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| − | [[Image:Stanley_compass_1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Compass with inclinometer]] | + | [[Image:IncrementBorer.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Haglof increment borer]] |
| − | An '''inclinometer''' or '''clinometer''' is an instrument for measuring angles of [[slope]] (or [[tilt]]), [[elevation]] or [[inclination]] of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a ''tilt meter'', ''tilt indicator'', ''slope alert'', ''slope gauge'', ''gradient meter'', ''gradiometer'', ''level gauge'', ''level meter'', ''declinometer'', and ''pitch & roll indicator''.
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| − | Clinometers measure both inclines (positive slopes, as seen by an observer looking upwards) and declines (negative slopes, as seen by an observer looking downwards).
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| − | ==History== | + | <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:borer.jpg]] --> |
| | + | An '''increment borer''' is a specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living [[tree]] with only minor injury to the tree, any invasive action causes injury, the increment borer is basicaly a biopsy. It is worth noting that if drilling penetrates through sound wood into a decayed region barriers as described in the CODIT model (Dr Alex Shigo- reference Modern Arboriculture) can allow compartmentalised infections to spread into healthy wood. The tool consists of a handle, an [[auger]] bit, and a small, half circular, metal tray (core extractor) that fits into the auger bit. The auger bit is usually manufactured from carbide steel. It is most often used by [[forester]]s, [[researcher]]s, and [[scientist]]s to determine the age of a tree. This science is also called [[dendrochronology]]. This enables the user to count the rings in the core sample to determine the age of the tree or the growth rate of the tree. After use the tool breaks down and the auger but and extractor fit into the handle. This makes it highly compact and easy to carry. |
| | + | ==Use== |
| | + | Using an increment borer requires specialized training in order to effectively use the tool. Samples are taken at breast height or stump height of the tree depending on the users objectives. When used the borer should be well lubricated with some sort of lubricant. This makes the auger bit easier to use and helps to prevent the increment borer from becoming stuck in the tree. |
| | + | ==Maintenance== |
| | + | Increment borers should be properly maintained to keep them in good working condition. They should be cleaned after use and dried before storing. Sharpening kits are also available and should be used when the auger bits become dull. |
| | + | ==Types of Borers== |
| | + | Increment borers come in different sizes and have different types of threads. The most common diameters are the 4, 4.15, and 5.3 millimeter borers. Borers also come in many lengths for use on smaller to larger diameter trees. There are two different types of threading: two threading and three threading. Two threaded bores are more appropriate for [[hardwoods]] because they auger slower. This creates more power when auguring into the tree. The three threaded auger will maneuver into the wood much faster than a two threaded auger. |
| | + | ==References== |
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| − | Early inclinometers include examples such as Well's inclinometer, the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disk just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disk is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The line 0.——0. being parallel to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the line 90.——90. being perpendicular to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, by the aid of simple conversion tables, the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.
| + | <references/> |
| | + | * <ref>Increment Borer.</ref><http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/forsite/incre.htm> |
| | + | * <ref>How to Use and Take Care of the Haglof Increment Borer. Haglof Sweden.</ref> <http://www.haglofsweden.com/products/Incrementborers/incrementborer.pdf> |
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| − | The earliest electronic inclinometers used a weight, an extension, and a [[potentiometer]]. Early in the 1900's (circa 1917) precision curved glass tubes filled with a damping liquid and steel ball were introduced to provide accurate visual angle indication. Common sensor technologies for electronic tilt sensors and inclinometers are [[accelerometer]], [[Liquid Capacitive Basics |liquid capacitive]], electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum. Moving forward, [[MEMS]] (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology is becoming the newest type due to their tiny size and low cost.
| + | [[Category:Forestry]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Mechanical hand tools]] |
| − | ==Accuracy==
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| − | Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output accurate to .001 degrees. However, an inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error) is a combination of initial sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity - electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from .01º to ±2º depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.
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| − | [[Image:Well's Clinometer - Project Gutenberg eText 19465.png|thumb|The Well's clinometer]]
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| − | [[Image:Clinometerlow.jpg|thumb|A simple clinometer]]
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| − | ==Sensor technology==
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| − | [[Tilt sensor]]s and inclinometers generate an [[artificial horizon]] and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and special switches. Also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, anywhere tilt requires measuring. Important specifications to consider when searching for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and number of axes. The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output measured in degrees. The number of axes the inclinometer and tilt sensor measure on is another important specification.
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| − | Common sensor technologies for tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, [[Liquid Capacitive Basics |Liquid Capacitive]], electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.
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| − | Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games. ''[[Yoshi Topsy-Turvy]]'' and ''[[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble]]'' are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge. The [[PlayStation 3]]'s game controller also utilizes tilt as a means to play video games.
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| − | Inclinometers are also used in Engineering fields where it's used to measure the inclination of a land to build on.
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| − | Tittyous
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| − | ==Usages==
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| − | Inclinometers are used for:
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| − | * Determining the angle of the earth's magnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.
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| − | * Showing the inclination of an aircraft or ship relative to the horizontal. An [[fixed-wing aircraft|airplane]] instrument. See [[turn coordinator]] or [[slip indicator]][http://www.riekerinc.com/SlipIndicators.htm].
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| − | * Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
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| − | * Surveying, in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.
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| − | * Rollover warning, to alert equipment operator of possible tip over condition.[http://www.riekerinc.com/TiltIndicators.htm]
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| − | * Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, as of an embankment. Also called an inclinometer.
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| − | * Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for [[geophysics]]. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring [[volcano]]es, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.
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| − | * Measuring movements in walls and/or the ground in civil engineering projects.[http://www.slopeindicator.com/instruments/inclin-intro.html]
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| − | * Determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.
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| − | * Some automotive [[safety]] systems.
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| − | * Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles, sail boats, and aircraft.
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| − | * Monitoring boom angle of cranes and material handlers.
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| − | * Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.
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| − | * Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
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| − | * Estimating the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing).
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| − | * Measuring the angle of drilling in well-logging applications.
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| − | * Measuring the height of trees or other poles.
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| − | * Measuring steepness of a [[ski slope]].
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| − | * Measuring the orientation of [[plane (mathematics)|plane]]s and [[lineation]]s in rocks, in combination with a [[compass]]. (see [[structural geology]])
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| − | * Measuring [[Range of Motion]] in the joints of the body
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| − | === Survey methods ===
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| − | * Inclinometers are used for the measurement of angles in reference to gravity.
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| − | * The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] uses inclinometers to measure tree height in its [[Forest Inventory and Analysis]] program.
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| − | * Using Range of Motion instruments such as Titronics R&D's.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Theodolite]]
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| − | * [[Clinometer (forestry)]]
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.inclinometer.blogspot.com Inclinometer Blog - General Inclinometer Information]
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| − | [[Category:Dimensional instruments]] | |
| − | [[Category:Inclinometers]] | |
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| − | [[ar:مميال]]
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| − | [[de:Neigungsmesser]]
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| − | [[es:Clinómetro]]
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| − | [[fr:Inclinomètre]]
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| − | [[it:Clinometro]]
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| − | [[ja:クリノメーター]]
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| − | [[no:Klinometer]]
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| − | [[pt:Inclinômetro]]
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| − | [[sl:Klinometer]]
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| − | [[sv:Inklinometer]]
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An increment borer is a specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with only minor injury to the tree, any invasive action causes injury, the increment borer is basicaly a biopsy. It is worth noting that if drilling penetrates through sound wood into a decayed region barriers as described in the CODIT model (Dr Alex Shigo- reference Modern Arboriculture) can allow compartmentalised infections to spread into healthy wood. The tool consists of a handle, an auger bit, and a small, half circular, metal tray (core extractor) that fits into the auger bit. The auger bit is usually manufactured from carbide steel. It is most often used by foresters, researchers, and scientists to determine the age of a tree. This science is also called dendrochronology. This enables the user to count the rings in the core sample to determine the age of the tree or the growth rate of the tree. After use the tool breaks down and the auger but and extractor fit into the handle. This makes it highly compact and easy to carry.
Use
Using an increment borer requires specialized training in order to effectively use the tool. Samples are taken at breast height or stump height of the tree depending on the users objectives. When used the borer should be well lubricated with some sort of lubricant. This makes the auger bit easier to use and helps to prevent the increment borer from becoming stuck in the tree.
Maintenance
Increment borers should be properly maintained to keep them in good working condition. They should be cleaned after use and dried before storing. Sharpening kits are also available and should be used when the auger bits become dull.
Types of Borers
Increment borers come in different sizes and have different types of threads. The most common diameters are the 4, 4.15, and 5.3 millimeter borers. Borers also come in many lengths for use on smaller to larger diameter trees. There are two different types of threading: two threading and three threading. Two threaded bores are more appropriate for hardwoods because they auger slower. This creates more power when auguring into the tree. The three threaded auger will maneuver into the wood much faster than a two threaded auger.
References
- ↑ Increment Borer.
- ↑ How to Use and Take Care of the Haglof Increment Borer. Haglof Sweden.
