AY Honors/Life cycle of a frog

Template:Otheruses Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox image Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox classis entry Template:Taxobox ordo entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section subdivision Archaeobatrachia
Mesobatrachia
Neobatrachia
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Frog is the common name for amphibians in the order, Anura. There is often a distinction made between frogs and toads, based on appearance, however there is no scientific distinction. The only family exclusively given the common name "toad" is Bufonidae, but many species from various other families are also called "toads". "True frogs" are of the family Ranidae.

Characteristics

Template:Main Due to the large diversity of frogs (over 4000 species), many characteristics are not shared throughout all of the species. However, there are some characteristics which distinguish them from other amphibians. Frogs are generally well suited to jumping, and have long hind legs, with elongated ankle bones. They have a short vertebral column, with no more than ten free vertebrae, followed by a fused tail bone, usually resulting in a frog with no tail.

Frogs range in size from 10mm (Psyllophryne didactyla of Brazil and Eleutherodactylus iberia of Cuba) to 300mm (Goliath frog, Conraua goliath, of Cameroon).

The skin is unkeratinized and hangs loosely on the body because of the lack of loose connective tissue, and can be smooth, warty or have skin folds. Frogs have three eyelid membranes: one transparent to protect the eyes underwater, and two which are translucent to opaque. They have a tympanum on each side of their head, which is involved in hearing, which is covered by skin in some species.

Call

The male of most species of frogs will call for a variety of reason. It will call by passing air through the larynx, in the throat. In most culling frogs, the sound is amplified by the vocal ball sac(s). The ball sac, is a membrane of skin under the throat, which distend during the amplification of the call. Each call is unique to a speciesvery.

The main reason for callin, is for the male to attract a mate. Males Males will either call in a group, called a group, or individuall. A male frog will emit a different call when mounted by another male. Both of these call are emitted with the mouth of the frog open. When the female frog hears the emitted call from the male, she will instinctively follow the sound. Then, in most cases, two male frogs will compete for the female to try to get laid and have a family.

A distress call is emitted by some frog when they are in a position of hunting. This is done with the mouth open, and usually results in a higher pitched call. The effectiveness of the call is unknown, however it is suspected the call intrigues the predator, until another animal is attracted, distracting them enough for its escape.

Many species of frog have deep calls, or croaks. Frog noise tends to be spelt (for English speakers) as "crrrrk" in Britain and "ribbit" in the USA. This difference is due to the different species within each region(e.g. Common frog (Rana temporaria) in Britain and Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in the USA.) The croak of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) is sometimes spelt "jug o' rum".

Poison

Some species of frog secrete toxins from their skin. These toxins deter predatory animals from eating them, and some are extremely poisonous to humans. Generally the frog obtains the poison from the insects or animals they eat. The Australian corroboree frogs pseudophryne corroboree and pseudophryne pengilleyi have been discovered to be able to manufacture a unique alkaloid which is not derived from their diet (Daly). Some natives of the Amazon area extract poison from the poison dart frog and put it on their arrowheads when hunting. Poisonous frogs tend to advertise their toxicity with bright colours.

Distribution and status

Frogs are found nearly worldwide, but they do not occur in Antarctica and are not present on many oceanic islands.

In many parts of the world, the frog populations have declined drastically since the 1950s. Many environmental scientists feel that amphibians, and frogs in particular, may be excellent biological indicators of ecosystem function because of their location on the food web, their permeable skins and their typically bi-phasic life (in both water and on land). Although habitat loss is certainly one of the most important features of most declines; pollutants, climate change, introduction of non-indigenous predators/competitors, and infectious diseases (see Chytrid fungus) have also been implicated.

File:Dscn1922-frog.jpg

Frog skeleton

Life cycle

The life cycle of frogs contains many stages. Typically, the male frogs of a species will assemble at a still water source. They will then call, collectively becoming a chorus of frogs. The call is unique to the species, and will attract females of that species.

The male and female frog, will then undergo amplexus. This involves the male mounting the female. The female then releases her eggs, which the male frog covers with a sperm solution before the eggs make contact with the water. Once the eggs come in contact with the water, they will swell, and form a protective coating. The eggs are typically brown or black, with a clear, gelatine like, covering.

The eggs will hatch after a short time, releasing tadpoles. The tadpoles are entirely aquatic, and undergo the most develpoment in the life cycle. They will undergo metamorphisis, in which they will develop legs, and lungs, to become a froglet, resembling an adult but retaining a vestigial tail. Finally the froglet develops into an adult frog. Typically, tadpoles are herbivores, feeding mostly on algae, whereas juvenile and adult frogs are rather voracious carnivores.

Most temperate species of frog reproduce in the period between late autumn to early spring. In the UK most common frog populations produce frogspawn in February although there is wide variation in timing. Water temperatures at this time of year are relatively low and typically between four and 10 degrees celsius. Reproducing in these conditions helps the developing tadpoles because dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are highest at cold temperatures. More importantly, reproducing early in the season ensures that appropriate food is available to the developing frogs at the right time.

• Frogspawn closeup.JPG

  Frogspawn

• Tadpoles 10 days.JPG

  10 days: Tadpoles

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  8–12 weeks: Froglet

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  12–16 weeks: Adult frog

Diet and Predators

Most frogs eat insects such as mosquitoes, earthworms, small fish and spiders. However, a few of the bigger species may eat larger prey, such as small mammals and smaller frogs. Some frogs use their sticky tongues effectively in catching fast-moving prey, while others capture their prey in their mouth.

Many animals eat frogs. These include birds, large fish, snakes otters, foxes, badgers, coatis etc. Tadpoles and eggs are predated by fish, and birds such as king fishers.

Taxonomy

A problem commonly associated with Anurans, is the distinction between frogs and toads. This distinction has no scientific basis, and only refers to the common name of a species. Most frogs in the Ranidae family (true frogs) and Hylidae family (tree frogs) are considered frogs, whereas all those within the Bufonidae family (true toads) are considered toads. However, many families, and even genera, have a mixture of frogs and toads, so there is no taxonomic basis.

The distinction between frogs and toads usually given to the Anurans is; frogs are smooth and moist skinned, while toads have dry, warty skin.

Frogs in popular culture

Frogs feature prominently in folklore and fairy tales in many cultures, such as the story of The Frog Prince. Similarly, numerous fantasy settings (such as the Final Fantasy videogames) include magic spells that turn people into frogs, such as the frog character in the videogame Chrono Trigger.

• In the 1992 animated movie Freddie as FRO7, Frederick, an enchanted frog prince with magical powers, becomes a modern-day secret agent.
• The crazy frog is a cartoon frog and character of the most downloaded ringtone in the UK.
• Probably the most famous frog in the entertainment world is the Muppet character Kermit the Frog.
• Until recently, the American TV network The WB (Warner Brothers) used Michigan J. Frog, a frog in a tuxedo as their logo. Michigan J. Frog was the singing, dancing star of the 1955 Warner cartoon, "One Froggy Evening".
• Frogger is an early electronic arcade game which features a frog that must cross a busy road and river.
• Frogs fall from the sky in various urban myths and notably in the movie Magnolia. This may derive from incidents when frogs are picked up by a tornado, or when a sudden migration of frogs happens overnight.
• The behavior of frogs illustrating nonaction is a myth. ("Take a pot of hot water and a frog. Throw the frog into the pot. What do you think will happen? The obvious, of course: the frog will jump out. Who likes hanging around in a pot of hot water? Now ... [t]ake a pot of cold water, put the frog in it, and place the pot on the stove. Turn on the heat. This time something different will occur. The frog, because of the incremental change in temperature, will not notice that it is slowly being boiled." from "Life and Death in the Executive Fast Lane" by Manfred Kets de Vries) Professor Doug Melton, Harvard University Biology Department, says, "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot -- they don't sit still for you." [1] A frog put anywhere that doesn't kill it will jump, "they don't sit still for you."
• Paul McCartney's " Rupert and the Frog Song" was released in 1984 and reached no.3 in the British Charts.

External links

• The Whole Frog Project - Virtual frog dissection and anatomy
• Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried - San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 1992
• The Lily Pad - Frog information, care, and culture
• Racing Frogs Game - Create, Train, Motivate and Feed your own little froggy friend
• The Froggy Page - Frog fun
• Dart Den - Dart frog resource and forums
• Xenbase - A Xenopus laevis and tropicalis Web Resource
• Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching
• Frogs (1977) - when frogs go bad