Especialidades JA/Floricultura/Respuestas

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1

Definir cada uno de los siguientes términos:

1a

Perennes

1b

Anuarios

1c

Bienales

2

Dar las instrucciones generales para hacer un semillero. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre un semillero con calor (hotbed) y el que está recubierto de vidrio (cold frame)?

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Hotbed cold frame/es

3

¿Qué es el drenaje? ¿Qué importancia tiene?

4

Nombrar tres plagas de plantas y mencionar cómo controlarlas.

Aphid on rose foliage

Two-spotted mite Tetranychus urticae on Gardenia spp.

Thrips Thysanoptera sp.

Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi

Leaf damage caused by Leaf cutting bee Megachile sp.

Aphids

Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigious rate feeding on the sap of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a proboscis. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin buds. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as leaf-curl in peaches.

Scale insects

Cottony cushion scale

This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red eggs. The insect causes little damage but produces copious honeydew that can cause damaging sooty mold.

Natural predators include the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis which, unless disrupted by insecticides, are a very effective biological control.

Ants "farm" cottony cushion scale to harvest the honeydew they produce, so controlling ants goes a long way towards controlling this scale. Ant baits placed near the plants work well for this.

Adults are not effectively controlled with insecticides because the cottony egg sacs prevent the chemicals from contacting the females. Also, these pests feed on the underside of leaves making it difficult to reach them with sprayers.

Plant stems can be wrapped with double-sided tape which will catch this pest in its "crawly" stage. After about a week the tape's adhesive becomes ineffective and the tape must be changed. When the tape begins catching the crawlers, insecticidal sprays can be used, as the scale is in its larval stage. However, natural predators are more effective than pesticides, so check for them before spraying. Pesticides may do more harm than good by killing the predators.

Rose scale

Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and petioles. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female Aulacaspis rosae may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent.

Rose scale can be controlled by spraying with a lime-sulfur solution (one part lime, nine parts sulfur). Application should be made in the winter or early spring.

Leaf cutting bee

Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-colored hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant.

5

Dar instrucciones para hacer una maceta jardinera (para las ventanas) y decir su uso.

Window box

A windowbox or window box is a container for growing plants usually positioned outside a window and supported in place by brackets on the wall below.

Window boxes are often used by apartment-dwellers on higher floors, who do not otherwise have access to a garden or place to grow flowers, and allow the plants to be readily seen by those inside the property as well as outside. A window box is usually only 6"-8" (15-20cm) deep so may not support tall plants. Access for planting and maintenance can be via the window from indoors.

Before building a window box, decide where you will mount it. It should be at least as wide as the window you will mount it by or it will tend to look smallish. A window box is most easily constructed using 1"x6" pine lumber. The box should be open on the top and can be held together with nails, screws, or for the more ambitious woodworker, with a box or dovetail joint. It can be fitted with molding and painted to match the house.

Once the box is put together, drill holes in the bottom to allow drainage. Line it with plastic sheeting to keep the moist soil off the wood (for the most part), and hold the plastic in place with construction staples. Trim the plastic, and cut holes in it where it lines up with the holes drilled in the bottom. Mount the window box on the house with brackets or screws. Fill with potting soil and plant your flowers.

6

Preparar la tierra (suelo), fertilizar, sembrar y cultivar hasta la maduración tres clases diferentes de plantas anuales.

Growing to Maturity

Water the plants after planting them, and keep them well watered afterwards. Watch for pests and take measures to control them as early as possible. You can keep the plants blooming for long periods by "dead-heading" them, that is, plucking off the blossoms as soon as they begin to wither. Dead-heading prevents the plant from producing seeds, so it will try again by making more blossoms.

7

Cuidar dos o más flores perennes al aire libre para una temporada, fertilizándolas, regándolas, deshierbándolas y tratándolas contra plagas, según sea necesario. Mantener un registro escrito con entradas semanales, mencionando el trabajo realizado.

You can apply the same techniques given above for annuals to care for perennials, but with perennials, there is more impetus to get it right. If you get it right, they will come back the following year. Indeed, if you already have a bed of perennials, there is no need to plant them at all. Just fertilize and water them, and make sure you keep the pests at bay. If the plant makes it through the fall in good health, chances are excellent that it will survive the winter and be healthy again in the spring.

Visit your perennials weekly, and for this requirement, jot down what you do. You can write it in a notebook, or even start a blog to record your activities.

8

¿Qué tres nutrientes para plantas son más importantes para las plantas con flores?

The three most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. NPK fertilizers are named for the chemical symbols of these elements: N for nitrogen, P for phosphorus, and K for potassium. Fertilizers are marked with the percentage of each of these nutrients. For example, a fertilizer may be marked as 18-51-20, which means it is 18% Nitrogen, 51% Phosphorus, and 20% Potassium. You may notice that these numbers do not add to 100% - the remainder is made up of "fillers". Fillers prevent the nutrients from clumping together and "burning" the plant.

9

Identificar tres plantas con flores adaptadas a cada una de las siguientes condiciones:

9a

Sombra

Begonia
Columbine
Hellebore
Hosta
Pipsissewa
Trailing arbutus
Violet
Wintergreen

9b

Tierra seca (suelo seco)

Dusty Miller
Gazania
Sweet Alyssum
Globe amaranth
Verbena
Nasturtium

9c

Sol

Sunflower
Sweet Alyssum
Cosmos
Dahlia
Petunia
Geranium
Gazania
Snapdragon
Verbena
Zinnia

9d

Tierra húmeda (suelo húmedo)

Dahlia
Marigold
Lobelia
Cup flower
Impatiens
Pansy

10

¿Cuál es el propósito un suelo de prueba?

The purpose of a soil test is to determine the nutrient content of the soil. This will allow the gardener to select plants that will grow best in the existing soil conditions or to determine what nutrient supplements are required to amend the soil for the intended plants.

11

Hacer un dibujo de diez plantas anuales, cinco perennes y dos bienales. Etiquetar y saber el nombre de cada uno de memoria.