Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Forestry/Answer Key"

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[[Image:Stanley_compass_1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Compass with inclinometer]]
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An '''inclinometer''' or '''clinometer''' is an instrument for measuring angles of [[slope]] (or [[tilt]]), [[elevation]] or [[inclination]] of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a ''tilt meter'', ''tilt indicator'', ''slope alert'', ''slope gauge'', ''gradient meter'', ''gradiometer'', ''level gauge'', ''level meter'', ''declinometer'', and ''pitch & roll indicator''.
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<!--{{Honor_Master|honor=Forestry|master=Conservation}}-->
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Clinometers measure both inclines (positive slopes, as seen by an observer looking upwards) and declines (negative slopes, as seen by an observer looking downwards).
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<!-- 1. Prerequisite: Tree Honor -->
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{{honor_prerequisite|category=Nature|honor=Trees}}
  
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==History==
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<!-- 2. Learn the proper use of the following common forestry tools and practice using them on trees in a forest. Record the information for each tree giving also the common name of each tree: -->
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For this requirement you will need access to a forest and permission from a land owner to bore into the trees.
  
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Mrs. Swart invented the inclinometer.  Early inclinometers include examples such as Well's inclinometer, the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disk just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disk is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The line 0.——0. being parallel to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the line 90.——90. being perpendicular to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, by the aid of simple conversion tables, the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.
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You can go as a group, but each person in the group must take several measurements. In addition to the equipment listed below, each participant should bring a notebook and a pen for recording measurements and observations.
  
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The earliest electronic inclinometers used a weight, an extension, and a [[potentiometer]]. Early in the 1900's (circa 1917) precision curved glass tubes filled with a damping liquid and steel ball were introduced to provide accurate visual angle indication. Common sensor technologies for electronic tilt sensors and inclinometers are [[accelerometer]], [[Liquid Capacitive Basics |liquid capacitive]], electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.  Moving forward, [[MEMs]] (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology is becoming the newest type due to their tiny size and low cost.
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==Accuracy==
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A DBH-tape is a form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH is measured at a fixed height of {{units|140cm|4.5 feet}} above the ground, where it is most convenient to measure diameter. DBH is measured up high so to avoid measuring a tree's butt swell. Butt swell is where the base of the tree is unconventionally fatter than the rest of the tree. Height and diameter are used to determine the volume of a given tree, measuring above the butt swell is required to provide the most accurate measurement.
  
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8=============>Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output accurate to .001 degrees. However, an inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error) is a combination of initial sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity - electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from .01º to ±2º depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.  
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Diameter is easily measured because the tape is calibrated in units of 3.14 (<math>\pi</math>) inches or centimeters. The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. The only problem with the diameter tape is that the measurements assume the tree's trunk cross-sections are perfectly circular. Thus the diameter tape just gives an approximation, regardless it is the most commonly used dendrometer for DBH.
  
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[[Image:Well's Clinometer - Project Gutenberg eText 19465.png|thumb|The Well's clinometer]]
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[[Image:Clinometerlow.jpg|thumb|A simple inclinometer]]
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{|
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|[[Image:Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG|350px|thumb|A clinometer used in forestry]]
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|[[File:Clinometerlow.jpg|thumb|350px|Hand made clinometer]]
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The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights.
  
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==Sensor technology==
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A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic [[trigonometry]].
  
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[[Tilt sensor]]s and inclinometers generate an artificial horizon and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and special switches. Also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, anywhere tilt requires measuring. Important specifications to consider when searching for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and number of axes. The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output measured in degrees.  The number of axes the inclinometer and tilt sensor measure on is another important specification.
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First the observer measures a straight-line distance ''D'' from some observation point ''O'' to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle ''a'' between ''O'' and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle ''b'' between ''O'' and the bottom of the object. Multiplying ''D'' by the tangent of ''a'' gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of ''b'' the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (''H'') of the object, in the same units as ''D''.
  
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Common sensor technologies for tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, [[Liquid Capacitive Basics |Liquid Capacitive]], electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.
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Note that since multiplication is distributive it is equally valid to add the tangents of the angles and ''then'' multiply them by D:
  
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Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games.  ''[[Yoshi Topsy-Turvy]]'' and ''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge.  The [[PlayStation 3]]'s game controller also utilizes tilt as a means to play video games.
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:''A'' = tan ''a''
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:''B'' = tan ''b''
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:''H'' = (''A'' &times; ''D'') + (''B'' &times; ''D'') = (''A'' + B) &times; ''D''
  
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==Usages==
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Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale).
  
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Inclinometers are used for:  
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* Determining the angle of the earth's magnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.
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If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale.
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* Showing the inclination of an aircraft or ship relative to the horizontal. An [[fixed-wing aircraft|airplane]] instrument. See [[turn coordinator]] or [[slip indicator]][http://www.riekerinc.com/SlipIndicators.htm].
 
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* Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
 
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* Surveying, in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.
 
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* Rollover warning, to alert equipment operator of possible tip over condition.[http://www.riekerinc.com/TiltIndicators.htm]
 
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* Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, as of an embankment. Also called an inclinometer.
 
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* Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for [[geophysics]]. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring [[volcano]]es, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.
 
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* Measuring movements in walls and/or the ground in civil engineering projects.[http://www.slopeindicator.com/instruments/inclin-intro.html]
 
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* Determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.
 
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* Some automotive [[safety]] systems.
 
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* Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles, sail boats, and aircraft.
 
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* Monitoring boom angle of cranes and material handlers.
 
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* Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.
 
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* Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
 
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* Estimating the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing).
 
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* Measuring the angle of drilling in well-logging applications.
 
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* Measuring the height of trees or other poles.
 
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* Measuring steepness of a ski slope. (<10 deg for beginners, 10-20 "green", 15-25 "blue", 25-35 "black", 35-45 "double black")
 
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* Measuring the orientation of [[plane (mathematics)|plane]]s and [[lineation]]s in rocks, in combination with a [[compass]]. (see [[structural geology]])
 
  
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=== Factors which influence usage ===
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(Overall accuracy varies depending on the type of inclinometer and technology utilized)
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* Gravity
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* Temperature (drift), zero offset, linearity, vibration, shock, cross-axis sensitivity, acceleration/deceleration
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* A clear line of sight between the user and the measured point is needed.  
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* A well defined object is required to obtain the maximum precison.  
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* The angle measurement precision and accuracy is limited to slightly better than one degree of arc.
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<!-- 3. Use the information gathered in #2 to determine the board foot volume of the trees in the forest you measured. -->
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<!-- 4. Calculate the basal area of a tree from the diameter (dbh) or circumference measurement. What is basal area per acre or hectare? -->
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<!-- 5. Study five tree species important to forestry in your area and give the following information about each: <br>a. common and scientific name<br> b. range of tree<br> c. height and diameter of tree at maturity<br> d. common use and importance of tree<br> e. habitat of tree, forest zone, and elevation -->
  
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=== Survey methods ===
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<!-- 6. List the benefits of forest to the environment, water quality, air quality, wildlife, and recreation. -->
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<!-- 7. List the uses of wood produced in the forests in your area, and which tree species are important for each use. -->
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<!-- 8. Discover & Discuss the following: How are forests managed to reduce the damage from insects and disease? What factors influence fire behavior? Considering that wildfires produce both benefits and destruction, what treatments could reduce wildfire severity? -->
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<!-- 9. Do one of the following in forest regeneration: -->
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<!-- 10. Explore the biblical stories in Genesis 1-3 and Revelation 22 that talk about the tree of life. In your discussion, discover the role of trees in God’s perfect environment, and our responsibility to take care of our environment. -->
  
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* Inclinometers are used for the measurement of angles in reference to gravity.
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* The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] uses inclinometers to measure tree height in its [[Forest Inventory and Analysis]] program.
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{{Bible link|Genesis 1-3}}
  
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==Manufacturers==
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{{Bible link|Revelation 22}}
  
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* [http://www.leica-geosystems.com/corporate/en/ndef/lgs_33357.htm Leica Nivel200 two-axis precision inclination sensor]
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* [http://www.soldata.co.uk Sol Data Limited - Instrumentation and Monitoring Specialist]
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* [http://www.gage-technique.com Gage Technique International - Geotechnical & Structural Instrumentation]
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* [http://www.soil.co.uk Soil Instruments (UK) Ltd - Geotechnical & Structural Instrumentation]
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* [http://pewa.panasonic.com/pcsd/product/sens/acce_sensor.html Panasonic Electric Works Corporation of America]
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==References== <!--T:19-->
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* [http://www.riekerinc.com Rieker Incorporated]
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* [http://www.transportsupport.co.uk Transport Support - Vehicle Inclinometer Systems(A division of G.N.Systems Ltd)]
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{{CloseHonorPage}}
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* [http://www.measurandgeotechnical.com Measurand Inc - Unattended 3D Slope Monitoring]
 
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==See also==
 
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* [[Theodolite]]
 
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* [[Clinometer (forestry)]]
 
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==External links==
 
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*[http://www.inclinometer.blogspot.com Inclinometer Blog - General Inclinometer Information]
 
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*[http://liftequipmentsafety.blogspot.com/ Safety Tips for Lift Equipment]
 
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*[http://www.transportsupport.co.uk Transport Support - Specialist Inclinometer manufactures for the transport industry (A division of G.N.Systems Ltd.)]
 
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[[Category:Dimensional instruments]]
 
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[[Category:Inclinometers]]
 
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[[de:Klinometer]]
 
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[[fr:Inclinomètre]]
 
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[[ja:クリノメーター]]
 
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[[no:Klinometer]]
 
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[[pt:Inclinômetro]]
 
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[[sl:Klinometer]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:31, 17 May 2021

Other languages:
English • ‎español
Forestry

Skill Level

2

Year

2008

Version

23.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

Forestry AY Honor.png
Forestry
Vocational
Skill Level
123
Approval authority
General Conference
Year of Introduction
2008
See also
Conservation Master Award
Technician Master Award
Forestry - Advanced


1

Have the Trees honor.


For tips and instruction see Trees.


2

Learn the proper use of the following common forestry tools and practice using them on trees in a forest. Record the information for each tree giving also the common name of each tree:


For this requirement you will need access to a forest and permission from a land owner to bore into the trees.

You can go as a group, but each person in the group must take several measurements. In addition to the equipment listed below, each participant should bring a notebook and a pen for recording measurements and observations.


2a

DBH (diameter at breast height) tape – measure the diameter of trees (or measure the tree circumference and calculate the diameter)


A DBH-tape is a form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH is measured at a fixed height of 140cm4.5 feet above the ground, where it is most convenient to measure diameter. DBH is measured up high so to avoid measuring a tree's butt swell. Butt swell is where the base of the tree is unconventionally fatter than the rest of the tree. Height and diameter are used to determine the volume of a given tree, measuring above the butt swell is required to provide the most accurate measurement.

Diameter is easily measured because the tape is calibrated in units of 3.14 ([math]\displaystyle{ \pi }[/math]) inches or centimeters. The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. The only problem with the diameter tape is that the measurements assume the tree's trunk cross-sections are perfectly circular. Thus the diameter tape just gives an approximation, regardless it is the most commonly used dendrometer for DBH.


2b

Clinometer or Tangent height gauge – measure the height of trees


A clinometer used in forestry
Hand made clinometer

The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights.

A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic trigonometry.

First the observer measures a straight-line distance D from some observation point O to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle a between O and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle b between O and the bottom of the object. Multiplying D by the tangent of a gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of b the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (H) of the object, in the same units as D.

Note that since multiplication is distributive it is equally valid to add the tangents of the angles and then multiply them by D:

A = tan a
B = tan b
H = (A × D) + (B × D) = (A + B) × D

Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale).

If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale.


2c

Increment borer – count the growth rings to determine age



2d

Prism – estimate the basal area per acre or hectare




3

Use the information gathered in #2 to determine the board foot volume of the trees in the forest you measured.



4

Calculate the basal area of a tree from the diameter (dbh) or circumference measurement. What is basal area per acre or hectare?



5

Study five tree species important to forestry in your area and give the following information about each:
a. common and scientific name
b. range of tree
c. height and diameter of tree at maturity
d. common use and importance of tree
e. habitat of tree, forest zone, and elevation



6

List the benefits of forest to the environment, water quality, air quality, wildlife, and recreation.



7

List the uses of wood produced in the forests in your area, and which tree species are important for each use.



8

Discover & Discuss the following: How are forests managed to reduce the damage from insects and disease? What factors influence fire behavior? Considering that wildfires produce both benefits and destruction, what treatments could reduce wildfire severity?



9

Do one of the following in forest regeneration:


9a

Tour a forest seedling nursery



9b

Plant forest seedlings or forest seed




10

Explore the biblical stories in Genesis 1-3 and Revelation 22 that talk about the tree of life. In your discussion, discover the role of trees in God’s perfect environment, and our responsibility to take care of our environment.


Genesis 1-3

Revelation 22



References

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