AY Honors/Digestion/Answer Key/es
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Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Nutrición.
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Bolus is any fairly large quantity of matter, usually food, making its way through the digestive tract.
Chyme is the liquid substance found in the stomach before entering the duodenum. It is made of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.
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Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver. It is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
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Villi are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine. In all humans, the villi increase intestinal absorptive surface area 9000-fold, providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients. This increases the surface area of the intestine to an area about the same size as a tennis court. There are also enzymes on the surface of the villi for digestion.
Plain paper is smooth, but a paper towel is bumpy. The bumps in the paper towel are similar to the villi, as they increase the surface area of the paper towel, and thus increase its absorption capacity. You should see most of the water run off the surface of the plain paper, while most of it is absorbed by the paper towel.
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Too much water in the colon results in diarrhea. This occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.
Too little water in the large intestine results in constipation. Constipation or Irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate; it may be extremely painful.
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Increased fiber consumption appears to lower the risk of developing type II diabetes and heart disease. It may also help prevent high cholesterol and help fight obesity. High-fiber foods help move waste through the digestive tract faster and easier, so possibly harmful substances do not have as much contact with the gastrointestinal tract and reduce straining.
Food stays in the stomach between 30 minutes and two hours. It takes another two to six hours for it to pass through the small intestine, and between six and 72 hours in the large intestine.
Since the large intestine absorbs water from the food, any food that stays there for too long has too much water removed from it resulting in constipation.
But that is not the worst of it. Without proper digestion, food stays in the stomach for prolonged periods, fermenting and producing increasing amounts of gas and building up toxins.
If some type of antacid is taken at this point, the stomach contents will become alkaline, which will then cause this undigested food to drop into the small intestine where it continues to ferment and produce even more gas.
At this stage, nothing has happened to improve digestion because the antacid has now effectively been made worse by halting any further digestion and merely relocating the symptom by exchanging stomach gas for intestinal gas.
If the emptying time of the stomach is delayed for too long, bile is regurgitated backward into the stomach. Bile is caustic and very irritating to the stomach lining.
So in short, what happens if food stays in the digestive system too long is: #1 Toxicity. Extras: fermentation, constipation, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), and heartburn.
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Starch is converted into sugar by saliva, and when iodine comes into contact with starch, it turns from brown to a dark purple or black. These two facts can be used in a simple experiment.
First, have a Pathfinder volunteer to generate some saliva, and collect it in a test tube. You will need about 1.5 inches of saliva in the test tube. To aid in salivation, the Pathfinder may find it advantageous to chew on some clean rubber bands. Do not use gum, as this will put sugar into the saliva and ruin the experiment. You will need a second test tube with an equal amount of water (1.5 inches).
Second, take a single saltine cracker and wrap it in wax paper. Then pulverize it into a fine powder. Add half the "powdered" cracker to a test tube of saliva, and add the rest to the test tube of water. Allow them to sit for 30 minutes.
Finally, add a drop of iodine to each test tube. The iodine in the cracker/water test tube should turn purple, showing the presence of starch. The iodine in the cracker/saliva test tube should not change color (it should remain brown) showing that the starch has been converted to something else (sugar in this case).
To ensure success, do not allow the Pathfinder to mix the saliva and cracker in his mouth. You need a LOT of saliva and only a little cracker so that all of the starch is converted to sugar before the iodine is added.
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- Carbohydrates are compounds made of sugars. Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.
- Proteins are made of amino acids. Most protein digestion takes place in the duodenum with the overall contribution from the stomach being small.
- Fats consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fats are completely digested in the small intestine.
- Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. Vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine.
- Minerals are trace elements such as iron, copper, and salts essential to metabolism. Minerals are absorbed in the small intestine.
- Water is an essential nutrient and is directly involved in all the chemical reactions of life. It is primarily absorbed in the large intestine.
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- Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
- Disaccharides are sugars (carbohydrates) composed of two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are made up of many monosaccharides joined together. They are therefore very large, often branched, molecules.
The most important carbohydrate is the one that they are all made from: monosaccharide.
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Amino acids are the molecules from which proteins are built. There are twenty standard amino acids used by cells in protein biosynthesis.
Essential amino acids are the nine amino acids required for protein synthesis that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained in the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Only some foods contain all the essential amino acids. These include milk and dairy products, eggs, fish, meat and poultry. If you don't eat animal products, the only way you can get all the essential amino acids is by combining plant foods. For example: corn plus peas or beans, rice plus beans, lentils plus bread. [1]
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ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is used for transporting energy around in your body. All the energy your body uses is supplied by ATP. ATP is made by three chemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis is a pathway that takes place within the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. The reaction produces four ATP molecules, but consumes two of them during the process.
- The Krebs Cycle is a pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The Krebs cycle produces ATP and another chemical called NADH.
- Oxidative phosphorylation converts the leftover NADH produced by the Krebs cycle into more ATP.
While glycolysis does not require oxygen, the other two ATP-producing reactions do. We need to breathe oxygen to supply it to these processes.
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Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in the body and can cause toxicity when taken in excess. Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, with the exception of Vitamin B12, which is stored in the liver.
Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.
Water-soluble vitamins include the eight B's and C.
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Then he said to me, "Son of man, eat this scroll I am giving you and fill your stomach with it." So I ate it, and it tasted sweet as honey in my mouth.
Don't you see that whatever enters the mouth goes into the stomach then out of the body?
"Food for the stomach and the stomach for the food" - but God will destroy them both. The body is not meant for sexual immorality; but for the Lord and the Lord for the body.
From the fruit of his mouth a man's stomach is filled; with the harvest from his lips he is satisfied.
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- Consejos Sobre el Régimen Alimenticio, página 207, párrafo 2
- Mensajes Selectos, Tomo 2, página 479, párrafo 3
- Conducción del Niño, página 367, párrafo 3
- Consejos Sobre la Salud, página 448, párrafo 1
Notas
- El requisito 3 de la especialidad de Nutrición - Avanzado también requiere que se mantenga un registro de alimentos, pero solo por una semana. La especialidad de RCP requiere que mantenga un registro de su dieta por un mes.
Referencias
