Especialidades JA/Pista y campo/Respuestas

Pista y campo
Asociación General Actividades recreacionales	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 1978

Requisitos

1

Conocer las normas básicas, las consideraciones de seguridad y los ejercicios de calentamiento para los seis eventos de campo y pista que figuran a continuación.

The pre-race warm up needs a few (3-6) easy acceleration "stride throughs" over 50 meters (but no longer than this). Follow these accelerations with a few practice starts. This phase should finish 5 minutes before the race start, and all the runner needs to do until then is walk/jog to keep warm. The pre-competition warm-up needs to be controlled so that it does not deplete the sprinter's high-energy phosphates ATP and PC.

600 yard run

Rules

The rules for the 600 yard run are the same as for the 50 yard dash.

Safety Considerations

Also same as for a 50 yard dash

Warm-up

You should warm up as for the 50 yard dash.

Hurdles

Rules

Hurdling is the act of running and stepping over an obstacle at speed. Various events use hurdles, a series of barriers set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over. Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification. Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous.

Start and finish rules are the same as in sprints and other running events.

The most prominent hurdles events are 110 meters hurdles for men, 100 meters hurdles for women, and 400 meters hurdles (both sexes) – these three distances are all contested at the Summer Olympics and the World Championships in Athletics. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a running track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are also commonly held at indoor track and field events, ranging from 50 meters hurdles upwards. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century. Hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon.

Safety Considerations

Same as the other running events.

Warm-up

This running event should be warmed up for like other short distance running events as described under 50 yard dash.

Running broad jump

Rules

You are to start at the board and sprint 12 strides. At the end of your 12 strides, sprint to the board and jump with your right knee up. Land in the sand with your feet parallel. This event is now usually called the long jump.

Safety Considerations

You really cannot hurt yourself during this event, but you should not be running if you have any sort of knee, ankle, or hip problems because the impact when you land in the sand can be excessive to some people.

Warm-up

Warm ups for the long jump would be drills such as doing short sprints and stretching. Jumpers practice the run up 5 to 10 times for every time the practice a jump because hitting the block just right without going over is so important to avoid disqualifying.

High jump

Rules

The rules for the high jump are set by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).

1. Jumpers must take off on one foot. 2. Competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass, at their own discretion. Three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, will eliminate the jumper from competition. 3. A jump is considered a failure if the bar is dislodged by the action of the jumper whilst jumping or the jumper touches the ground or breaks the plane of the near edge of the bar before clearance. 4. The jumper who clears the greatest height during the final wins. If two or more jumpers tie for first place, the tie-breakers are: 1) The fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred; and 2) The fewest misses throughout the competition.

Safety Considerations

Assuming you are working with a deep foam crashpad, the way to get hurt is to land on your head. Those who use the Folsbury Flop land on their shoulders and upper back.

Warm-up

Warm-up is basically the same for all Track and Field events at the high school level.

Relay race

Rules

The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each. The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race. A relay baton is carried by each runner and must be passed within a 20 m changeover box (usually marked by yellow lines) which extends 10 m on either side of each 100 m mark of the race. Another line is marked 10 m further back, marking the earliest point at which the outgoing runner may begin (giving up to 10 m of acceleration before entering the passing zone).

Transferring of the baton in this race is typically blind. The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when they enter the changeover box, or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal. The outgoing runner does not look backwards, and it is the responsibility of the incoming runner to thrust the baton into the outstretched hand, and not let go until the outgoing runner takes hold of it. Runners on the first and third legs typically run on the inside of the lane with the baton in their right hand, while runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for a lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level.

Safety Considerations

Same as for all running events, see the 50 yard dash section.

Warm-up

Warm-up the same as described for the 50 yard dash.

2

Correr 50 yardas (45 metros), guiarse con el tiempo (en segundos) para el sexo y la edad que corresponda a continuación:

Edad	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Muchachos	8.2	8.0	7.8	7.5	7.1	6.9	6.7
Muchachas	8.5	8.4	8.2	8.1	8.0	8.1	8.3

3

En las carreras de velocidad rápida, ¿qué parte de los pies debe tocar primero durante la zancada? ¿Cuáles son las posiciones adecuadas de los brazos y de la cabeza?

When sprinting, the forefoot should always touch the ground first, and it should do this when the body's center of mass is directly above the foot. The heel should not touch the ground at all. A good way to develop this technique is to run barefoot, as barefoot running makes it painful to land on the heel.

The body should be held erect except during the start, and the chin should be held up. The elbow should be flexed at 90° as the arms swing at the sides, close to the body at all times. The fist should come up the height of the shoulder and then swing down to the hips in a hammering action.

4

Correr 600 yardas (545 metros) caminar o correr en el tiempo (minutos/segundos) para su sexo y edad de la siguiente manera:

Edad	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Muchachos	2'33"	2'27"	2'21"	2'10"	2'01"	1'54"	1'51"
Muchachas	2'48"	2'49"	2'49"	2'52"	2'46"	2'46"	2'49"

5

Responder las siguientes preguntas acerca de las carreras de larga distancia:

5a

Encontrar dos historias de la Biblia que mencionan los corredores de distancia.

²⁴While David was sitting between the inner and outer gates, the watchman went up to the roof of the gateway by the wall. As he looked out, he saw a man running alone. ²⁵ The watchman called out to the king and reported it.

The king said, "If he is alone, he must have good news." And the man came closer and closer.

²⁶ Then the watchman saw another man running, and he called down to the gatekeeper, "Look, another man running alone!"

The king said, "He must be bringing good news, too."

²⁷The watchman said, "It seems to me that the first one runs like Ahimaaz son of Zadok."

"He's a good man," the king said. "He comes with good news."
-- 2 Samuel 18:24-27 (NIV)

²⁴Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one gets the prize? Run in such a way as to get the prize. ²⁵Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training. They do it to get a crown that will not last; but we do it to get a crown that will last forever. ²⁶Therefore I do not run like a man running aimlessly; I do not fight like a man beating the air. ²⁷No, I beat my body and make it my slave so that after I have preached to others, I myself will not be disqualified for the prize.
-- 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 (NIV)

5b

¿Cuáles son las adecuadas prendas de vestir, incluyendo los zapatos, para carreras de distancia en su área?

Clothing

Shoes

Light weight, with holes to accept spikes.

5c

¿Qué distancia promedio tienen las pistas de carreras?

Running tracks are typically ovals with a perimeter of 400 meters.

5d

¿Qué distancia tiene un maratón?

A marathon race is 42.195km long.

5e

¿Qué parte de los pies deben tocar primero durante la zancada?

The ball of the foot should touch first.

5f

¿Cuáles son las posiciones adecuadas de los brazos y la cabeza, mientras corre a distancia?

Your arms should not come across your body. They should be at your side with your hands cupped in a parallel form. Your head should face your direction of travel, straight ahead.

5g

¿Cuál es la forma correcta de respirar?

Inhale and exhale in a slow, rhythmic, controlled fashion.

5h

¿En qué se diferencia la carrera a campo traviesa de la carrera en una pista?

Cross country running often involves hills, while tracks do not. Cross country runners often must contend with traffic, but they are rewarded with changing scenery.

6

Correr uno de los siguientes eventos por lo menos dos veces y alcanzar el mejor tiempo:

6a

Sprint de 50 yardas (45 metros) con cuatro vallas.

6b

Sprint de 70 yardas (64 metros) con seis vallas.

See guidance under Requirement #1 for hurdles.

7

Hacer el salto de altura de buena forma por lo menos cinco veces y anotar el mayor salto.

In this event the jumpers take turns making a running jump over an increasingly higher bar onto a crash pad. Touching the bar is considered a fault and three consecutive faults ends the jumper's quest. The highest successful jump wins.

The Fosbury Flop was popularized and perfected by American athlete Dick Fosbury first in 1965. His gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics brought it to the world's attention. Over the next few years the flop became the dominant style of the event with all elite jumpers using some variation on it. Before Fosbury, most elite jumpers used the straddle technique, Western Roll, Eastern cut-off or even scissors jump to clear the bar. The introduction of deep foam crash pads instead of sandpits or low piles of matting freed high jumpers from the need to land on their feet to prevent injury, and allowed experimentation with the Folsbury Flop coming out the superior technique.

The high jump and pole vault are the two vertical clearance events in the Olympics.

8

Hacer un salto largo tres veces y registrar la mejor distancia.

This track and field event is now known as the long jump. Successful athletes combine speed, strength, and agility as they try to leap as far as possible from a take off point without crossing over the fault line. The jumper runs down a track (usually crushed rubber) and jumps off a block embedded in the ground into a sand pit. The jump is measured from the block to the nearest point of impact of any part of the body. In competition the best of three jumps is recorded.

The event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games as the only jumping event and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948.

9

Ejecutar los siguientes relevos:

9a

Paso de relevo visual

9b

Paso de relevo ciego

These are two different ways to pass the baton. Here is a discussion of how to do each style of handoff. [1]