Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Physics/Answer Key/es"
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Revision as of 10:17, 7 March 2021
1
1a
La física es una rama de la ciencia que se ocupa de la materia, la energía, el movimiento, la carga y la fuerza.
La física comienza con la observación. Se puede observar el mundo que rodea con nuestros 5 sentidos, o se puede utilizar una serie de herramientas tales como la balanza, la regla de un metro o una regla, el reloj o cronómetro para proporcionar una medición más precisa. Galileo usó su pulso en cuando sus experimentos, pero un cronómetro habría mejorado la precisión de sus mediciones. Los físicos también utilizan herramientas más complicadas mientras miran eventos más complicados, como la colisión de partículas subatómicas en un acelerador atómico. La herramienta más importante de la física es la matemática. Puede pensar en la matemática como el lenguaje de la física.
1b
La masa es la cantidad de materia relacionada con el peso por medio de la segunda ley del movimiento de Newton.
[math]\displaystyle{ Fuerza=masa \cdot Aceleración }[/math].
Solo se puede saber si un objeto tiene masa si se trata de acelerarlo.
[math]\displaystyle{ Masa = \frac{Fuerza}{Aceleración} }[/math]
Si se mide la masa de un objeto con una báscula común de baño en la Tierra, en la Luna y en Marte, se encontraría que pesaría más en la Tierra y lo menos en la luna. En cada caso, la masa no cambió, pero el peso sí. Esto es porque la fuerza gravitacional de cada planeta es diferente, pero el resorte en la báscula no ha cambiado. Por esta razón, se utiliza una balanza para determinar la masa de un objeto.
Con una balanza, mientras la fuerza de la gravedad cambia, se está halando por igual en ambos lados de la balanza. Ahora se está midiendo realmente la masa del objeto, no su peso. Piense en un balancín (sube y baja) en la luna. Si su amigo pesa más que usted, usted todavía será más ligero en la Luna, pero si usted y su amigo están equilibrados en la Tierra, usted seguirá siendo equilibrado en el balancín en la luna.
El peso es equivalente a la fuerza en la segunda ley del movimiento de Newton. Realmente se sentirá más ligero en la Luna, pero no ha perdido ninguna masa. Simplemente está en un campo de gravedad diferente o marco inercial.
1c
El trabajo es una medida de la energía. Si se empuja una carga pesada, entonces el trabajo que se hace es cuán duro es empujar la carga multiplicado por cuán lejos se empuja.
- [math]\displaystyle{ Trabajo=Fuerza \cdot Distancia }[/math]
1d
La fuerza es una influencia sobre un objeto que hace que el objeto cambie su movimiento - ya sea su velocidad o la dirección en que se mueve.
1e
El poder es la cantidad de energía consumida por una unidad de tiempo. Si se puede hacer un montón de trabajo de forma rápida, entonces se utiliza más poder.
- [math]\displaystyle{ Poder= \frac{(Trabajo\ completo)}{(Tiempo\ que\ tomó\ para\ hacer\ el\ trabajo)} }[/math]
1f
La energía potencial es la energía de un objeto basado en su posición relativa a otros objetos. Por ejemplo, si se levanta una pelota del suelo a una cierta distancia, entonces la pelota tiene el potencial de caerse la misma distancia a la que fue subida. La energía potencial de una pelota se puede medir por medio de qué tan alto se eleva la pelota contra la fuerza de la gravedad sobre la masa de la pelota.
La energía potencial de la pelota está dada por la relación:
- [math]\displaystyle{ E = m \cdot g \cdot a }[/math]
Dónde
- E = energía
- m = masa de la pelota
- g = la aceleración de la gravedad (9,8 m/seg/seg en la Tierra)
- a = la altura que se eleva la pelota
También se ve la energía potencial como la energía almacenada de una batería. La energía de una batería se almacena químicamente. Se convierte en energía cinética en forma de calor y luz cuando se enciende el interruptor de la linterna.
1g
La energía cinética es la cantidad de energía que un objeto ha basado en su movimiento en relación con otros objetos. La energía cinética en su forma más simple está relacionada con la velocidad de un objeto en relación con el observador. La energía cinética en su forma más compleja puede ser el calor.
La energía cinética de una pelota en movimiento se puede medir por saber dos cosas sobre el objeto
- 1 La masa del objeto (determinado utilizando una balanza)
- 2 La velocidad del objeto (medir cuánto tiempo se tarda en recorrer una distancia determinada) [math]\displaystyle{ velocidad=\frac{distancia}{tiempo} }[/math]
- [math]\displaystyle{ \ Energía\ cinética = \frac{1}{2} \times (la\ masa\ del\ objeto) \times (la\ velocidad\ del\ objeto)^2 }[/math]
- Se escribe esto como [math]\displaystyle{ E_k=\frac{1}{2} m v^2 }[/math]
1h
El peso es la fuerza que la gravedad ejerce sobre un cuerpo. Según la segunda ley del movimiento de Newton:
- [math]\displaystyle{ El\ peso = (masa\ del\ objeto) \times (aceleración\ local\ de\ la\ gravedad) }[/math]
El peso es comúnmente confundido con la masa, pero el peso podría ser significativamente más en un planeta con una gravedad mayor, o podría ser significativamente menos en un planeta con una gravedad menor. La masa por otra parte es el mismo en ambas circunstancias.
1i
La materia es todo aquello que tiene masa. Hay cuatro estados de la materia: sólido, líquido, gas y plasma. Los físicos tienden a dividir el universo en dos categorías generales
- Energía
- Materia
Eintstein mostró ques estos estaban relacionados ([math]\displaystyle{ E=mc^2 }[/math]).
1j
La inercia es una propiedad de la materia que va en contra de una fuerza externa. Según la primera ley del movimiento de Newton, un cuerpo en reposo tiende a permanecer en reposo a menos que actúe por una fuerza externa. Un objeto en movimiento tiende a permanecer en movimiento a menos que actúe por una fuerza.
1k
La fricción es el frotamiento de la superficie de un objeto contra la superficie de otro.
A nivel atómico se puede pensar en una superficie llena de baches como papel de lija frotándose contra otra superficie. Cuando las dos superficies están en reposo, los puntos altos de una superficie encajan en los valles de la otra superficie y se necesita un poco de fuerza para mover uno sobre el otro. Una vez que están en movimiento, las dos superficies rebotan de pico a pico como un esquiador solamente tocando las copas de las montañas. Se observa que se necesita más energía para empezar a empujar un objeto que mantenerlo en movimiento.
Se llaman a estas dos fuerzas de fricción
- 1 La fricción estática
- 2 fricción cinética
La energía que se pierde a la fricción se convierte en calor. Frote las palmas de las manos. Sus manos empezarán a sentir calor, de hecho, esta es una buena manera de calentar las manos cuando hay frío. Esta clase de calor puede causar problemas en el ventilador de la computadora o los cilindros de un carro, así que los cojinetes, el aceite y la grasa se utilizan para ayudar a reducir el calor y el daño que puede ser causado por la fricción.
1l
Una onda es una perturbación en movimiento hacia adelante que viaja sin avanzar las partículas del medio a través del cual se mueve.
En una cuerda de guitarra, por ejemplo, la cuerda vibrará arriba y abajo, pero las partículas que forman la cuerda no se mueven horizontalmente a lo largo de la cuerda. Del mismo modo, si usted lanza una piedra en el agua, el agua sube y baja y la ola se extiende desde el punto de donde cayó la piedra, pero no hay un flujo de líquido a lo largo de la superficie del agua.
1m
El centro de la gravedad es el punto desde el que aparecen venir todas las fuerzas gravitacionales dentro de un objeto. Este punto es el mismo que el centro de masa en un campo gravitatorio uniforme.
1n
Una notación exponencial es una notación matemática que hace que sea más fácil trabajar con números muy grandes o con números muy pequeños. En la física, es muy común tener números muy grandes, tales como el número de átomos en una gota de agua, o el número de estrellas en una galaxia. También es muy posible tener un número muy pequeño como la constante de Planck (0.0000000000000000000000000000000006626068 m2kg/s).
Se escribe los números en notación científica mediante la eliminación de los titulares de espacio para cero.
- En números grandes
| [math]\displaystyle{ 1\times10^9 }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 1.000.000.000 }[/math] |
| [math]\displaystyle{ 6,02\times10^{23} }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 602.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 }[/math] |
| [math]\displaystyle{ 2,9979\times10^8 }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 299.790.000 }[/math] |
- Para los números pequeños donde el exponente es negativo
| [math]\displaystyle{ 0,00001 }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 1\times10^{-5} }[/math] |
| [math]\displaystyle{ 0,000000015 }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 1,5\times10^{-8} }[/math] |
| La constante de Planck | [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 0,0000000000000000000000000000000006626068 m^2kg/s }[/math] |
| [math]\displaystyle{ = }[/math] | [math]\displaystyle{ 6,626068\times10^{-34} m^2kg/s }[/math] |
El exponente dice cuántos lugares hay que mover la coma decimal. Se mueve hacia la derecha para los exponentes positivos y se mueve hacia la izquierda para los exponentes negativos.
La notación exponencial se usa en muchas calculadoras y lenguajes de programación. El ×10 se sustituye por la letra E, ebntonces se puede escribir 31E6 en lugar de 31×106.
1o
El cero absoluto es la temperatura mínima teórica en la que todo movimiento de un átomo cesa.
Esta temperatura mínima es:
- 0 Kelvin = -273.15° C = –459.67° F
La temperatura más fría fue medida por un equipo del MIT en 2003. La temperatura era de 450 picoKelvin. Esto es 450x[math]\displaystyle{ 10^{- 12} }[/math] Kelvin o 450 billonésimos de un grado de cero absoluto.
1p
Un fulcro es el soporte sobre el cual una palanca gira en el movimiento de un cuerpo.
Al cambiar la distancia entre la carga y el fulcro, se puede aumentar o disminuir la ventaja mecánica de la máquina conocida como una palanca.
El apoyo del centro de un balancín es el fulcro del balancín.
2
Toda la ciencia comienza con observaciones. Un biólogo puede observar un pájaro y describir sus colores o sus acciones. Un químico puede notar un aroma penetrante. Un físico podría observar un objeto que cae. Cada uno de estos eventos sería una observación. Utilizamos nuestros sentidos o utilizamos máquinas que pueden aumentar el poder de nuestros sentidos.
La observación nos lleva a hacer preguntas básicas sobre el evento. Estas preguntas pueden formar la base de una hipótesis. Una hipótesis es la suposición de un científico sobre lo que podría explicar las observaciones. Una hipótesis es más útil si se sugiere un experimento que se puede hacer para probar o refutar las ideas que tenemos en cuanto a cómo funcionan las cosas.
Cuando se hace un experimento para probar la hipótesis, esto lleva a más observaciones y se inicia el proceso de nuevo.
Se resume esto por:
When an idea has been tested many times it is called a theory, and if it is tested so thoroughly that we are sure that it accurately describes the phenomenon, it might be called a Law.
The scientific method can be applied to any field of study, and tends to be self corrective. Errors cannot stand long - when others do the experiment they will either get the same results or different results. If they get different results, then more observation, hypotheses, and experiments are needed.
The scientific method can be applied to any field of study, including Bible Study. We are not talking about applying science to the Bible, although that can be quite useful. The science of archaeology adds more to our understanding of the world of the Bible with each new discovery.
We can also apply Physics to the Bible, for example the Bible does not say how tall the lamp stand was in the sanctuary, but it does tell us how much the lamp stand and it’s utensils weighed. Exodus 25:39 (One talent of gold would have a volume of about 2 liters). We can use our knowledge of science (density, tinsel strength, etc.) to make an estimate of its height.
The use of science adds details to the story, but does not enhance the spirituality of the Bible reading. The important thing for Christians is not knowing each and every statistic in the Bible, but knowing the God of the Bible (John 17:3). This requires knowledge of the character of God, but it also requires personal interaction with God (John 17:23). With this in mind, there are several useful ways to use the scientific method to learn more about God and to enhance our relationship with him.
Observations
The scientific method of study starts with an observation, and in the spiritual world, there are two types of observations:
- 1) Text based observation
- We observe the text of the Bible and then, using this observation as a starting point, we start to ask questions and compare scripture to scripture to find answers.
- 2) Life based observations
- We observe events in our life or the lives of our family and friends. These observations lead us to ask questions. These questions, in turn, lead us to search for answers in the Bible. We then choose to act, either accepting the counsel of the Bible or rejecting it.
Hypothesis
When we ask questions, we start to formulate a hypothesis. A good hypothesis leads to predictions that can be shown to be true or false by use of an experiment.
As we use the Scientific method in Bible study, our observation leads us to create a hypothesis. This hypothesis helps create a framework that we use to study the Bible. For example the text: “I the LORD do not change…” in Malachi 3:6 might be used to create a hypothesis that “God is consistent”. We then look at the action of God to see if this is true. We will search the scripture comparing scripture to scripture to find further examples of God acting in a consistent manner.
This is the method used by the Christians of Berea:
“Now the Bereans were of more noble character than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true.”
We all have hypotheses that we have accepted as true. These hypotheses are based on our training, and experiences. All experiences that we have had in the past guide the hypotheses that we are making today. For example, if someone has had a difficult relationship with their father, they may have a different view of God the Father than someone who has had a wonderful relationship with their father.
It is impossible for us to open the Bible without having underlying hypotheses that we filter the Bible through. These hypotheses affect our understanding of the text. Recognizing our own biases can be difficult, but by looking honestly at our own underlying hypotheses, we can start to see the world more clearly.
Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, thought that Jesus was a good man, and we could learn from him morally. Jefferson did not believe the miraculous accounts of the Bible. He created what is commonly known as the "Jefferson Bible" by cutting these accounts from the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and arranging the remaining segments to form a story.
The story is in chronological order and contains most of the words of Jesus, but does not tell of the Angels announcing His birth, it does not talk of miracles, and there is no mention of the resurrection. Thomas Jefferson started with the hypothesis that all of these things were, in his words "nonsense".
Martin Luther, on the other hand, believed that the Bible and the complete Bible was true, including the miracles. Luther believed this so much that he wanted everyone to be able to read its words in their own language. He therefore translated the entire Bible into German.
Jefferson and Luther had a different hypothesis relating to the complete truth of the Bible. Their hypotheses lead them to totally different relationships with God. As you can see, the Hypothesis that we start our Bible study with is very important.
Experiment
As we apply the Scientific method to Bible study, we find that there are two types of experiments:
- 1) Application experiment
- You apply your hypothesis to real life situations.
- By actually putting the Bible text into practice, we can see if our hypothesis is valid. For example, If you read the text in Malachi 3:10
Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. Test me in this, says the LORD Almighty, and see if I will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that you will not have room enough for it.
- Your hypothesis might be that God will bless you if you return your tithe. If you take action on these thoughts and do the experiment, you can find out if it is true.
- We might read in Proverbs 25:21-22
If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat; if he is thirsty, give him water to drink. In doing this, you will heap burning coals on his head, and the LORD will reward you.
- Our hypothesis might then be "Our enemies are changed more quickly by being nice to them than by being mean to them."
- Our experiment then would be to try treating the class bully in a kind manner.
- 2) Bible Study or research experiment
- you take the approach of the Bereans and study the Bible to try to verify or nullify your hypothesis based on comparing scripture with scripture.
- We do not always have to do the experiment ourselves. The Bible can be viewed as a series of "spiritual" experiments. We see people who had faith and stood for right, we see people who failed repeatedly, but returned to God. We see others who have rejected God completely. Each of these stories is an experiment in spirituality. Life is not long enough to make all the mistakes on our own, therefore; a book such as the Bible can help us see how we should live in order to have a spiritually successful life. It also shows those who failed so we can know what behavior leads us away from God.
- When you find a spiritual principle in the Bible, you can find an experiment that was performed in the life of the patriarchs, kings, prophets, and apostles by comparing scripture with scripture.
- One of the distinct messages of the Seventh-day Adventist Church is that there is a "Controversy" between Jesus and Satan. (Job 1) We see from the scriptures that God is self-sacrificing love (John 3:16, 1 John 4:8), and Satan is defined by self-love (Isaiah 14:12-14). We can use this "Hypothesis framework" to study the scriptures. In each story of scripture, how can you see the forces of good struggling against the forces of evil? What does this teach you about God's love for his children and more specifically His love for you?
Once you have done the experiment or studied someone who has done the experiment, then you look at your hypothesis again. Do the results of your experiment support your hypothesis? If they do, your hypothesis could be valid, if not, change your hypothesis and begin the experiment and evaluation process again.
The framework of hypotheses forms our beliefs, and once we are more sure of our beliefs, we will start to take action. Our actions will be molded by our underlying hypotheses.
3
A controlled experiment is an experiment where you try to eliminate other factors that might affect the result. Let's look at one of the most famous Physics experiments and possibly one of the most important of all time. It will illustrate how we can deal with and control the variables. The experiment was done by an Italian Scientist by the name of Galileo Galilei.
For almost 2,000 years people believed the philosopher Aristotle who said that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. At the time of Galileo, there was no scientific method, and so people believed Aristotle based on his authority. Aristotle's idea was more than a hypothesis, in the minds of the people this was a law of physics.
Galileo asked questions about this law. It is obvious that a feather really does fall slower than a hammer, but he hypothesized that this is because air resistance prevents a feather from falling at full speed. Instead of thinking, as Aristotle did that moving objects tend to come to rest, he thought there might be something holding an object back "frictional forces" that slowed the object down.
Galileo probably did not drop objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, but he did experiments with an inclined plane or a ramp that he rolled objects down. This allowed him to slow down the falling action and thus minimize the "air friction". He was able to determine that objects are accelerating and that the mass does not affect the acceleration.
Galileo was able eliminate the "air friction" variable and this allowed him to "see" the underlying physics of falling bodies. He published his theories in his book entitled Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze (Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences) in 1638.
When designing an experiment you should try to figure out what variables might affect the experiment and then try to eliminate the variable. Sometimes the variables are not discovered until after the first or second experiment. Galileo's hypothesis was that air was affecting the falling objects.
As a demonstration drop a piece of paper and a book at the same time. Ask the students to hypothesize which will hit first, and then do the experiment. Was their hypothesis correct?
Now do the same experiment with the paper crumpled.
What happened?
Why?
This would be a good time to do the experiment of question 10 below.
4
Albert Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity was published on June 30, 1905. Most of the theory of special relativity has to do with the relation between moving objects and light that is passed between them.
Although light is a wave phenomenon, the Michelson Morley experiment of 1887 had shown that there is no medium needed for it to travel through space.
- E - is the symbol for energy.
- Energy is a unit of work in MKS system it is [math]\displaystyle{ Kg \cdot M^2/sec^2 }[/math] which is known as a Watt.
- In the CGS system it is a [math]\displaystyle{ g \cdot m^2/sec^2 }[/math] which is known as an erg. Energy can take the
- form of heat, and is measured in calories or Kilocalories when talking about heat. Calories are measured in
- a calorimeter by measuring the change in temperature of water by adding heat into the system. One calorie of
- heat raises one gram of water one degree centigrade. To show how mechanical energy or work is related to
- heat energy, paddles are turned in the calorimeter and the temperature change is measured.
- m- is the rest mass of a particle.
- This mass could be measured in kg or grams.
- c- is the speed of light.
- C stands for celeritas which is Latin for swiftness and is used to represent the speed of light.
- 299,792,458 Meters/second or 186,282.397Miles/second
- 2- The 2 on the right of the c represents the action known as squaring a number.
- We square a number by multiplying it by itself. In this equation we are squaring a very large number which yields a very very large number :[math]\displaystyle{ 299792458m/sec \cdot 299792458m/sec = 8.98755179\times10^{16}m/sec^2 }[/math]
What this equation indicates, is that mass and energy are interchangeable. Mass can become energy and energy can turn into mass. Before Einstein, there were two laws of physics
- Conservation of matter- This law stated that particles of matter are not created or destroyed
- Conservation of energy- This law stated that energy is not created or destroyed it just changes form
The [math]\displaystyle{ E=mc^2 }[/math] equation says that there is only one law:
- Conservation matter and energy- matter and energy are neither created or destroyed
It was not until 1938 that Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn were able to split a nucleus and see that energy was released. The energy released corresponded to the mass loss according to Einstein's equation.
It was shown that an atom with a large nucleus can break into two parts, emitting a gamma ray. If the mass of the two parts were added up some of the mass was missing. The gamma ray had no mass, only energy, but the energy was equivalent to the missing mass if we use Einstein's equation.
When we are talking about very energetic particles such as gamma rays, we often see the gamma ray becoming a pair of particles and then joining again to become a gamma ray.
A gamma ray with an energy of 1.022MEV (Million Electron Volts) can spontaneously form an electron anti-electron (Positron) pair. Each particle has mass that has the equivalent energy of .511MEV and one has a positive charge and one a negative charge. Because one is negatively charged and one is positively charged, they are likely to be attracted to each other and recombine and form a gamma ray again. The gamma ray has no charge or mass.
5
| System of Measure | Length | Mass | Time |
| English System | Foot | Slug | Seconds |
| SI System | Meter | Kilogram | Seconds |
| Metric (MKS) System | Meter | Kilogram | Seconds |
| Metric (CGS) System | centimeter | Gram | Seconds |
Most of the world uses the SI or Système International d'Unités for all measurements. It is only in the United States of America, Myanmar, Liberia, and a few other countries that the English system is used for most activities.
From a scientific point of view, it is very surprising that the English system is still in use in any technologically advanced country. Its use in the United States led to a catastrophic failure in the NASA Mars Orbiter mission of 1999. The $125 million Mars orbiter was lost because a Lockheed Martin engineering team used English units of measurement while the NASA team used the metric system for spacecraft navigation.
Many people think that pound is the English System's mass unit. It is actually the force unit. By continuing to convert from pounds to kilograms we further confuse the difference between force units and mass units.
6
A day is used to represent a year in two places in scripture:
After you have finished this, lie down again, this time on your right side, and bear the sin of the house of Judah. I have assigned you 40 days, a day for each year.
For forty years—one year for each of the forty days you explored the land—you will suffer for your sins and know what it is like to have me against you.
This is used in the prophecies of Daniel, especially Daniel 8:14
He said to me, "It will take 2,300 evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary will be reconsecrated."
Isaac Newton is known as one of the greatest physicists, but few remember that he devoted more time to the study of the Bible and alchemy than to the study of Physics, and in Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John he wrote:
- "The Sanctuary and Host were trampled under foot 2300 days; and in Daniel's Prophecies days are put for years: but the profanation of the Temple in the reign of Antiochus did not last so many natural days. These were to last till the time of the end, till the last end of the indignation against the Jews; and this indignation is not yet at an end. They were to last till the Sanctuary which had been cast down should be cleansed, and the Sanctuary is not yet cleansed."
7
- First law
- An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a force.
- Experiment-You can do the experiment in question 8 of the physics honor to demonstrate inertia
- Second law
- The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it; This is written as [math]\displaystyle{ F=mA }[/math].
- Experiment- Use plastic spoons and marshmallows , nuts, apples or other objects to demonstrate how the same force (the bend of the spoon) accelerates the objects with different mass, different distances.
- How can you make sure that you get the same force each time?
- Does the objects mass affect the distance it travels?
- Does the mass affect the speed of the object?
- Experiment-Connect a fish scale to a small weight and see what measure you get if you pull the weight slowly or quickly
- Experiment- Use plastic spoons and marshmallows , nuts, apples or other objects to demonstrate how the same force (the bend of the spoon) accelerates the objects with different mass, different distances.
- Third law
- For every action or force there is an equal but opposite reaction.
- If I push on you, then you push on me with the same amount of force, but in the opposite direction
- Experiment-You can do the experiment in question 9 of the physics honor to demonstrate action--reaction principle.
8
- Theory-
- An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a force.
- Materials-
- Table
- Table Cloth
- Books (various sizes)
- Method-
In this experiment, we will place a table cloth over a table, and then place the books on top of the table cloth.
- Questions-
- What happens if you try to pull the table cloth slowly?
- What happens if you try to pull the table cloth Quickly?
- What happens if the books are light?
- Does the type of table cloth matter? What if it is smooth like silk? or Rough like sand paper?
- What does this experiment tell us about Newton's First Law of motion?
- Is there another experiment that I can do to prove or disprove Newton's First Law of motion?
- Spiritual Application-
- We all resist change in our life. We become comfortable with the status quo. Sometimes a slow persistent push can overcome our inertia and get us headed in the right direction spiritually.
9
- Theory-
- For every action or force there is an equal but opposite reaction or force
- Imagine sitting in space (no friction to hold you in place) with a brick. If you throw the brick, the brick will go away from your original location, but you will also go away from your original location (Your speed will be slower than the brick because you are much heavier than the brick). A rocket does the same thing with the molecules of the exhaust. The molecules are very light, but are traveling very fast, and thus can accelerate the rocket to very high speeds.
- Material
- Balloons (this is your rocket)
- Drinking Straws
- Tape
- String
- paper
- scissors
- Method
- Provide as little guidance as possible. Let the spirit of learning guide.
- Competition between two or more groups can be prompted by seeing which team can get the balloon to fly to a specific target.
- Once a team figures out the way to guide the balloon, then you can have races between the various teams.
- Questions
- If you blow up a balloon, and then let it go without tying a knot in the opening, What happens?
- Does this agree with Newton's third law of motion?
- How can you make the balloon go where you want it to? (guide the balloon?)
- What provides the force?
- Spiritual Application
- When God acts, the universe reacts. We see this repeatedly in the creation story. God spoke and things appear. He says, "Let there be light" and there was light. "For every action there is a reaction"
10
- Theory
- The Earth attracts everything to itself. We represent the Newtonian attraction with a Big G which stands for Gravitation constant (in MKS units it has a value 6.67x[math]\displaystyle{ 10^{-11}m^3/(kgS^2) }[/math] and write the equation:
- [math]\displaystyle{ F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} }[/math]
- The more mass an object has, the higher the Force exerted on it, this extra force exactly cancels out the inertia of the object, so we can see no matter how big or small an object is it will experience the same acceleration of gravity specified by little g. On the Earth we will let [math]\displaystyle{ m_1= }[/math]mass of earth and [math]\displaystyle{ m_2= }[/math]mass of object which we say is m: We can then set the Force of gravity = ma by Newton's 1st law of motion:
- [math]\displaystyle{ F = G \frac{m_e m}{r^2} = ma }[/math]
- Notice that we have m on both sides of the equation. So m is completely canceled out leaving us with
- [math]\displaystyle{ a = G \frac{m_e }{r^2} }[/math]
- G is constant, the Mass of earth [math]\displaystyle{ M_e }[/math] is constant, and near the surface of the earth, the distance from the center of the earth does not change much, so [math]\displaystyle{ r^2 }[/math] is almost a constant. This means that a is equal to a constant. We call this constant the acceleration of gravity near the surface of the Earth and represent it with the symbol g = 9.8M/[math]\displaystyle{ sec^2 }[/math].
- [math]\displaystyle{ x=\frac12gt^2 }[/math]
- Notice there is no mass indicated in the equation that specifies the acceleration of an object in a gravitational field.
- Materials
- Plastic beverage bottles
- water
- Method
- have the class drop plastic beverage bottles and judge which hits first. Have one half full of water and the other completely full of water. Make sure the lid is screwed on tightly.
- Questions
- Which one hit first?
- What would happen if the bottle was completely empty? Why?
- Spiritual Application
- In a Spiritual sense, we are all attracted by the Grace of God, big G, shown at the cross of Jesus. It does not matter how much Sin there is in our lives, the cross of Jesus attracts us equally and overcomes all the sin. In Christ, we are all sinless, no matter how bad we have been in the past.
- Galileo was able to step out on his faith that air frictions was holding back light objects such as a feather, and this is why Aristotle had said that heavier objects fall faster. He imagined a world that had no air friction, and thus was able to see the underlying physics. We must rely on faith as we look toward the heavenly kingdom and imagine a world without suffering, illness, and death.
11
- Theory-
- Simple machines are used to create a mechanical advantage. They do this by reducing the amount of force needed to accomplish a job. The list of machines usually includes the following machines
- Inclined plane- It takes less force to push a load up a slope than lift it straight up.
- Wheel and axle- The wheel is arguably the most important machine. It reduces the amount of frictional forces.
- Lever-Is composed of a fulcrum or pivot point and a long rigid bar or beam. The closer the object that we are lifting is to the fulcrum the easier (more mechanical advantage we have).
- Pulley-Is a wheel that is used with a rope to change the direction of a force. Multiple pulleys can be used together to create a block and tackle that will increase the mechanical advantage.
- Wedge-This machine is just two inclined planes, but is usually included because it is so useful.
- Screw-This is simply a circular inclined plane, but because it takes a rotational force and turns it into a linear force, it is almost always included in a list of simple machines.
- Simple machines are used to create a mechanical advantage. They do this by reducing the amount of force needed to accomplish a job. The list of machines usually includes the following machines
- The machine being studied here is a simple lever. The hammer handle is the lever arm, and the curve of the head forms the fulcrum. The claw of the hammer is also a wedge or inclined plane. Sometimes you use a hammer with a pry bar, nail puller or another hammer to wedge the claw under the nail head.
- The Lever uses the physics principle of torque or rotational force. Torque = force*distance.
- Materials-Hammer, nails, 2x4 at least 2 feet long, small block of wood
- Method- Drive a number of large nails (16 penny will work well) halfway into the 2x4 and have the class try pulling a nail. Then demonstrate how to position the block of wood to act as a fulcrum. Have the class repeat the experiment using the block of wood.
- Questions-
- Start with a description or demonstration of various machines as described in the theory section. Then ask the class "what kind of machine is a hammer"
- Where is the fulcrum on the hammer?
- Where is the fulcrum when using the block of wood?
- Which way was easier?
- What difference does it make how close the fulcrum is to the block of wood?
- What difference does it make where you grip the hammer? Is it easier near the head or at the end of the handle?
- Spiritual Application Example- If we let the fulcrum of the lever represent Jesus, then the closer we are to Jesus, the easier it is to lift us to a higher spiritual plane.
References
The people behind [math]\displaystyle{ E=mc^2 }[/math]
More explanation of [math]\displaystyle{ E=mc^2 }[/math]
Newton's Law of Motion
Galileo Falling Body Experiment
Galileo Falling Body Simulator
Lever
Could Archimedes move the Earth with a lever?
Simple Machines
Absolute Zero
Physical Constants
