Respuestas para la especialidad JA de Volcanes
From Pathfinder Wiki
Volcanes
Nivel de destreza
1
Año
2007
Version
26.11.2024
Autoridad de aprobación
Asociación de Florida
1
¿Qué es vulcanología y qué hace un vulcanólogo?
2
Describir las cinco tipos de volcanes.
2a
Estratovolcán
2b
Cono de escoria
2c
Escudo
2d
Caldera
2e
Fisura
3
Identificar y marcar las siguientes partes de un volcán en una hoja de trabajo o en su propio dibujo:
| Volcano: | |
|---|---|
| 1. Large magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Conduit (pipe) 4. Base 5. Sill 6. Branch pipe 7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano 8. Flank |
9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash cloud |
3a
Cráter
3b
Cima
3c
Base
3d
Tubo
3e
Díque
3f
Garganta
3g
Fumarola
3h
Embalse de magma
4
Describir las diferentes clases de lava y dibujar una imagen para cada una:
4a
Pāhoehoe (cordada)
- A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. Also forms lava tubes where the minimal heat loss maintains low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and consequent increase in viscosity. Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1100 to 1200 °C.
4b
'A'ā (escoriácea)
- ʻAʻā (also spelled aa, aʻa, ʻaʻa and a-aa, IPA: /ˈʔɑʔɑː/, Hawaiian English, from Hawaiian meaning "stony with rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze") is one of three basic types of flow lava. ʻAʻā is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker.
- The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes walking difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow.
- Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 m (10 ft) are common on ʻaʻā flows. ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe (often spelled just pahoehoe). Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent due to meeting impediments or steep slopes.
- The sharp, angled texture makes ʻaʻā a strong radar reflector, and can easily be seen from an orbiting satellite (bright on Magellan pictures).
- ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1000 to 1100 °C.
4c
Coladas en bloques
- Lava having a surface of angular blocks associated with materials having andesitic and rhyolitic compositions.
4d
Almohadillada
- Pillow lava is the rock type typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or a lava flow enters the ocean. The viscous lava gains a solid crust immediately upon contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow. Since the majority of Earth's surface is covered by water, and most volcanoes are situated near or under it, pillow lava is very common. Examples of this can be seen at Llanddwyn Island.
5
Definir los siguientes términos:
5a
Materiales piroclásticos
- Pyroclastic rocks or pyroclastics (derived from the Greek πῦρ, meaning fire, and κλαστός, meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials. Commonly associated with explosive volcanic activity - such as plinean or krakatoan eruption styles, or phreatomagmatic eruptions - pyroclastic deposits are commonly formed from airborne ash, lapilli and bombs or blocks ejected from the volcano itself, mixed in with shattered country rock.
i
Bombas volcánicas
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_bomb
- A volcanic bomb is a globule of molten rock (tephra) larger than 65 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. They cool into solid fragments before they reach the ground. Lava bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. Bombs can be extremely large; the 1935 eruption of Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5-6 m in diameter up to distances of 600 m from the vent.
- Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard, and can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone. One such incident occurred at Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
ii
Ceniza
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_blocks
- Volcanic blocks are fragments of rock which measure more than 64mm in size and are erupted in a solid condition.
- Blocks are formed from material from previous eruptions or from country rock and are herefore mostly accessory or accidental in origin. Blocks also occur due to the impact and breakage of volcanic bombs (a bomb is a block with streamlined appearance, often expelled in a molten state). Bombs can also occur due to the disruption of the crust of a lava dome that has formed up or over a vent during an eruption.
iii
Lapilli
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder
- Cinder is a fragment of cooled pyroclastic material (lava or magma). Cinders are either intrusive igneous (magma cooled inside the earth) or extrusive igneous (lava cooled outside of the earth). Cinders are similar to pumice, which has so many cavities and is such low-density that it can float on water. Pumice or cinders are used in soap, xeriscaping, mulch, and rock gardens.
iv
Pómez
- Cinder so bubbly that it floats in water.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice
- Pumice is a highly vesicular pyroclastic extrusive igneous rock of intermediate to siliceous magmas including rhyolite, trachyte and phonolite. Pumice is usually light in colour ranging from white, yellowish, gray, gray brown, and a dull red. Most of the time, it is white. As an extrusive rock it was made from a volcanic eruption. Pumice has an average porosity of 90%. Pumice is formed as pyroclastic material is ejected into the air as a froth containing masses of gas bubbles or vessicles, the lava solidifies quickly and the vessicles are contained in the rock.
5b
Flujo piroclástico
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow
- A pyroclastic flow (also known as a nuée ardente) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. The flows are fast-moving fluidized bodies of hot gas, ash and rock (collectively known as tephra) which can travel away from the vent at up to 700 km/h. The gas is usually at a temperature of up to 1000 degrees Celsius. The flows normally hug the ground and travel downhill under gravity, their speed depending upon the gradient of the slope and the size of the flow.
5c
Lahar
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar
- A lahar is a type of mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water that flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. The term 'lahar' originated in Indonesia.
- Lahars have the consistency of concrete: fluid when moving, then solid when stopped. Lahars can be huge: the Osceola lahar produced 5,600 years ago by Mount Rainier in Washington produced a wall of mud 180 m (600 feet) deep in the White River canyon and extends over an area of over 320 km².
5d
Magma
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma
- Magma (Plurals: magmas and magmata) is molten rock located beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other terrestrial planet), and which often collects in a magma chamber. Magma may contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles. By definition, all igneous rock is formed from magma.
- Magma is a complex high-temperature fluid substance. Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700°C to 1300°C, but very rare carbonatite melts may be as cool as 600°C, and komatiite melts may have been as hot at 1600°C. Most are silicate solutions.
5e
Plutón
- A structure that results from the emplacement and crystallization of magma beneath Earth’s surface.
5f
Punto caliente
- Areas of volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting that are a few hundred kilometers across.
6
Explicar cómo un volcán entra en erupción.
- An eruption begins when pressure on a magma chamber forces magma up through the conduit and out the volcano's vents. When the magma chamber has been completely filled, the type of eruption partly depends on the amount of gases and silica in the magma. The amount of silica determines how sticky (level of viscosity) the magma is and water provides the explosive potential of steam. Obstacles also influence the type of eruption. When the pipe is blocked by a stopple or an accumulation of pumice, the pressure in the pipe will build up very high resulting in an explosion.
- When magma reaches earth's surface it is called lava. It may pour out in gentle streams called lava flows or erupt violently into the air. Rocks ripped loose from the inside of the volcano or torn apart by the gas may be shot into the air with the lava. The rocks blown out of a volcano are called pyroclastic rocks. The rock fragments fall back to earth in many different shapes and sizes.
7
Definir los cuatro niveles de actividad de los volcanes:
- A popular way of classifying magmatic volcanoes goes by their frequency of eruption, with those that erupt regularly called active, those that have erupted in historical times but are now quiet called dormant, and those that have not erupted in historical times called extinct. However, these popular classifications—extinct in particular—are practically meaningless to scientists. They use classifications which refer to a particular volcano's formative and eruptive processes and resulting shapes, which was explained above.
7a
Activo
- Active volcanoes erupt constantly.
7b
Intermitente
- Intermittent volcanoes erupt fairly regularly.
7c
Dormido
- Dormant volcanoes are inactive, but not long enough to determine whether they will erupt again or not.
7d
Extinto
- Extinct volcanoes have been inactive since the beginning of recorded history.
8
¿Qué es el Cinturón de Fuego del Pacífico y dónde se encuentra?
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_ring_of_fire
- Of the more than 800 active volcanoes that have been identified, most are located along the margins of the ocean basins—most notably along the within the circum-Pacific belt known as the Ring of Fire. This active zone includes a chain of continental volcanoes that consist primarily of composite volcanoes.
- The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic mountain ranges and/or plate movements. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt. 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.
9
Describir como las islas hawaianas todavía están siendo formadas.
- The Hawaiian Islands result from the movement of the Pacific plate over an apparently stationary hot spot. The island of Hawaii is still forming from the uplifting of mantel plumes under the hot spot. The island of Hawaii is the youngest of the Hawaiian islands, and the island of Kauai is the oldest of the large islands in the Hawaiian chain.
10
Hacer una investigación de la erupción del Monte Santa Helena o algún otro volcán de su elección. Escribir un informe de una página sobre la información encontrada.
- Mount St. Helens is located in southwestern Washington State, about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. It is in the Cascade Range of mountain. It was named in 1792 in honor of the Baron St. Helens. American Indians of the Pacific Northwest called it "Louwala-Clough" or "smoking mountain." The volcano was active in the mid-1800s, but most people in this century did not see it as a menace. In fact, the mountain was snow-covered and very beautiful. The forest on it and around the base was filled with wildlife. At the base of the volcano was Spirit Lake, a clear mountain lake that was very good for fishing and boating.
- In the spring of 1980, everything changed. First, there was a series of earthquakes and then came one or, maybe, two thunderous explosions. Mount St. Helens began to spew forth ash and steam. Two craters formed on the volcano and there were avalanches of snow and ice, darkened by ash. Over the next two months, the volcano continued to be active, simmering almost like a pot boiling on a stove. Then on May 18, 1980, the volcano suddenly erupted. Part of the volcano collapsed and became a huge landslide that eventually covered an area of about 24 square miles. There was also a release of pent-up pressure from within the volcano. There was a huge blast of rock, ash and hot gases that devastated an area of about 230 square miles north of the volcano. To the south, the devastated area was much less. Scientists have calculated the blast started at about 220 miles per hour but increased to about 670 miles per hour. The blast was heard as far away as Montana, Idaho, Canada and California.
- The eruption cost 57 lives and many injuries. Many buildings were buried and more than 200 houses and cabins were destroyed. Many tens of thousands of acres of prime forest, as well as recreational sites, roads and trails were destroyed or heavily damaged. More than 185 miles of highway and roads were destroyed or extensively damaged. Four billion board feet of timber was damaged or destroyed and many animals, including dear, elk and bear were killed. Many small animals, such as rodents, frogs and crawfish managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface. While the ash destroyed many crops in the area, the ash may provide beneficial chemical nutrients to the soil in the future.
- Mount St. Helens information courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey/Department of the Interior.
Other interesting Volcanoes
Other interesting volcanoes include:
- Mount Pinatubo eruption of 1991 (Philippines)
- Krakatoa eruption of 1883 (Indonesia)
- Vesuvius eruption of 79 A.D. (Italy)
- Mount Etna eruption of 1669 (Italy)
- Popocatépetl eruption of 1994 (Mexico)
- Tambora eruption of 1815 (Indonesia, most powerful eruption in recorded history)
- Taupo eruption of 181 A.D. (New Zealand, most powerful eruption in the past 5000 years).
11
Encontrar un versículo en la Biblia que habla de los volcanes.
(Using some imagination)
The glory of GOD—let it last forever! Let GOD enjoy his creation! He takes one look at earth and triggers an earthquake, points a finger at the mountains, and volcanoes erupt.
Part your heavens, O LORD, and come down; touch the mountains, so that they smoke.
10Remember the day you stood before the LORD your God at Horeb, when he said to me, "Assemble the people before me to hear my words so that they may learn to revere me as long as they plive in the land and may teach them to their children."
11You came near and stood at the foot of the mountain while it blazed with fire to the very heavens, with black clouds and deep darkness. 12Then the LORD spoke to you out of the fire. You heard the sound of words but saw no form; there was only a voice.
13 He declared to you his covenant, the Ten Commandments, which he commanded you to follow and then wrote them on two stone tablets.
12
Hacer un modelo tridimensional de un volcán.
There are a number of ways to approach this requirement. A very easy way to meet it is to download this PDF which is a 3D model that can be printed, cut out, and glued together.
You can also build a model volcano using the tube from a roll of paper towels or toilet paper, some newspaper, a cardboard base, and some papier-mâché.
