AY Honors/Geology/Answer Key/es

Geología
Asociación General Estudio de la naturaleza	Destreza: 1 Año de introducción: 1975

Requisitos

1

Dar el significado de las siguientes palabras:

• 

  Satellite image of the Nile River Delta

• 

  The three narrow strips of land shown here are spits in the Baltic Sea

• 

  Sinkholes near the Dead Sea

• 

  Map of an oxbow lake

1a

Delta

1b

Banco de arena

1c

Hundimiento de tierra

1d

Lago en un meandro (forma de herradura)

• 

  Moraine, glacier and lake of Arsine, Écrins National Parc, French Alps

• 

  Iceberg Cirque, Glacier National Park, USA

• 

  Mesa at Ray Mine (Arizona, USA)

• 

  A small alluvial fan.

1e

Morrena

1f

Circo glaciar

1g

Meseta

1h

Abanico aluvial

An anticline on the left, a syncline on the right.

1i

Anticlinal

1j

Sinclinal

2

Describir los siguientes puntos:

2a

Un volcán tipo escudo, en comparación a un volcán compuesto

2b

¿Cómo se mueve un glaciar y qué evidencias deja atrás?

2c

¿Cómo son los sedimentos establecidos por agua?

2d

Las diferentes clases de montañas

This requirement overlaps with one in the Mountains Honor.

2e

¿Por qué un río o arroyo continua a menudo cavando en el exterior de una curva?

When a river reaches a low-lying plain in its final course to the sea or a lake, it meanders widely. Sediments are deposited on the inside (convex) bank because the current there slows. In contrast, both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the outside (concave) bank where the stream’s speed is the highest. The faster current on the outside of a bend is able to pick up sediments and transport them further downstream.

3

Saber qué clase de rocas (sedimentarias, metamórficas, o ígneas) son las siguientes:

First, let's define what these three types of rock are:

Sedimentary

Sedimentary rock is formed when sediments carried by wind or water settle and turn to stone.

Metamorphic

Metamorphic rock is formed when another type of rock is transformed by great heat and pressure.

Igneous

Igneous rock is formed when lava cools and solidifies.

3a

Granito

Ígnea

3b

Arenisca

Sedimentaria

3c

Conglomerado

Sedimentaria

3d

Esquito (pizarra)

Metamórfica

3e

Pizarra (roca)

Sedimentaria

3f

Mármol

Metamórfica

3g

Lava

Ígnea

3h

Caliza

Sedimentaria

3i

Basalto

Ígnea

3j

Gneis

Metamórfica

4

Tomar una fotografía o realizar un boceto de cada una de las siguientes características geológicas:

4a

Una cama de sedimento que es más tosca en la parte inferior y más fina hacia la parte superior (esto se llama sedimento normalmente graduado).

Normal graded bedding

The size of a particle that a stream can transport depends on the stream's speed as well as the size and density of the particle. In general, the faster the current, the larger the particle that can be transported. As a stream slows, it drops the largest particles first. As it slows more, it continues to drop finer and finer particles. When the current stops, all sediments are deposited. In the diagram note how the sediment at the top is much finer than the sediment at the bottom. This natural sorting mechanism occurs whenever sediments are deposited, and can be used to detect boundaries between sedimentation events. A normal graded sediment indicates that the sediment layer has not been overturned since it was deposited, while an inverted bed (finer particles at the bottom, larger ones on top) indicates that the sedimentation layer was overturned after its deposition.

4b

Marcas de ondas en la arena o el barro (mostrar con una flecha la dirección de la corriente si es posible).

Ripple marks in sand

In this photo, the wind was blowing from left to right. The left sides of the ripples have gentler slopes, while the right sides have steeper slopes. As the wind breaks over the top of the ripples, it forms eddy currents (circulating wind) which make the lee side steeper than the windward side.

4c

Erosión en forma de canal.

Gulley erosion

A gully is a landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside. Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are meters to tens of meters in depth and width.

4d

Grietas de barro (estas pueden ser encontradas por lo general después de una tormenta o inundación cuando el lodo comienza a secarse).

Mud cracks in Death Valley, USA

4e

Perfil del suelo a lo largo de un arroyo o de un corte de carretera (debe poder ver cómo se convierte por lo general en colores claros bajo de la superficie en el terreno).

A 'soil profile' is a cross section through the soil which reveals its layers.

O) Organic matter: Litter layer of plant residues in relatively undecomposed form.

A) Surface soil: Layer of mineral soil with most organic matter accumulation and soil life. This layer eluviates (is depleted of) iron, clay, aluminum, organic compounds, and other soluble constituents. When eluviation is pronounced, a lighter colored "E" subsurface soil horizon is apparent at the base of the "A" horizon.

B) Subsoil: Layer of alteration below an "E" or "A" horizon. This layer accumulates iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds, a process referred to as illuviation.

C) Substratum: Layer of unconsolidated soil parent material. This layer may accumulate the more soluble compounds that bypass the "B" layer.

4f

Banco de arena (barras de arena se pueden encontrar en los ríos o arroyos, o a lo largo del océano).

The islands of Waya and Wayasewa connected by a tidal sandbar, Yasawa Group, Fiji.