Especialidades JA/Mamíferos/Respuestas

Mamíferos
Asociación General Estudio de la naturaleza	Destreza: 1 Año de introducción: 1937

Requisitos

Conexión Logros para la Investidura: Esta especialidad está relacionada con los requisitos de Logros para la Investidura para AMIGO Estudio de la naturaleza que requiere informar sobre los mamíferos visitantes observados, similar al requisito 8 de esta especialidad. Esta especialidad es una elección popular para la especialidad de la categoría de Estudio de la naturaleza de nivel de destreza 1 requerido para los AMIGOS DE LA NATURALEZA.

1

¿Cuál versículo de la Biblia da el día en que los mamíferos fueron creados?

Génesis 1:24, 25, 31

Génesis 1:24-31

24 Luego dijo Dios: «Produzca la tierra seres vivientes según su especie: bestias, serpientes y animales de la tierra según su especie.» Y fue así. 25 E hizo Dios los animales de la tierra según su especie, ganado según su especie y todo animal que se arrastra sobre la tierra según su especie. Y vio Dios que era bueno. 26 Entonces dijo Dios: «Hagamos al hombre a nuestra imagen, conforme a nuestra semejanza; y tenga potestad sobre los peces del mar, las aves de los cielos y las bestias, sobre toda la tierra y sobre todo animal que se arrastra sobre la tierra.» 27 Y creó Dios al hombre a su imagen, a imagen de Dios lo creó; varón y hembra los creó. 28 Los bendijo Dios y les dijo: «Fructificad y multiplicaos; llenad la tierra y sometedla; ejerced potestad sobre los peces del mar, las aves de los cielos y todas las bestias que se mueven sobre la tierra.» 29 Después dijo Dios: «Mirad, os he dado toda planta que da semilla, que está sobre toda la tierra, así como todo árbol en que hay fruto y da semilla. De todo esto podréis comer. 30 »Pero a toda bestia de la tierra, a todas las aves de los cielos y a todo lo que tiene vida y se arrastra sobre la tierra, les doy toda planta verde para comer.» Y fue así. 31 Y vio Dios todo cuanto había hecho, y era bueno en gran manera. Y fue la tarde y la mañana del sexto día.

2

Hacer una lista de cuatro características de un mamífero.

1. Endotérmico (sangre caliente)

2. Pelo

3. Glándulas mamarias (productoras de leche)

4. Glándulas sebáceas (secretoras de grasa)

5. Dentadura heterodoncia (diferentes formas de dientes en la boca)

3

Dar una o más características de identificación de cada una de las siguientes órdenes de mamíferos y el nombre de una o más especies de mamíferos que se encuentran en cada orden:

3a

Marsupiales

3b

Insectívoros

3c

Quirópteros

The order of flying mammals commonly called "bats".

Bats are mammals. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even mistaken for invertebrate bugs and birds, bats are neither rodents nor arthropods. There are two suborders of bats:

1. Megabat Megachiroptera (megabats)
2. Microbat Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)

Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors:

• Microbats use Animal echolocation, whereas megabats do not (except for Rousettus and relatives, which do).

• Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
• The ears of microbats do not form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
• Microbats lack underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.

Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen while microbats eat insects, blood (small quantities of blood of animals), small mammals, and fish, relying on animal echolocation for navigation and finding prey.

Corynorhinus townsendii (Townsends's Big-eared Bat) Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Common Pipistrelle)

Acerodon jubatus (Giant golden-crowned flying fox)

Vespertilio murinus (Parti-coloured bat)

3d

Carnívoros

Carnivora are meat eaters, and have canine teeth that are especially adapted for this behavior. They tend to have good eye sight, a good sense of smell and a well developed brain, all working together to improve their hunting ability.

The order carnivora is not the only order that has carnivores or hunters. Many other orders have creatures that hunt their prey. For example marsupialia contains the Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian Devil) and the now extinct Thylacinus cynocephalus (Tasmanian wolf). Insectivora species hunt, but they primarily hunt and eat insects or worms. Bats hunt insects, and the Vampire bat stalks many mammals to drink blood as they sleep.

It should also be said that there are a number of species included in the order carnivora that are not carnivores. Ailuruss (Pandas) are a good example as they primarily eat bamboo, using their canines to rip the hard bamboo apart. Many or the ursas (bears) will have a diet higher in berries than meat.

The skull of carnivora often has a ridge that runs along the top from front to back. This ridge is where the powerful muscles that work the jaw is attached to provide the maximum force. The Panthera leo (lion) has a jaw force of 1768N, Pathera tigris (Tiger) 1525N, Ursus Arctos (Brown Bear) 751N, and the Canis lupus (gray wolf) 593N. Because the canine teeth are so sharp in carnivora, these forces can result in enough pressure to break bones.

Cryptoprocta ferox (Fossa) Panthera tigris (Tiger) Helogale parvula (Dwarf Mongoose) Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific Walrus)

Crocuta crocuta (Spotted Hyena) Canis lupus (Gray Wolf) Zalophus californianus (California Sea Lion)

Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) Procyon lotor (Racoon) Ursus horribilis (Grizzly Bear)

3e

Pinnípedos

This is no longer considered an order in its own right. Rather, it is now considered a superfamily of Carnivora

3f

Roedores

Rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, to gnaw, and dens, dentis, tooth. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or even fish.

Aplodontia rufa (Mountain Beaver) Sciurus carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel) Castor canadensis (American Beaver) Heterocephalus glaber (Naked Mole Rat)

Kangaroo rats Pocket Gopher Rattus rattus (Black rat) Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (capybara)

Gundi Old World Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum (North American Porcupine) Capromys pilorides (Hutia)

3g

Lagomorfos

Lagomorphs differ from rodents in that:

• they have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two as in rodents);
• they will only eat vegetation (unlike rodents, who will eat meat and vegetation)
• they will redigest first-time droppings to obtain the most from their plant diet.

They resemble rodents, however, in that their teeth grow throughout their life, thus necessitating constant chewing to keep them from growing too long.

Ochotona princeps (American Pika) Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Rabbit)

Brachylagus idahoensis (Pygmy Rabbit) Sylvilagus audubonii (Desert Cottontail)

Lepus europaeus (European Hare) Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail)

3h

Artiodáctilos

The Artiodactyla are mammals with hooves and which bear most of their weight on an even number of toes. They are sometimes called the even-toed ungulates (ungulates are hooved animals).

Potamochoerus porcus (Red River Hog) Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian Camel) Giraffa camelopardalis (Giraffe) Hippotragus niger (Sable Antelope) Ovis aries (Domestic sheep)

Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) Moschus moschiferus (Siberian musk deer) Okapia johnstoni (Okapi) Budorcas taxicolor (Takin)

Tayassu tajacu (Collared Peccary) Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn) Bison bison (Bison) Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Ovibos moschatus (Muskox)

3i

Sirenios

These slow moving herbivores are named after the Sirens of the Homerian legend of Odysseus.

Trichechus manatus (West Indian Manatee)

Dugong dugon (Dugongs)

3j

Cetáceos

This group includes whales, porpoises and dolphins. The word cetus means large sea animal, and is the name of a constellation also known as the whale. These mammals are truly aquatic, and many are quite massive, incapable of walking on land.

See questions 6 and 7 below.

Eubalaena japonica (Pacific Northern Right whales)

File:Narwhals breach.jpg Monodon monoceros (Narwhal)

Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale)

4

Hacer una lista de cuatro mamíferos beneficiosos y decir cómo son beneficiosos.

Bats eat flying insects

Dogs provide assistance to the blind and comfort to the sick.

Cats keep down the rodent population

Hyena is a scavenger and helps keep the environment clean and free of disease

Bears carry the nutrients of the salmon they eat into the forest. This actually completes the mineral cycle. Minerals start in the forest and are carried by the rains into the streams, then rivers, and finally into the ocean. The salmon take the minerals from the ocean environment and carry them back to the streams and rivers where they are eaten by the bears. The bears carry these minerals back to the forest when they defecate or die. If this cycle was not complete the forest would eventually not have enough of the nutrients needed to be healthy.

When wolves were put back into the ecosystem of Yellowstone, we learned how important one animal is in helping form a healthy ecosystem. Without wolves, the Elk could eat and drink without fear, and they had eaten most of the willow along the river. There were very few beaver left. When the wolves came back into the environment, the elk were afraid of certain areas where a wolf might hide and this allowed the willows to grow back. Now there is a growing beaver population.

Any others that the Pathfinder can think of. Accept all reasonable answers.

5

Hacer una lista de cuatro cosas que hacen los mamíferos que son perjudiciales.

Skunks can make a neighborhood smell quite bad

Tigers, lions, bears, wolves and many other carnivorous mammals have killed and sometimes eaten people. They also prey on livestock.

Groundhogs, prairie dogs, gophers, moles and many other burrowing animals can create tripping hazards for humans, horses and other mammals

Elephants can do quite a bit of damage to gardens and yards

Mice can eat a large amount of grain and reproduce so rapidly that large quantities of food can disappear quite quickly.

Rats can carry disease such as bubonic plague

Deer can carry a disease known as chronic wasting disease

Beavers can back up streams and flood areas as well as cut down trees that are part of an orchard or yard

Many mammals can carry rabies or distemper and pass these diseases to humans or pets

Coyotes in urban settings can eat pets or spread garbage

Deer, moose and other large mammals are involved in thousands of car accidents every year. Sometimes these accidents include human fatalities.

Humans are the most dangerous destructive mammals of all.

Accept all reasonable answers.

6

Hacer una lista de cinco mamíferos que son completamente acuáticos y designar su área de distribución natural.

Salt Water Mammals

1. Whales

a. Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) lives near the surface of the ocean and can be found in every ocean of the world.

b. Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga Whale) lives in Arctic and Sub-Arctic waters. Some will migrate to warmer waters in the summer and even swim up northern rivers into brackish (partly-salty) waters to hunt.

c. Balaena mysticetu (Bowhead Whale) lives solely in the Arctic near the surface of the ocean.

d. Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) lives in all the oceans in the world except the polar seas. They live mostly in shallow water.

2. Dolphins

a. Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphins) live in warm and temperate seas and oceans all over the world.

b. Orcinus orca (Orcas or Killer Whales) live in all the oceans and many of the seas in the world. (Even though this aquatic mammal has the name of "whale" it is in the dolphin (Delphinidae) family)

c. Stenella longirostris (Spinner Dolphin):

1.Eastern Spinner Dolphin (S. l. orientalis), found in the tropical eastern Pacific.

2.Central American or Costa Rican Spinner Dolphin (S. l. centroamericana), also found in the tropical eastern Pacific.

3.Gray's or Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin (S. l. longirostris), found in the central Pacific around Hawaii but represents a mixed bag of broadly similar subtypes found throughout the world.

4.Dwarf Spinner Dolphin (S. l. roseiventris), first found in the Gulf of Thailand.

d. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific White Sided Dolphin) lives in the Pacific Ocean

3. Porpoise

a. Neophocaena phocaenoides (Finless Porpoise) lives in the shallow coastal waters of Asia especially around India, China, Indonesia and Japan. A unique fresh water population is found in the Yangtze River. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf.

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b. Phocoena phocaena (Harbour Porpoise) is widespread in cooler coastal waters in the Northern Hemisphere, largely in areas with a mean temperature of about 15°C. In the Atlantic, Harbour Porpoises may be present in a concave band of water running from the coast of western Africa round to the eastern seaboard of the United States, including the coasts of Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.

c. Phocoena sinus (Vaquita) is a very endangered species that lives only in the Sea of Cortez, the northern part of the Gulf of California.

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d. Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's Porpoise) ranges across the north Pacific Ocean from southern California to southern Japan (including the Sea of Japan in the south up to the Bering Sea in the north).

Fresh Water Mammals

1. Inia geoffrensis (Amazon or Pink Dolphin) lives in the Amazon River and Orinoco River systems.

2. Platanista gangetica (Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin) lives in the Ganges River in India and in the Indus River in Pakistan.

7

Mencionar al mamífero más grande en el mundo y decir dónde vive, cómo se alimenta, y lo que come.

The Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) is the largest animal on the planet. Specimens have been recorded over 30 meters in length and are estimated to weigh more than 90 tonnes. These whales have been seen in every ocean of the world and feed by filtering the water through the giant balleen plates in their mouth. Adult whales can eat up to 4 tonnes krill (euphausiids) and copepods each day and the calves can drink up to 400 litres/day.

These amazing creatures were hunted by man to the brink of extinction. Over 378,000 were killed to provide oil and whale meat. The population of B. musculus (Blue Whales) is now only about 1% of the total 100 years ago.

8

Hacer una lista de ocho especies de mamíferos silvestres que se encuentran en su región. Usar por lo menos cinco horas en la búsqueda de los mamíferos silvestres en su hábitat natural.

	Tip for earning from home during the pandemic
	When confined to home, this can be done in the backyard.

http://www.enature.com/home/ is a good place to find wild animals in your area. You can search by zip code for mammals, and also any other animals and plants, so it's a useful resource for any Nature honor.

9

Escribir o contar una historia sobre «Los mamíferos silvestres que he observado».

A good opportunity for a story would obviously be the 5 hour search in the last requirement, if you can't think of another story about wild mammals that you have observed.

References

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla