|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Cleanup|August 2006}}
| + | <!-- The following is markup for the breed table; scroll down to get to the main text --> |
| − | {{redirect5|Stray cat|the band|Stray Cats}}
| |
| − | [[Image:DorDor.JPG|thumb|400px|right|'''Rescued feral kittens'''<p>Most feral kittens have little chance of surviving more than a few months and are vulnerable to starvation, predators, disease and even flea-induced anemia[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_flea_anemia.html][http://www.vetmedpub.com/vetmed/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=306529]. Here, kittens from two feral litters are fostered by a domestic mother.]]
| |
| − | A '''feral cat''' (or '''stray cat''', '''alley cat''') is a [[cat]] which has been separated from domestication, whether through abandonment, loss, or running away, and becomes wild. The term also refers to descendants of such cats, but not to [[wild cats]], whose ancestors were never domesticated.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Adult feral cats which are born feral usually cannot be socialized. Adult feral cats that were originally raised domestically can sometimes be reintegrated, but not always. Feral kittens can often be socialized to live with humans if they are taken from a feral colony before they are about twelve weeks old.
| + | {| border=1 cellspacing=0 align=right cellpadding=2 |
| | + | |- align=center bgcolor=pink |
| | + | !Havana Brown |
| | + | |- align=center |
| | + | |[[Image:Havana Brown.jpg|Image of Havana Brown cat breed]] |
| | + | <!-- FAIR USE of Havana Brown.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Havana Brown.jpg for rationale --> |
| | + | |- align=center bgcolor=pink |
| | + | !Country of origin |
| | + | |- align=center |
| | + | |[[Britain]] |
| | + | |- align=center bgcolor=pink |
| | + | |- align=center bgcolor=pink |
| | + | !Breed standards (external links) |
| | + | |- align=center |
| | + | |[http://www.aaceinc.org/pagesbreeds/hav.htm AACE], [http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/standards/havana.html CFA], [http://www.acfacat.com/havanastd.html ACFA], [http://www.cca-afc.com/standardsHavana.html CCA], [http://www.tica.org/binary/pdf/publications/standards/hbstd.pdf TICA] |
| | + | |} |
| | + | <!-- End of table markup --> |
| | + | The '''Havana Brown''', also known as the Swiss Mountain cat, is a [[Cat breed|breed]] of [[cat]] well known and shown in England in the 1890s. Similar to the oriental shorthair, full color cats, also known as non-blue eyed siamese, were known to interbreed with the pointed cats of siam. |
| | | | |
| − | Feral cats may live alone, but are usually found in large groups called [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] with communal nurseries, depending on resource availability. Many abandoned [[pet]] cats join these colonies out of desperation. The [[average life span]] of a feral cat that survives beyond [[kitten]]hood is usually cited as less than two years{{Fact|date=January 2007}} while a [[domestication|domestic]] house cat lives an average of twelve to sixteen years. <!--12-14 in UK 16+ in USA but stats are incomplete --> However feral cats aged nineteen (Cat Action Trust) and twenty-six (Cats Protection) have been reported where food and shelter are available.
| + | During World War I and World War II, the breeding programs of pedigreed cats suffered. It was not until the post World War II era that time cat fanciers renewed their breeding efforts. In the early [[1950s]] a group of English cat fanciers began working together to restore the breed. |
| | | | |
| − | [[City]]scapes and [[North America]] are not native environments for the cat. The domestic cat comes from [[temperate]] or hot, often dry, [[climate]]s and was distributed throughout the world by [[human]]s. Cats are extremely adaptable and feral felines have been found in conditions of extreme cold and heat. They are more susceptible to cold, damp conditions than to cold alone. With a need for a diet of 90% protein, many feral cats lack adequate nutrition{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. In addition, they have no [[self-defense|defense]] against or understanding of such [[predator]]s as [[dog]]s and [[coyote]]s. The current population of twenty to forty million feral felines in the United States is due, initially, to human interference by environmental introduction and later, by simple human irresponsibility and neglect.
| + | The ladies credited with this effort include Mrs. Armitage Hargreaves of Laurentide Cattery, Mrs. Munroe-Smith of Elmtower Cattery, the Baroness Von Ullmann of Roofspringer Cattery, Mrs. Elsie Fisher of Praha Cattery, and Mrs. Judd of Crossways Cattery. These breeders produced a chestnut (chocolate) colored kitten through mating a black shorthair and a chocolate point Siamese. |
| | | | |
| − | ==Major Places with Feral Cats==
| + | The Havana Brown is a moderately sized, muscular short-haired cat with a body of average length. The coat color must be brown, typically reddish-brown, with no [[tabby]] markings. Whiskers should also be brown and the eye color should be green. The head should be slightly longer than wide and the nose should have a distinct stop at the eyes. Males tend to be larger than females and are average in weight compared with other breeds. |
| − | {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}}
| |
| − | ===United States of America===
| |
| − | [[Image:Girl_kitty.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Some adult feral cats can be socialized, depending on the degree of human interaction throughout their lives; feral kittens have a good chance of socialization and adoption up to about four months of age. This feral cat has had the tip of one ear severed, which identifies it as having been sterilized and inoculated by a [[Trap-Neuter-Return]] program.]] | |
| | | | |
| − | In the United States, there is an ongoing debate about how to deal with feral cat populations. There is little doubt that feral cats are extremely effective at controlling or even eradicating small animal populations, and some cite the utility of cats in controlling populations of verminous rodent species. That is one of the major justifications for the keeping of [[Farm Cat|farm cats]]. However, conservationists argue that feral cats contribute greatly to the killing of songbirds and other endangered birds, with estimates that bird loss is at 100 million a year due to predation. However research into the causes of bird deaths has also found that transparent windows constitute the biggest threat that birds face [http://www.currykerlinger.com/birds.htm]. Additionally, it is argued that the resurgence of other small predators such as the [[gray fox]] (''urocyon cinereoargenteus''), [[fisher (animal)|fisher]] or pekan (''martes pennanti''), [[coyote]] (''canis latrans''), and [[bobcat]] (''lynx rufus'') is a contributing factor in conserved bird deaths. Many of these animals also prey on feral cats.
| + | The Havana Brown is an intelligent cat that often uses its paws both to examine objects and to communicate with its owners. The most likely explanation of the breed's name is that its coat color is very similar to that of Havana [[cigar]]s. |
| | | | |
| − | While it is widely agreed that the loss of conserved species due to fragmentation of native habitat by humans far exceeds deaths due to feral cat predation, some still feel it is necessary to control feral populations.
| + | The breed has been recognized for championship competition in both the US and Britain since the late 1950s. It is considered an endangered breed, since the breeding pool is very small. In the late [[1990s]], there were only 12 [[Cat Fanciers' Association|CFA]]-registered Havana Brown catteries and under 130 unaltered cats. |
| | | | |
| − | Websites such as The Feral Cat Hunt [http://www.feralcathunt.com] advocate culling feral cat populations by hunting, arguing that it is the most cost effective method of population control. However, a proposal in the state of Wisconsin to legalize the hunting of feral cats in an attempt to reduce their population (April 2005) was blocked by the state's lawmakers. South Dakota and Minnesota allow wild cats to be shot.
| + | josh robinson is gay and likes to get it up the pooper. |
| | | | |
| − | [[Trap-Neuter-Return]] or TNR programs, presented as a humane method of feral cat population control, are facilitated by many volunteers and organizations in the States. These organizations trap and sterilize feral cats as well as providing [[inoculation]] against [[rabies]] and other viruses. Sometimes long-lasting [[flea treatment]]s are also applied before release. Frequently, attending [[veterinarian]]s cut the tip off one [[ear]] to mark the individual as [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] and inoculated, as these cats will more than likely find themselves trapped again. Volunteers often continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives, unfortunately, it becomes very difficult to domesticate and adopt a feral cat unless it is trapped and socialized before four months of age.
| |
| | | | |
| − | [[October 16]] is National Feral Cat Day in the United States.[http://www.nationalferalcatday.org/]
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===Australia===
| |
| − | It has been suggested that feral cats have been present in [[Australia]] since before [[European]] settlement, and may have arrived with [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[shipwreck]]s in the [[17th century]]. However historical records do not suggest this, instead dating the arrival of feral cats at around 1824. <ref name="Abbot"> Abbot, I. (2002) "Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion of the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna" ''Wildlife Research'' '''29'''(1): 51-74 [http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WR01011.htm abstract] </ref> Intentional releases were made in the late [[19th century]] to control mice, rabbits and rats. Cats had colonised their present range in Australia by 1890. Evidence for early predation by cats having caused major and widespread declines in native fauna is circumstantial and anecdotal and its credibility and significance is debated (Abbot 2002, Dickman 1996).
| |
| | | | |
| − | Feral cats in Australia [[prey]] on a variety of wildlife. In arid and semi-arid environments [[introduced species|introduced]] [[European Rabbit]]s and [[House Mouse|House Mice]] are the dominant part of the diet; in forests and urbanised areas native [[marsupial]] prey forms the larger part of the diet (based on 22 studies summarised in Dickman 1996). In arid environments where rabbits do not occur native rodents are taken. Birds form a smaller part of the diet, mostly in forests and urbanised areas, reptiles also form just a small part of the diet.
| + | == References == |
| − |
| + | *Susie Page; <cite>The Complete Cat Owner's Manual</cite>; Fog City Press; ISBN 1-875137-84-X (hardback, 1997) |
| − | Numerous Australian environmentalists and conservationists claim that the feral cat has been an ecological disaster in Australia, inhabiting most ecosystems except dense [[rainforest]], and being implicated in the [[extinction]] of several [[marsupial]] and [[placental]] mammal [[species]] (Robley ''et al'' 2004). Scientific evidence has been hard to come by to support this view and some researchers disagree with it (Abbot 2002). Sound evidence that feral cats exert a significant effect on native wildlife throughout the mainland is lacking (Dickman 1996; Jones 1989; Wilson et al. 1992). Difficulties in separating the effects of cats from that of [[fox]]es (also introduced) and environmental effects have hindered research into this. Cats have co-existed with all mammal species in Tasmania for nearly 200 years. Tasmania is fox free.<ref name="Abbot" /> The Western Shield program in Western Australia, involving broad-scale poisoning of foxes, has resulted in rapid recoveries of many species of native mammals in spite of the presence of feral cats throughout the baited area.<ref name="Abbot" /> However in 2005 a study was published which for the first time found proof of feral cats causing declines in native mammals (Risbey ''et al'' 2005); an [[experiment]] conducted in [[Heirisson Prong]] compared small mammal populations in areas cleared of both foxes and cats, of foxes only, and a control plot. Researchers found that mammal populations were lower in areas cleared of foxes only and in the control plots.
| + | *CFA Havana Brown Breed Profile; http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/havana.html |
| | + | *Norma Placchi; <cite>The Havana Brown: The Cat in a Not So Plain Brown Wrapper</cite>; |
| | + | Cat Fanciers' Almanac (May 1991); http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/havana91.html |
| | + | *Richard C. Bilello; <cite>The Havana Brown: A Brown Delight and an Endangered Species</cite>; http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/havana.html |
| | | | |
| − | Cats may also play a further role in Australia's human altered ecosystems; with foxes they may be controlling introduced [[rabbit]]s, particularly in arid areas, which themselves cause ecological damage (Robley ''et al'' 2004). Cats are not believed to have been a factor in the extinction of the only mainland [[bird]] species to be lost since European settlement, the [[Paradise Parrot]]; their role in the loss of rare species on [[Australasia]]n islands, however, has been significant.
| + | [[Category:Cat breeds]] |
| − | | |
| − | Folklore has it that some feral cats in Australia have grown so large as to cause inexperienced observers to claim sightings of other species, and subsequent news stories of mysterious animals being sighted. Typical locations for such sightings are south-west Western Australia, and the [[Nullarbor]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Control programs are difficult to devise due to the [[nocturnal animal|nocturnal]] and [[solitary]] nature of feral cats, broad distribution in the landscape and continuous additions to the population from abandoned domestic cats. Due to the danger posed to humans handling the animal, captured feral cats are almost always [[Pest control|killed]]. Although trap neuter and return programs such as those in the United States are not prevalent in Australia, they are now being introduced in some urban and suburban areas such as [[Adelaide]]. More recently, such programs have been introduced in [[Sydney]] by the "World League for Protection of Animals".
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Rome===
| |
| − | [[Rome]], [[Italy]] is perhaps the place with most feral cats, the total number being estimated between 250,000 and 350,000, organized in about 2,000 colonies, some of them living in famous ancient places such as the [[Colosseum]].[http://www.romancats.de/romancats/index_eng.php]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Feral cats and island restoration==
| |
| − | Feral cats [[introduced species|introduced]] to islands with [[island tameness|ecologically naive]] fauna, that is species that have not evolved or have lost predator responses for dealing with cats (Moors & Atkinson 1984), have had a devastating impact on these islands' [[biodiversity]]. They have been implicated in the extinction of several species and local extinctions, such as the [[huita]]s from the [[Caribbean]] and the [[Guadalupe Storm-petrel]] from [[Pacific]] [[Mexico]]. Moors and Atkinson wrote, in 1984, "No other alien predator has had such a universally damaging effect." Given the damage they cause, many conservationists working in the field of [[island restoration]] (literally restoring damaged islands through removal of introduced species and replanting and reintroducing native species) have worked to remove feral cats. As of [[2004]], 48 islands have had their feral cat populations removed, including [[New Zealand]]'s network of offshore island bird reserves (Nogales ''et al'', [[2004]]), and Australia's [[Macquarie Island]]. Larger projects have also been undertaken, including their complete removal from [[Ascension Island]]. The cats, introduced in the 19th century, caused a collapse in populations of nesting [[seabird]]s. The project to remove them from the island began in 2002, and the island was cleared of cats by 2004. Since then seven species of seabird which had not nested on the island for a hundred years have returned.[http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2005/07/ascension.html].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Feral cats, along with rabbits, some sea birds and sheep, form the entire animal population of the remote [[Kerguelen Islands]] in the southern [[Indian Ocean]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==The Cats of Canada's Parliament==
| |
| − | [[Image:Catman.jpg|thumb|150px|Rene Chartrand runs a stray cat sanctuary on Parliament Hill in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]].]]
| |
| − | For many years (tradition associates them with a British garrison of the 1850s), a feral cat colony has existed on Canada's [[Parliament Hill]] in [[Ottawa]]. In recent years, living structures have been built for them, and they are fed by a volunteer who is given a stipend by the House of Commons. Veterinary services are donated by doctors in the city, and most of the cats are sterilized. At any given time, about fifteen cats live in the colony.
| |
| − | The present Canadian Prime Minister, [[Stephen Harper]], is a cat fan and takes feral kittens into his home to socialize them before they are put up for adoption in Ottawa's shelters. Visitors to his official residence can expect to be asked if they have room in their homes for a cat.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Activism==
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Feral cat colony|Feral cat colonies]] often arise from stray or abandoned unneutered cats. The cats breed rapidly and have multiple-kit litters although relatively few kittens survive to breeding age. Often the owners do not have the capacity or desire to care for a large number of cats.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The conditions lived in by feral cats vary immensely. Some have short, dangerous, unhealthy, desperate lives, in deplorable conditions{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. Others are welcomed as working cats around factories and farms and while their lives not luxurious, some live well into their teenage years. Cat Action Trust has encountered ferals up to 19 years old; the record age for a feral is 26. Because of the perceived dangers to humans, other species, and the cats themselves, and out of compassion toward the animals, many people, including [[celebrity|celebrities]] such as [[Bob Barker]], campaign to encourage people to spay and neuter their pets and support the humane control of feral cats.
| |
| − | | |
| − | A growing number of animal societies realize that feral cats are wild animals and should not be judged by pet animal standards. Where the cats perform a useful task or are not a threat to the local ecology, the approach is to trap, neuter and return them to their own habitat, while removing any ill, injured or tameable individuals. <!--HSUS has changed its policy from trap-kill -->
| |
| − | | |
| − | Unfortunately recent studies published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association indicate that trap-neuter-release programs are not effective in reducing feral cat populations. These programs cannot be effective unless they manage cats on a population--rather than colony--basis, neuter at least 75% of the cats in the population, and carrying capacity is reduced, usually by reducing the amount of food provided to the cats by humans.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | <references />
| |
| − | * Tabor, Roger, Arrow Books (1983). ''The Wild Life of the Domestic Cat.'' ISBN 0-09-931210-7
| |
| − | * Moors, P.J.; Atkinson, I.A.E. (1984). "Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity.". In ''Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds''. Cambridge: ICBP. ISBN 0-946888-03-5.
| |
| − | * Nogales, Manuel ''et al'' ([[2004]]). "A review of feral cat eradication on islands". ''Conservation Biology''. '''18'''(2): 310-319. [http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/felcat/Nogales%20et%20al.%202004.pdf]
| |
| − | * Risbey, Danielle A. ; Calver, Michael C. ; Short, Jeff ; Bradley J. Stuart and Ian W. Wright (2005) The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment " ''Wildlife Research'' '''27'''(3): 223-235 [http://publish.csiro.au/nid/144/paper/WR98092.htm abstract]
| |
| − | * Robley, A., Reddiex, B., Arthur T., Pech R., and Forsyth, D., (2004). "Interactions between feral cats, foxes, native carnivores, and rabbits in Australia". Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.
| |
| − | * Abbot, I. (2002) "Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion of the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna" ''Wildlife Research'' '''29'''(1): 51-74 [http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WR01011.htm abstract]
| |
| − | * Dickman, C. (1996) "Overview of the Impact of Feral Cats on Australian Fauna" Australian Nature Conservation Agency ISBN 0-642-21379-8 [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cat-impacts/pubs/impacts-feral-cats.pdf whole text]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | * [http://www.alleycat.org Alley Cat Allies] Feral Cat Resource - provides information about how to deal with feral cats humanely.
| |
| − | * [http://www.feralcat.com/ Feral Cat Coalition]
| |
| − | * [http://www.felineresistance.com/ The Feline Resistance]
| |
| − | * [http://www.cat77.org.uk/ Cat Action Trust 1977]
| |
| − | * [http://www.catactiontrust.org.uk/ Original Cat Action Trust]
| |
| − | * Defenders of Wildlife. [http://www.defenders.org/defendersmag/issues/spring03/plightsongbird.html Plight of the Vanishing Songbirds]
| |
| − | * [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cat-impacts/pubs/impacts-feral-cats.pdf] Australian Department of Environment and Heritage: Overview of the impact of feral cats on native fauna (pdf)
| |
| − | * lovethatcat.com: [http://www.lovethatcat.com/spayneuter.html List of US spay & neuter programs]
| |
| − | * [http://www.messybeast.com/eradicat.htm Why Extermination of Ferals is Ineffective]
| |
| − | * [http://www.messybeast.com/feralkit.htm#Kittens Taming Feral Kittens]
| |
| − | *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/nature_20030623.shtml Feral cats] (BBC)
| |
| − | *[http://www.animalsaustralia.org/default2.asp?idL1=1274&idL2=1311 Animals Australia]: Feral Cat bibliography
| |
| − | *[http://www.wildlife.org/policy/index.cfm?tname=policystatements&statement=ps28 Feral cats] (The Wildlife Society)
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Cat types]] | |
| − | | |
| − | [[fr:Chat haret]]
| |
| − | [[he:חתולי רחוב בישראל]]
| |
| − | [[nl:Verwilderde kat]]
| |
| − | [[ja:野良猫]]
| |
