AY Honors/First Aid, Standard/Answer Key/es

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Primeros auxilios II

Asociación General

Salud y ciencia

Destreza: 2
Año de introducción: 1938

Requisitos

La especialidad de Primeros auxilios II es un componente de la Maestría Salud y Ciencia.

Nota: El color blanco sobre el parche designa el nivel «estándar».

Conexión Logros para la Investidura: Esta especialidad está relacionada con los requisitos de Logros para la Investidura para ORIENTADO Salud y aptitud física que requiere el desarrollo de esta especialidad.

(Se necesita instructor para las técnicas)

Si reside en los Estados Unidos de América u otro país donde la Cruz Roja imparte la instrucción, pasar satisfactoriamente el examen básico de primeros auxilios de la Cruz Roja y recibir su certificado.

En los países británicos, aprobar el examen de «St. John Ambulance» y recibir el certificado.

O completar los siguientes requisitos:

1

Conocer los principios básicos de respiración boca a boca y el tratamiento de la obstrucción de las vías aéreas.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Rescue breathing

2

Decir cuál es la diferencia entre un ataque al corazón y un derrame cerebral y el tratamiento para ambos.

Heart Attack

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart attack

Stroke

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Stroke

3

Conocer el procedimiento adecuado para prestar asistencia a una víctima con hemorragia.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding/es

4

Conocer los puntos de presión y la forma de aplicar correctamente la presión en estos puntos.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pressure points/es

5

Conocer el método adecuado de la aplicación de un torniquete y el momento de aplicarlo.

Un torniquete es una banda fuertemente atada alrededor de una parte del cuerpo (un brazo o una pierna) que a veces se usa en un intento de detener el sangrado grave. El sangrado severo significa la pérdida de más de 1.000 ml (1 litro) de sangre. Este flujo de sangre puede empapar un paño en unos pocos segundos. En tal situación, el sangrado causará la muerte de la víctima de segundos a minutos.

Un torniquete es un método de último recurso de control de la hemorragia. Otros métodos que deben ser aplicados primeramente y conjuntamente, si es posible, incluyen:

presión directa
elevar el miembro o la herida más alto que el corazón
El uso de puntos de presión para hacer más lento la arteria por encima de la herida
Los vendajes o agentes de coagulación sanguínea

Incluso en los casos de amputación, la mayoría de los casos de pérdida de sangre pueden ser controlados a través de estos métodos alternativos. La excepción rara es cuando un miembro es destrozado por un trauma masivo o cuando un vaso sanguíneo principal se rompe a lo largo de su longitud. Hasta en estos casos, es mucho más preferible el uso de un punto de presión por encima de la herida.

Como el torniquete detiene el flujo sanguíneo a la extremidad, que puede causar la muerte de la extremidad, forzando una amputación quirúrgica después, justo debajo donde se aplicó el torniquete. Esto es probable que ocurra cuando el torniquete permanece en el lugar por varias horas. De todos modos, una vez que un torniquete se ha aplicado, la atención médica avanzada de un médico o un hospital será necesaria para salvar la extremidad, si no salvar la vida del paciente.

The decision to employ a tourniquet should be made by an emergency medical technician or preferably a doctor if at all possible. But when severe external bleeding cannot be controlled by other means, a tourniquet may be the only way for a first-aider to save the casualty.

Most civilian first aid instruction in the United States no longer teaches the use of the tourniquet for the following reasons:

the effectiveness of direct pressure, elevation and pressure points (controlling severe bleeding in up to 90% of cases as estimated by US medical sources)
the increased difficulty of reattaching an amputated limb when a tourniquet has been applied to the victim
unnecessary use by poorly trained bystanders
the unavoidable risks to both limb and life even when properly employed
the rare nature of injuries that require tourniquets, which typically occur in unusual settings such as working with agricultural or industrial machinery and the battlefield

The use of a tourniquet by a layperson in countries where it is considered outside the scope of practice of first aid may result in civil lawsuits and/or criminal charges, especially if the application was later found to have been unnecessary.

6

Conocer las causas del choque y demostrar su tratamiento correcto.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shock

7

Conocer el procedimiento adecuado para ayudar a una víctima de envenenamiento.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison

8

Conocer el procedimiento adecuado para ayudar a una víctima por quemadura.

Thermal Burns

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Burns

Chemical Burns

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Chemical burn

9

Conocer la forma de aplicar correctamente los siguientes vendajes:

9a

Abiertas y cerradas en espiral

Start by laying a strip of roller bandage along the length of the limb, from the larger portion to the smaller (for example, from the elbow to the wrist, or from the knee to the ankle). Then make two or three turns around the smaller part of the limb, and then wind upward in a spiral fashion, covering the first part of the bandage that was laid down. For an open spiral, leave gaps between successive windings. This is useful for holding dressings in place over a large area, as needed in the case of a burn. For a closed spiral, overlap each winding. Secure at the top by tying the two ends of the bandage together with a square knot. Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Square

9b

Figura de ocho

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle splint

The figure-eight bandage can also be used on the hand, wrist, elbow, and knee.

9c

Yema de los dedos

Begin by laying the bandage along the length of the injured finger, leaving the end extending a couple of inches to the center of the palm. Then take the bandage over the fingertip, and going back down again on the other side to the base of the finger. Twist the bandage, and begin spiraling towards the fingertip. When the top joint of the finger is reached, spiral downwards again towards the base of the finger. Tie the two ends together with a square knot to secure the bandage.

9d

Vendaje tipo corbata en la cabeza

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cravat bandage to head

10

Saber cómo aplicar las siguientes férulas o entablillados:

10a

Parte superior del brazo

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Upper arm splint

10b

Antebrazo

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm splint

10c

Tobillo

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle splint

10d

Rótula

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Kneecap splint

11

Conocer el tratamiento adecuado para las siguientes actividades:

11a

Las lesiones en la cabeza

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Head injury

11b

Lesiones internas

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Internal injuries

11c

Heridas de bala

A gunshot wound is a medical emergency and will require treatment at a medical facility. First, control any bleeding by using the pressure points and by elevating the injured area. Do not try to remove the bullet, it may help a doctor to determine the extent of the injury, and its removal may increase the bleeding. Cut or tear away any clothing covering the wound. Do not pour any liquids into the wound. Wipe any debris away from the wound, but be careful not to wipe it towards the wound - always wipe away from the wound. Cover the wound with a bandage and fasten it securely so that it will not hang on anything during transport or slip off. Reassure the victim and get him to a hospital as soon as possible.

11d

Lesiones oculares (o los ojos)

Wounds that involve the eyelids or the soft tissue around the eye must be handled carefully to avoid further damage. If the injury does not involve the eyeball, apply a sterile compress and hold it in place with a firm bandage. If the eyeball appears to be injured, use a loose bandage. (Remember that you must NEVER attempt to remove any object that is embedded in the eyeball or that has penetrated it; just apply a dry, sterile compress to cover both eyes, and hold the compress in place with a loose bandage). Any person who has suffered a facial wound that involves the eye, the eyelids, or the tissues around the eye must receive medical attention as soon as possible. Be sure to keep the victim lying down. Use a stretcher for transport.

Many eye wounds contain foreign objects. Dirt, coal, cinders, eyelashes, bits of metal, and a variety of other objects may become lodged in the eye. Since even a small piece of dirt is intensely irritating to the eye, the removal of such objects is important. However, the eye is easily damaged. Impairment of vision (or even total loss of vision) can result from fumbling, inexpert attempts to remove foreign objects from the eye. The following precautions must be observed:

DO NOT allow the victim to rub the eye.
DO NOT press against the eye or manipulate it in any way that might cause the object to become embedded in the tissues of the eye. Be very gentle; roughness is almost sure to cause injury to the eye.
DO NOT use such things as knives, toothpicks, matchsticks, or wires to remove the object.
DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES ATTEMPT TO REMOVE AN OBJECT THAT IS EMBEDDED IN THE EYEBALL OR THAT HAS PENETRATED THE EYE! If you see a splinter or other object sticking out from the eyeball, leave it alone! Only specially trained medical personnel can hope to save the victim’s sight if an object has actually penetrated the eyeball.

Small objects that are lodged on the surface of the eye or on the membrane lining the eyelids can usually be removed by the following procedures:

Try to wash the eye gently with lukewarm, sterile water. A sterile medicine dropper or a sterile syringe can be used for this purpose. Have the victim lie down, with the head turned slightly to one side. Hold the eyelids apart. Direct the flow of water to the inside corner of the eye, and let it run down to the outside corner. Do not let the water fall directly onto the eyeball.
Gently pull the lower lid down, and instruct the victim to look up. If you can see the object, try to remove it with the corner of a clean handkerchief or with a small moist cotton swab. You can make the swab by twisting cotton around a wooden applicator, not too tightly, and moistening it with sterile water.
CAUTION: Never use dry cotton anywhere near the eye. It will stick to the eyeball or to the inside of the lids, and you will have the problem of removing it as well as the original object.
If you cannot see the object when the lower lid is pulled down, turn the upper lid back over a smooth wooden applicator. Tell the victim to look down. Place the applicator lengthwise across the center of the upper lid. Grasp the lashes of the upper lid gently but firmly. Press gently with the applicator. Pull up on the eyelashes, turning the lid back over the applicator. If you can see the object, try to remove it with a moist cotton swab or with the corner of a clean handkerchief.
If the foreign object cannot be removed by any of the above methods, DO NOT MAKE ANY FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE IT. Instead, place a small, thick gauze dressing over both eyes and hold it in place with a loose bandage. This limits movement of the injured eye.
Get medical help for the victim at the earliest opportunity.

11e

Mordeduras de animales e insectos

Animal Bites

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Animal bites

Insect Bites

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Insect bites

11f

Desmayos y epilepsia

Fainting

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Fainting

Epilepsy

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Epilepsy

11g

Efectos del calor y el frío

Heat Exhaustion

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion

Heat Stroke

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke

Hypothermia

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia

Frostbite

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite

12

Saber qué hacer en una emergencia eléctrica.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Electric wire contact

13

Saber cómo escapar de un incendio.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Smoke fire

14

Saber cómo obtener ayuda en caso de una emergencia.

With the advent of the cell phone, the most effective way of obtaining help in an emergency is by calling 911. Most cell phones are equipped with a GPS module which allows their location to be pin-pointed by a satellite. The cell phone automatically relays this information to the 911 operator.

However, sometimes a cell phone is either not available, or it is not within range of a cell phone antenna tower. If you find yourself facing an emergency in the wilderness, you may have to attempt to signal aircraft. Three ways of doing that are presented here:

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft

15

Conocer las siguientes formas de traslado de rescate:

15a

Arrastre por los hombros

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shoulder drag

15b

Arrastre con cobija

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blanket drag

15c

Traslado por dos personas

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Two person carry