Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Biochemistry/Answer Key/es"

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< AY Honors‎ | BiochemistryAY Honors/Biochemistry/Answer Key/es
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<!-- 1. Define the following terms: -->
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<!-- 1. Definir los siguientes términos: -->
  
 
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A carbohydrate is a molecule that is present in living organisms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
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Lipids are a group of molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. Lipids store energy, used in binding protein targets, and structural components of the cell membrane.
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Fatty Acids are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
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Proteins consist of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They are large biomolecules. Proteins have a lot of functions in organisms such as DNA replication, catalyzing metabolic reactions, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one to another.
 
  
 
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A peptide is a compound consisting of two or more amino acids that are linked in a chain. They are short chains of amino acids.
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Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts. They accelerate the chemical reactions.
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Amino Acids are used by cells in the body to build proteins.
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Nucleic acids can be DNA, RNA, mRNA, and TRNA. They help replicate cells, and build proteins.
 
  
 
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A triglyceride is an ester which is a formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol. Triglycerides are the main body fat in mammals and vegetable fat.
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<!-- 2. What is the importance of water in organisms? What are the main physical and chemical characteristics of the water molecule? -->
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<!-- 2. ¿Cuál es la importancia del agua en los organismos? ¿Cuáles son las principales características físicas y químicas de la molécula de agua? -->
  
 
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<!-- 3. What does metabolism mean? -->
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<!-- 3. ¿Qué significa metabolismo? -->
  
 
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<!-- 4. Biochemically, why do we feel hungry? -->
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<!-- 5. Explain how the glucose pathway occurs. -->
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[[File:Gluconeogenesis_pathway.png|thumb|400px]]
 
  
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It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates; eg protein breakdown products (certain amino acids), glycerol from breakdown of triglycerides (lipids) and from other steps in metabolism including pyruvate and lactate.
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<!-- 6. Which human cells depend only on this pathway for energy? -->
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brain cells
 
  
 
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<!-- 7. Which molecule links the glucose pathway and the Krebs Cycle? -->
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Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in both these biochemical pathways, in the production of glucose from pyruvate and the Krebs Cycle . it is also involved in the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
 
  
 
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<!-- 8. What is the importance of the Krebs Cycle? -->
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle after its discoverer '''Hans Adolf Krebs''') is a crucial metabolic pathway that takes the breakdown products from the food we eat (proteins, fats and sugars) and produces three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule. the NADH and FADH2 are fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway producing ATP the body's main energy storage molecule. NADH and FADH generate 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules respectively in oxidative phosphorylation. GTP can also be used to form an extra ATP.
 
  
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Citric acid cycle intermediates also also starting products for many important biosynthetic processes.
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Fatty acid synthesis and the production of cholesterol, which in turn, is used to synthesise the steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.
 
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Non-essential amino acids proline, glutamine and arginine the last two are converted to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA, as well as in ATP, AMP, GTP, NAD, FAD and CoA.
 
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Aspartate from oxaloacetate can be converted unto the pyrimidines- thymine, cytosine and uracil, the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA, and are also components of CTP, UMP, UDP and UTP.
 
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Porphyrins from succinyl-CoA are important components of the hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and various cytochromes.
 
  
 
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The total energy gained from one (six-carbon) molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules. The number of ATP molecules derived from the same number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain is 40. So lipids are more efficient for energy storage.
 
  
 
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<!-- 12. What is beta oxidation? Why does this pathway receive this name? -->
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<b>Essential Amino Acids</B>
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There are amino acids that cannot be made by the human body. They only come from food. There are 9 types of Essential Amino Acids. They are isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophan
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<b>Non-Essential Amino Acids</B>
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Our bodies make these amino acids. There are 4 types: asparagine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid.
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<!-- 15. What compounds are formed by the binding of amino acids? What are the main functions of these compounds? -->
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Amino Acids forms proteins. They are organic compounds when combined that help build cells. When proteins from the Amino Acids break down they leave Amino Acids. The body uses the amino acids to break down food, grow, repair cells and skin cells. They can be stored and used for energy.
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==References==
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==Referencias==
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Latest revision as of 21:53, 13 July 2022

Other languages:
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Bioquímica

Nivel de destreza

3

Año

2012

Version

07.05.2024

Autoridad de aprobación

División Sudamericana

Biochemistry AY Honor.png
Bioquímica
Salud y ciencia
Nivel de destreza
123
Autoridad de aprobación
División Sudamericana
Año de introducción
2012
Vea también
Maestría en Ciencia y tecnología
Bioquímica - Avanzado


1

Definir los siguientes términos:



1a

Hidratos de carbono



1b

Lípido



1c

Ácido graso



1d

Proteína



1e

Péptido



1f

Enzima



1g

Aminoácido



1h

Ácido nucleico



1i

Hidrofílico e hidrofóbico



1j

Triglicérido



1k

Monosacárido




2

¿Cuál es la importancia del agua en los organismos? ¿Cuáles son las principales características físicas y químicas de la molécula de agua?



3

¿Qué significa metabolismo?



4

Bioquímicamente, ¿por qué sentimos hambre?



5

Explicar cómo ocurre la vía de la glucosa.



6

¿Qué células humanas dependen solo de esta vía para obtener energía?



7

¿Qué molécula une la vía de la glucosa y el Ciclo de Krebs?



8

¿Cuál es la importancia del Ciclo de Krebs?



9

¿Cuáles son las funciones de los lípidos?



10

¿Por qué los lípidos son insolubles en el agua?



11

¿Por qué los lípidos, y no la glucosa, se usan para el almacenamiento de energía?



12

¿Qué es beta oxidación? ¿Por qué ésta vía recibe éste nombre?



13

¿Qué son aminoácidos esenciales y no esenciales?



14

¿Qué son cuerpos cetónicos, dónde se producen y cuáles son las consecuencias del exceso de su producción?



15

¿Qué compuestos se forman por la unión de los aminoácidos? ¿Cuáles son las principales funciones de estos compuestos?



16

¿Cuál es la importancia de los ácidos nucleicos? ¿Cómo es su estructura y cuáles son sus componentes?



17

Dibujar una molécula de ADN, con cuatro nucleótidos, nombrando sus componentes.




Referencias

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