Especialidades JA/Bioquímica/Respuestas

Bioquímica
División Sudamericana Salud y ciencia	Destreza: 3 Año de introducción: 2012	Disponibilidad limitada

Requisitos

1

Definir los siguientes términos:

1a

Hidratos de carbono

A carbohydrate is a molecule that is present in living organisms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

1b

Lípido

Lipids are a group of molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. Lipids store energy, used in binding protein targets, and structural components of the cell membrane.

1c

Ácido graso

Fatty Acids are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

1d

Proteína

Proteins consist of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They are large biomolecules. Proteins have a lot of functions in organisms such as DNA replication, catalyzing metabolic reactions, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one to another.

1e

Péptido

A peptide is a compound consisting of two or more amino acids that are linked in a chain. They are short chains of amino acids.

1f

Enzima

Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts. They accelerate the chemical reactions.

1g

Aminoácido

Amino Acids are used by cells in the body to build proteins.

1h

Ácido nucleico

Nucleic acids can be DNA, RNA, mRNA, and TRNA. They help replicate cells, and build proteins.

1i

Hidrofílico e hidrofóbico

1j

Triglicérido

A triglyceride is an ester which is a formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol. Triglycerides are the main body fat in mammals and vegetable fat.

1k

Monosacárido

2

¿Cuál es la importancia del agua en los organismos? ¿Cuáles son las principales características físicas y químicas de la molécula de agua?

3

¿Qué significa metabolismo?

4

Bioquímicamente, ¿por qué sentimos hambre?

5

Explicar cómo ocurre la vía de la glucosa.

It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates; eg protein breakdown products (certain amino acids), glycerol from breakdown of triglycerides (lipids) and from other steps in metabolism including pyruvate and lactate.

6

¿Qué células humanas dependen solo de esta vía para obtener energía?

brain cells

7

¿Qué molécula une la vía de la glucosa y el Ciclo de Krebs?

Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in both these biochemical pathways, in the production of glucose from pyruvate and the Krebs Cycle . it is also involved in the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.

8

¿Cuál es la importancia del Ciclo de Krebs?

The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle after its discoverer Hans Adolf Krebs) is a crucial metabolic pathway that takes the breakdown products from the food we eat (proteins, fats and sugars) and produces three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule. the NADH and FADH2 are fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway producing ATP the body's main energy storage molecule. NADH and FADH generate 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules respectively in oxidative phosphorylation. GTP can also be used to form an extra ATP.

Citric acid cycle intermediates also also starting products for many important biosynthetic processes. Fatty acid synthesis and the production of cholesterol, which in turn, is used to synthesise the steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D. Non-essential amino acids proline, glutamine and arginine the last two are converted to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA, as well as in ATP, AMP, GTP, NAD, FAD and CoA. Aspartate from oxaloacetate can be converted unto the pyrimidines- thymine, cytosine and uracil, the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA, and are also components of CTP, UMP, UDP and UTP. Porphyrins from succinyl-CoA are important components of the hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and various cytochromes.

9

¿Cuáles son las funciones de los lípidos?

10

¿Por qué los lípidos son insolubles en el agua?

11

¿Por qué los lípidos, y no la glucosa, se usan para el almacenamiento de energía?

The total energy gained from one (six-carbon) molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules. The number of ATP molecules derived from the same number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain is 40. So lipids are more efficient for energy storage.

12

¿Qué es beta oxidación? ¿Por qué ésta vía recibe éste nombre?

13

¿Qué son aminoácidos esenciales y no esenciales?

Essential Amino Acids

There are amino acids that cannot be made by the human body. They only come from food. There are 9 types of Essential Amino Acids. They are isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophan

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Our bodies make these amino acids. There are 4 types: asparagine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid.

14

¿Qué son cuerpos cetónicos, dónde se producen y cuáles son las consecuencias del exceso de su producción?

15

¿Qué compuestos se forman por la unión de los aminoácidos? ¿Cuáles son las principales funciones de estos compuestos?

Amino Acids forms proteins. They are organic compounds when combined that help build cells. When proteins from the Amino Acids break down they leave Amino Acids. The body uses the amino acids to break down food, grow, repair cells and skin cells. They can be stored and used for energy.

16

¿Cuál es la importancia de los ácidos nucleicos? ¿Cómo es su estructura y cuáles son sus componentes?

17

Dibujar una molécula de ADN, con cuatro nucleótidos, nombrando sus componentes.