for byssal threads have a powerful [[adhesive|glue]].
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Some shells may also contain pigments, which accounts for the fabulous colours of some [[seashell]]s. These shell pigments may include compounds like [[pyrrole]]s and [[porphyrin]]s, which are also proteins.
  
==External links and references==
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== The mantle cavity ==
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A mantle skirt is a double fold of mantle that encloses a water space. This space is called the ''mantle cavity'', and it is a central feature of mollusk biology, containing the mollusk's [[gill]]s, [[anus]], [[osphradium]], [[nephridiopore]]s, and [[gonopore]]s. The mantle cavity may function as a [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] chamber (all mollusks), feeding structure ([[bivalve]]s), brood chamber (several forms), or locomotory organ ([[cephalopod]]s and some bivalves).
  
''General'':
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The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods it is used to force water through a tubular siphon, the [[hyponome]], to propel the animal quickly through the water. In other mollusks, it is used as a kind of "foot" for locomotion.
  
*[http://www.miljolare.no/virtue/img/Species/pages/Byssus%20threads%20from%20mussel.php A photo]
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== See also ==
*[http://www.aquatext.com/images/fish%20etc/byssus.htm Another photo]
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* [[Aperture (mollusc)|Aperture]]
*[http://www.designboom.com/eng/education/byssus_history.html History of Sea Byssus cloth]
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* [[Columella]]
*[http://www.designboom.com/eng/education/byssus_howto.html How to spin a byssus cloth]
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* [[Operculum (gastropod)|Operculum]]
 
 
''Definitions'':
 
 
 
*[http://www.webster-dictionary.net/definition/Byssus Webster's defines ''byssus'']
 
*[http://www.bartleby.com/61/28/B0592800.html American Heritage Dictionary defines ''byssus'']
 
*[http://www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=byssus WorldReference.com on the word ''byssus'']
 
 
 
''Scientific'':
 
 
 
*[http://www.sciencenews.org/20040117/fob4.asp ''Science News'' on ''Marine Superglue'']
 
*[http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/mcdb/labs/waite/byssus.html Byssus Facts]
 
  
 
[[Category:Animal anatomy]]
 
[[Category:Animal anatomy]]
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[[Category:Molluscs]]
  
[[de:Byssus]]
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[[pt:Manto (molusco)]]
[[eo:Bisino]]
 
[[it:Bisso]]
 
[[lb:Byssus]]
 

Revision as of 02:24, 21 April 2006

The mantle is an organ found in mollusks. It is the dorsal body wall covering the main body, or visceral mass. The epidermis of this organ secretes calcium carbonate to create a shell.

Shell formation

Nacre is secreted by the ectodermic cells of the mantle tissue of most mollusks. Mollusk blood is rich in a liquid form of calcium. In these mollusks the calcium is concentrated out from the blood where it can crystallize as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The individual crystals of each layer differ in shape and orientation. Nacre is continually deposited onto the inner surface of the animal's shell (the iridescent nacreous layer, also known as mother of pearl), both as a means to smoothen the shell itself and as a defense against parasitic organisms and damaging detritus.

The calcium carbonate layers are generally of two types: an outer, chalk-like prismatic layer and an inner pearly, lamellar or nacreous layer. The layers may incorporate a substance called conchiolin, often in order to help bind the calcium carbonate crystals together. Conchiolin is composed largely of quinone-tanned proteins.

Some shells may also contain pigments, which accounts for the fabulous colours of some seashells. These shell pigments may include compounds like pyrroles and porphyrins, which are also proteins.

The mantle cavity

A mantle skirt is a double fold of mantle that encloses a water space. This space is called the mantle cavity, and it is a central feature of mollusk biology, containing the mollusk's gills, anus, osphradium, nephridiopores, and gonopores. The mantle cavity may function as a respiratory chamber (all mollusks), feeding structure (bivalves), brood chamber (several forms), or locomotory organ (cephalopods and some bivalves).

The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods it is used to force water through a tubular siphon, the hyponome, to propel the animal quickly through the water. In other mollusks, it is used as a kind of "foot" for locomotion.

See also

pt:Manto (molusco)