Especialidades JA/Campamento en invierno/Respuestas

Campamento en invierno
Asociación General Actividades recreacionales	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 1970

Requisitos

Conexión Logros para la Investidura: Esta especialidad está relacionada con los requisitos de Logros para la Investidura para VIAJERO AL AIRE LIBRE Vida al Aire Libre y GUÍA DE VIDA PRIMITIVA Vida al Aire Libre que requiere el desarrollo completo de esta especialidad o uno de 4 otros, no obtenida previamente.

1

Obtener la especialidad de Arte de acampar.

Véase Arte de acampar para consejos e instrucciones.

2

Hacer una lista completa del equipo necesario para acampar en invierno, tales como posiblemente temperaturas bajo cero, tormentas y nieve.

Ropa

• Varias capas delgadas de la ropa sintética.
• Cubierta a prueba de viento, como una parka.
• Calcetines sintéticos finos con gruesos calcetines de lana sobre ellos.
• Botas impermeables, tales como Mukluks, o botas de goma. Evite las botas con punta de acero o de cuero.
• Polainas para mantener la nieve fuera de las botas.
• Guantes a prueba de viento sobre guantes de lana.
• Pantalones a prueba de viento sobre pantalones de lana. No se ponga pantalones vaqueros (de mezclilla, tejano, pitusa, mahones).
• Chaleco de pelusa.
• Gorro caliente. Su cuerpo pierde la mayor parte de su calor a través de la cabeza, ¡entonces manténgalo aislado!

Equipaje

• Bolsa de dormir, clasificado para las temperaturas esperadas
• Una colchoneta de espuma de célula cerrada protegerá al campista del suelo frío. Debe considerarse esencial para el tiempo frío. Se enrollan alrededor de 15 cm de diámetro.
• Brújula, mapa y linterna. Es ilegal para aventurarse en algunas áreas sin estos elementos esenciales!
• Cuchillo
• Artículos de aseo personal
• Botiquín de primeros auxilios
• Las pequeñas tiendas de campaña son más fáciles de calentar que las grandes (y su cuerpo es el horno - véase el requisito 6 para más información).
• Trineo, raquetas de nieve, esquís.
• Cuerda o soga
• Estufa de acampar - asegúrese de que su estufa trabaja en temperaturas frías. Estufas de propano, butano y alcohol pueden ser difíciles (o imposible) de predner en bajas temperaturas. Estufas de madera como combustible son recomendadas.
• Fósforos
• Equipo de cocina y utensilios
• Juegos de comedor (plato, vaso, cubiertos)
• Silbato (uno para cada miembro de la expedición)

3

Explicar los principios de mantener el calor corporal y la sequedad a través de la correcta utlilización de prendas de vestir y de dormir en todas las temperaturas bajo cero mientras viaja, descansa y duerme.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Maintaining body warmth

4

Enumerar y explicar las características de la selección del campamento de invierno.

Camp on the snow or on bare ground. Camping on snow leaves almost no environmental impact. Be mindful of animal tracks. You do not want to pitch camp on a trail used by animals - that would cut them off from their source of food or water.

Cold air sinks, so you want to avoid low ground. Ridges and mountaintops are exposed to the wind, so you will want to avoid those as well. If camping on a slope, the tent opening should be positioned so that it faces neither downhill nor uphill. In the evening as the sun sets and the air at the higher elevations cools, it will sink, creating a breeze blowing down from the mountain top. In the morning as the air at the lower elevations is heated by the sun, it will rise, creating a breeze blowing towards the mountain top. Though this air is warmer than the air at the top of the mountain, it is still quite cold, so you do not want your tent door facing it.

Avoid areas prone to avalanches. Look around for evidence of avalanche debris from the current season (chunks of disturbed snow) or from previous seasons (downed trees).

Consider where the sun will rise in the morning, and where the first light from it will fall. It would be a pity if you pitched your tent in the shadow of a mountain peak, while 100 meters away is s spot that will receive sunlight an hour earlier.

Choose a site with a nearby source of water. You might have to break through some ice to get to it, but once that's done, you will not want to haul it any farther than necessary. Water is heavy!

Watch for tree limbs, and do not camp beneath snow laden branches. The branches will either drop snow and ice on your tent, or they may even break off themselves.

Know and practice Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

5

Describir, o mostrar si es posible, la preparación del lugar para una tienda de campaña a nivel en un sitio en la nieve y armar y fijar una tienda de campaña en condiciones de invierno.

The difficulty posed when pitching a tent in winter conditions is in anchoring the tent to the ground. Winter winds tend to be stronger than summer winds, so securely anchoring the tent is even more important. Meanwhile, the ground is frozen, making it difficult to drive stakes into it, or it is buried beneath several inches of snow.

If pitching a tent in snow, first stomp down an area as large as the tent. If the ground is not level, you can move snow from the high side to the low side, and add more snow from elsewhere to level it out. Pack it down as well as you can, and immediately smooth it out. Fluffy mounds of snow have a strange way of turning into bumpy chunks of ice very quickly, and they are exceedingly uncomfortable to sleep on.

Then lay the tent out, and anchor it before erecting the poles. As soon as you raise the tent, it will be susceptible to being swept away by the wind, and that is the reason for anchoring it before raising it. To anchor it, fill a bag with snow, ice, or rocks, tie it to the tent's anchor point, and bury it in the snow. Then pack the snow down firmly around the bag. Be sure to retrieve the bags when you break camp.

In deep snow, you can also excavate a kitchen by digging out a small area and building up walls with the snow you scoop out of the kitchen hole. Dig a path from the kitchen to the tents, and build snow chairs and tables too if you want. By submerging your kitchen below the snow, you get both your fire and your cook out of the wind. If you make it big enough to eat in, you get yourself and your dining companions out of the wind too.

If pitching a tent on bare ground, you can try to drive stakes into it, but if it is too frozen to allow this, you can again turn to anchoring the tent to weighted bags. Fill the bags with as many rocks as they will hold, and then pile more rocks on top of them. You can also tie the anchor points to fallen logs, but you will need to move the logs close to the tent for this to work well.

6

Preparar un menú balanceado de tres días para ser utilizado en su experiencia de campamento de invierno.

The key to eating on a winter camping is to provide lots of calories. If you are snowshoeing or cross country skiing, you will need at least double your normal caloric intake. Furthermore, you need to be aware that calories are what fuels your body's furnace, and this internal furnace is what generates the heat that your clothing traps. The body metabolizes calories to generate heat, so it needs something to work with.

That said, it is also important to eat a balanced diet. Be sure your menu contains plenty of vitamins and minerals and draws from all the food groups (Meat and beans, fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy). There is no need to eat like a pauper on a camp out, and indeed, many outdoorsmen find the meals to be the most satisfying aspect of winter camping. In a person's normal, sedentary life, excessive calories need to be carefully avoided, and this often means skipping dessert, sweets, or fatty foods. Not so on a winter camp out! You will need those calories, so pour them on! (Just be sure to back off again when you return to your sedentary ways.)

Winter camping also affords the opportunity to bring along foods that would normally spoil for lack of refrigeration. If the temperature is going to stay below 4°C, you can bring anything with you that requires refrigeration. If you are expecting the temperature to stay below freezing, you can bring frozen foods with you. If you are snowshoeing or skiing into the wilderness, you can cram all that extra food onto a sled and drag it behind you. It's easier to drag a sled than it is to shoulder a backpack, and you can carry a lot more weight too.

7

Saber cómo obtener agua de la nieve.

Though snow is a form of water, it is foolish to eat it while it is still frozen, especially when spending an extended period of time in the cold. Eating snow can lower the body temperature, leading to chills at best, hypothermia and death at worst. That said, snow is still a great source of drinking water, so long as it is melted first. Pack snow into a pot and put it on the camp stove. Add 250 ml of liquid water to the pot of snow before heating it. If the only water you have in the pot is snow or ice, there will be air pockets. If there is nothing there to conduct the heat away from an aluminum pot, a stove can easily burn a hole in it, or scorch the inside (which will impart a bad taste to the water). The easiest way to get water for this purpose is to keep it in a bottle carried in an inside pocket near your skin. Your body heat will prevent it from freezing.

8

Conocer cinco normas de seguridad de campamento durante invierno.

1. Do not embark on a winter camping expedition unless you have adequate equipment and provisions and are in good physical condition.
2. Never light a fire inside a tent unless the tent has been specifically designed for fire. Most tents are not designed for this purpose.
3. Do not camp alone - use the buddy system. Frequently check your buddy for signs of frostbite and hypothermia.
4. Allow plenty of time to set up camp before it gets dark, especially if you plan to build a shelter from snow.
5. Check current conditions and know the weather forecast before setting out.
6. Always let someone outside your group know your itinerary - where you will go, what route you will take, and when you expect to return. Get a permit when camping in the back country and register with the ranger.
7. Wear a brightly colored outer layer so that you can be easily seen by other members of your party. This is essential if a snow storm blows in.
8. Do not overestimate the capabilities of your group.
9. Do not underestimate the dangers of winter conditions.
10. Use common sense at all times.

9

Explicar las medidas adecuadas a tomar en caso de perderse sin equipo, en condiciones de invierno.

It is best to not become stranded without equipment in the first place. Never venture into the wilderness unless you are prepared for winter conditions.

The most important action a person can take if stranded in winter conditions - with equipment or without - is to get to a shelter or build one. Most wilderness fatalities are a result of exposure to the elements - in other words, hypothermia. If you are on skis, you may be able to ski to safety, but allow at least an hour before darkness falls to begin looking for shelter.

If you are in a vehicle, stay with it. It makes an excellent shelter. If the vehicle gets buried in snow, do not run the engine, as this can force deadly carbon monoxide inside. It is better to shut off the engine and keep the doors and windows closed than to go outside and dig the car out. If the car gets buried in snow, it will add a layer of insulation and keep the inside warmer.

If in a snowy area without a vehicle, dig a snow cave. If in a forested area with a little snow, find a fallen tree and scoop the snow away from it, building a snow wall with the removed snow, and using the fallen tree as another wall. Often, a large fallen tree will raise a rootwad which provides an excellent starting point for building a shelter. First, the rootwad can be as high as 2.5 meters tall, and second, it will create a depression in the ground from whence it lifted its roots.

If in an area with no snow build a debris hut by piling up tree branches leaving a hollow space in the center of the pile. Cover the branches with leaf litter, dead grass, sod, and moss to keep the wind out and to provide insulation. Make your shelter as small as you can comfortably fit inside. This will create a smaller space to keep warm with your body heat. Lay branches on the ground to provide a layer of insulation underneath you. If available, use small pine branches over the larger ones to create a softer cushion, or a layer of leaves. The more you can put between you and the heat robbing ground the better.

If you can find a cave, take shelter inside that.

If you are able to light a fire without equipment do that as soon as your shelter is ready, but not before. Shelter is more important than fire, and it is imperative that you keep your priorities straight in a survival situation. A fire will greatly increase your odds of survival, as you will then have an external source of heat, and the fire will help attract a rescuer.

However you decide to provide yourself with shelter, stay put and wait for rescue. They will find you, and if you have conserved your energy and found (or built) a shelter, they will find you alive. You can help any rescuers find you by leaving some sort of indication of your presence near your chosen shelter, such as a bright article of clothing securely tied to a pole.

10

Mostrar el conocimiento y la capacidad para prevenir, reconocer y cuidar de la congelación leve, la hipotermia, la ceguera leve por la nieve y la deshidratación.

Frostbite

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite

Hypothermia

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia

Snow Blindness

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snow blindness

Dehydration

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration

11

Pasar un total de seis días y seis noches en un campamento en el clima frío.

11a

Todas las noches la temperatura debería bajar cerca de los 40s (5° C).

We assume that this means the temperature should be below 49°F, which is 9.4°C. Below 40°F (4.4°C) is also acceptable.

Bring a thermometer with you on all your camp outs. If the temperature drops below 50°F, you can count that. If you wake up in the morning and find frost on the grass or on your tent, that counts too.

11b

Dos noches debería haber temperaturas inferiores al punto de congelación (0° C).

Again, you should bring a thermometer on all your campouts. If you wake up in the morning and find frost on the tent or on the grass, that counts as a below freezing night.

11c

Todas las noches deben ser pasadas en las tiendas de campaña, lonas o al aire libre.

We assume that an igloo, snow cave, or quinzhee would also qualify. This portion of the requirement is there so that the winter camper does not try to count a night in a cabin, recreational vehicle, or pop-up camper (or the Hilton) as a winter camping night.