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| | {{Taxobox | | {{Taxobox |
| | | color = pink | | | color = pink |
| − | | name = Syrian or Golden Hamster | + | | name = European Hamster |
| − | | status = EN | + | | status = LR/lc |
| − | | status_system = iucn2.3 | + | | fossil_range = Middle [[Miocene]] to Recent |
| − | | image = Golden_hamster_front_1.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 250px
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| | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
| | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
| − | | subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
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| | | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | | | classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
| | | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia | | | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia |
| − | | subordo = [[Myomorpha]]
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| − | | superfamilia = [[Muroidea]]
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| | | familia = [[Cricetidae]] | | | familia = [[Cricetidae]] |
| | | subfamilia = [[Cricetinae]] | | | subfamilia = [[Cricetinae]] |
| − | | genus = ''[[Mesocricetus]]'' | + | | genus = '''''Cricetus''''' |
| − | | species = '''''M. auratus''''' | + | | genus_authority = Leske, 1779 |
| − | | binomial = ''Mesocricetus auratus'' | + | | species = '''''C. cricetus''''' |
| − | | binomial_authority = [[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1839 | + | | binomial = ''Cricetus cricetus'' |
| − | }} | + | | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 |
| | + | | image = Chomik europejski.jpg |
| | + | }} |
| | + | The '''European Hamster''', '''''Cricetus cricetus''''', also known as the '''Black-bellied Hamster''', is a species of [[hamster]] native to [[Europe]]. It is typically found in low-lying [[farm|farmland]] with soft [[loam]] or [[loess]] [[soil]]s, although it may also inhabit meadows, gardens, or hedges. It is widely considered a farmland pest, and has also been trapped for its fur. The black-bellied hamster is found from the [[Belgium]] and [[Alsace]] in the west, to [[Russia]] in the east, and [[Romania]] in the south. |
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| | + | European hamsters are significantly larger than the [[Golden Hamster|Syrian hamsters]] or [[dwarf hamster]]s commonly kept as pets. European hamsters are similar in size to [[guinea pig]]s. |
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| − | The '''Syrian Hamster''' or '''Golden Hamster''', ''Mesocricetus auratus'', is the best known member of the [[rodent]] [[subfamily]] [[Cricetinae]], the [[hamster]]s. In the wild they are now considered endangered <ref>{{IUCN2006|assessors=Baillie|year=1996|id=13219|title=Mesocricetus auratus|downloaded=09 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3)</ref>, but are popular as housepets and scientific research animals. Adults grow from 5 to 7 inches (12.5 to 17.5 cm ) in length, and will usually have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years.
| + | In captivity, the European hamster displays an unusually long life span, living up to the age of eight years. They are very rarely kept as pets and have been known to attack large dogs if they feel threatened. They can also dispel grains and seeds from their cheek pouches with such force, that severe injury can be inflicted upon the target. (reference needed) |
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| − | ==Biology==
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| − | Like most members of the subfamily, the Syrian Hamster has expandable cheek pouches, which extend from its cheeks to its shoulders. In the wild, hamsters are [[larder hoarding|larder hoarders]]; they use their cheek pouches to transport food to their burrows. Their name in the local [[Arabic language|Arabic]] dialect where they were found translates to "father of saddlebags" due to the remarkable amount of storage space in their cheek pouches. If food is plentiful, they will store it in large amounts--it has been reported that 25 kg of grain was found in the burrow of a single hamster.
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| − | [[Image:Hamst08082002.JPG|thumb|left|Syrian hamster filling its cheek pouches with dandelion leaves.]]
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| − | Sexually mature female hamsters come into season ([[oestrus]]) every four days. Putting a male and female hamster together when the female is not in heat may result in the female attacking the male. Syrian Hamsters have the shortest gestation period in any known mammal at only 16 to 18 days. They can produce large litters of 20 or more young, although the average litter size is 8. If a mother hamster is inexperienced or feels threatened, she may abandon or even cannibalise her pups. It is inadvisable for inexperienced owners to breed them.
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| − | Most hamsters in American and British pet stores are Syrian Hamsters. Originally, Syrian Hamsters came in just one colour — the mixture of brown, black, and gold which gave them their "Golden" name — but they have since developed a myriad of colour mutations such as cream, white, blonde, banded, tortoiseshell, calico, and sable. Therefore in pet stores today, ''Golden Hamster'' is only used to label the original coloration (also known as agouti). Other-coloured short-hairs are banded under the label ''Fancy Hamster''. ''Teddy Bear'' is a term used to describe the long-haired variety of the Syrian Hamster, named so for their remarkable resemblance to toy teddy bears. They are also sometimes known as "angora hamsters". The fur on a long-haired hamster is thick and fluffy, like a cotton wool, rather than the velvety feel of short-haired fur. For this reason, people who are not allergic to short-haired hamsters can be allergic to long-hairs. Male teddy bear hamsters usually have much longer fur than the female variety, culminating in a "skirt" of longer fur around their backsides. ''Black Bears'' are a recent off-shoot of teddy bear hamsters (mutation discovered in 1985), with their major difference being their black-coloured fur. It can be argued that black bears are just black teddy bears rather than their own breed; on the other hand, black bears were originally selectively bred for their larger size and more docile nature as well as their colour. However, in current stock, this may or may not still be the case.
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| − | Syrian Hamsters are wildly popular as housepets due to their docile, inquisitive natures and small size. They are popular as "first pets" for young children, as well as being classroom animals, because of their hardiness and relative ease of care. Some pet owners find them more attractive in relation to rats and other rodents due to their lack of visible tails. Syrian Hamsters are notoriously territorial, however. Even tame Syrian Hamsters will frequently attack and, indeed, kill, other adult hamsters. When kept as pets, Syrians must be housed in single sex groups after the age of six weeks, and housed individually by the time they are ten weeks old.
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| − | Syrian Hamsters have also been used in scientific research — in the study of many diseases, as well as in the study of behaviour. They have a number of [[fixed action pattern]]s that are readily observed, including scent-marking. They are particularly used in airway and respiratory physiology research.
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| − | == Discovery ==
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| − | [[Image:hamster.jpg|thumb|right|Albino hamster]]
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| − | In [[1839]] [[Britain|British]] [[zoologist]] [[George Robert Waterhouse]] reportedly found an elderly female hamster in Syria, naming it ''Cricetus auratus,'' the Golden Hamster. The hamster's fur was on display at the [[British Museum (Natural History)]]. The Syrian Hamster was then ignored by European science for the next century.
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| − | In 1930, [[Israel Aharoni]], a zoologist and professor at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], captured a mother hamster and her litter of babies in the [[Syria|Syrian]] desert. By the time he got back to his lab, most had died or escaped. The remaining three hamsters were given to his university, where they were successfully bred. Because they were a bit bigger than the ones Waterhouse found, they were named ''Mesocricetus auratus''. ''Mesocricetus auratus'' is the currently accepted scientific name of the Syrian Hamster.
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| − | Descendants of these hamsters were shipped to scientific labs around the world for use as research animals. They arrived in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1931, and reached the United States in 1938. Soon after their initial discovery, they were found to make great pets. Just about all captive Syrian Hamsters today are descended from the original litter found in Syria, except for a few that were brought into the United States by travellers who found them in the desert. A separate stock of hamsters was imported into the US in 1971, but it is not known if any of today's North American pets are descended from them.
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| − | ==Surviving in the wild==
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| − | In the beginning of the 20th century, the Syrian golden hamster was considered to be virtually extinct in the wild by unknown reason until Professor Aharoni collected one female and her 12 broods in [[Aleppo]].<ref name="Hochman">Hochman B, Ferreira LM, Vilas Bôas FC, Mariano M. Experimental model in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) to study heterologous graft of scars and cutaneous diseases in plastic surgery. Acta Cir Bras [serial online] 2004 Vol 19 Special Edition. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/acb/v19s1/v19s1a12.pdf Online pdf]</ref> After that some later sightings and captures were reported. Since the 1980s this species was not seen in the wild, until two expeditions were carried out during September [[1997]] and March [[1999]] to confirm the current existence of the wild golden hamster in northern [[Syria]]. The researchers mapped 30 burrows. None of the inhabited burrows contained more than one adult. They caught six females and seven males. One female was pregnant and gave birth to six pups. All these 19 caught wild golden hamsters, together with three wild individuals from the University of Aleppo, were shipped to [[Germany]] to form a new breeding stock.<ref name="Gattermann">Gattermann et al. 2001. Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Journal of Zoology, 254: 359-365 (Cambridge University Press). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=78463 Online abstract]</ref>
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| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:100_983.jpg|A Golden Hamster
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| − | Image:Golden_hamster_side_1.jpg|Golden Hamster
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Hamster]]
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | <references/>
| + | * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Amori|year=1996|id=5529|title=Cricetus cricetus|downloaded=12 May 2006}} |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.syrianhamster.com Syrian Hamster]
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| − | *[http://www.hamster-heaven.com Hamster Heaven]
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| − | *[http://www.hamsterific.com Hamsterific.com]
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| − | *[http://www.hamsterhideout.com Hamster Hideout] - Hamster site with very good, active forum on all aspects of hamster care
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| − | *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10036&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Genome information]
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| − | *[http://www.petwebsite.com/hamsters/syrian_hamsters.htm Petwebsite Entry on Syrians]
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| − | *[http://hometown.aol.com/TheRiverRd/ The River Road Hamstery]- Very good information on hamster breeding, especially for coat types
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| − | *[http://www.hamsoc.org.uk/varieties.php The Hamster Society]
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| − | *[http://www.rabbitsnrodents.com/hamsters.htm/ Rabbits N' Rodents]
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| − | *[http://www.razthehamster.com/gallery RaztheHamster] - Syrian Hamster Gallery
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| | + | [[Category:Hamsters]] |
| | + | [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] |
| | + | [[Category:Mammals of Poland]] |
| | + | [[de:Feldhamster]] |
| | + | [[fr:Hamster d'Europe]] |
| | + | [[it:Cricetus cricetus]] |
| | + | [[ja:クロハラハムスター]] |
| | + | [[li:Korewouf]] |
| | + | [[nl:Gewone hamster]] |
| | + | [[pl:Chomik europejski]] |
| | + | [[ru:Хомяк обыкновенный]] |
| | + | [[fi:Eurooppalainen hamsteri]] |
| | + | [[sv:Europeisk hamster]] |
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| − | [[Category:Hamsters]]
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| − | [[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
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| − | [[bg:Златист хамстер]]
| + | {{rodent-stub}} |
| − | [[da:Guldhamstere]]
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| − | [[de:Goldhamster]]
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| − | [[fr:Hamster doré]]
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| − | [[it:Mesocricetus auratus]]
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| − | [[he:אוגר זהוב]]
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| − | [[nl:Goudhamster]]
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| − | [[ja:ゴールデンハムスター]]
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| − | [[nn:Syrisk hamster]]
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| − | [[pl:Chomik syryjski]]
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| − | [[fi:Kultahamsteri]]
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| − | [[sv:Guldhamster]]
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| − | [[zh:敘利亞倉鼠]]
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