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| − | {{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}
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| − | [[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
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| − | [[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
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| − | '''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.
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| − | Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.
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| − | The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] and Erich Drafahl in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.
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| − | The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" which Morrison witnessed in Harvard Yard in 1957, and which inspired him to trademark the name phonetically as "Frisbee," started more than ten years before at Yale. I know, because I started the fad in the courtyard of the Law School the day after I registered for my third year of law in mid-October, 1946. The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.) My article describing its origins was published in the Yale Alumni Magazine 50 years later, in the Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49. Archivist Judith Ann Schiff's 2007 article implied that I claimed to have been the first to spin a pie tin at Yale; but I made no such claim -- how would I know? I only know I started the post-war fad which created a ready market for Wham-O's plastic disc. samcpolk@verizon.net.
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| − | In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.
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| − | In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>
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| − | Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>
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| − | Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>
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| − | ==Flying disc games==
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| − | {{main|Flying disc games}}
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| − | {{MultiCol}}
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| − | *Crosbee
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| − | *[[Disc dog]]
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| − | *[[Disc golf]]
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| − | *[[Dodge disc]]
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| − | *[[Durango boot]]
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| − | *[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
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| − | *[[Flutterguts]]
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| − | *[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
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| − | {{ColBreak}}
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| − | *[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
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| − | *[[Friskee]]
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| − | *[[Goaltimate]]
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| − | *[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
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| − | {{ColBreak}}
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| − | *[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
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| − | *[[Kan-jam]]
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| − | *[[March to Highfivetown]]
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| − | *Relay
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| − | *[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
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| − | *[[Suicide (disc game)]]
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| − | *[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
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| − | *Volleydisc
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| − | {{EndMultiCol}}
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| − | ==Physics==
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| − | {{main|Physics of flying discs}}
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| − | [[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.
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| − | The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] <!-- "attitude" is the correct term here; pls don't change to "altitude".--> [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.
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| − | Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | *Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
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| − | *Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
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| − | *Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
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| − | *Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
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| − | *Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
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| − | *Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
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| − | *[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
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| − | *[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
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| − | *[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
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| − | *[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
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| − | [[Category:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[Category:Sports equipment]]
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| − | [[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
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| − | [[Category:Wham-O brands]]
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| − | [[Category:Ultimate]]
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| − | [[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
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| − | [[bar:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[bg:Летящ диск]]
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| − | [[cs:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[es:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[eo:Flugdisko]]
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| − | [[fr:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[is:Svifdiskur]]
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| − | [[it:Frisbee]]
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| − | [[he:פריזבי]]
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| − | [[la:Discus volans]]
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| − | [[mk:Фризби]]
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| − | [[ja:フライングディスク]]
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| | [[pt:Frisbee]] | | [[pt:Frisbee]] |
| | [[ru:Летающий диск]] | | [[ru:Летающий диск]] |
